Appendix S1. List of papers included in the literature survey.
Agawin, N.S.R., Rabouille, S., Veldhuis, M.J.W., Servatius, L., Hol, S. et al.
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Alvarado, J.L., Pinto, R., Marquet, P., Pacheco, C., Guinez, R. & Castilla, J.C. (2001) Patch recolonization by the tunicate Pyura praeputialis in the rocky intertidal of the Bay of
Antofagasta, Chile: evidence for self-facilitation mechanisms. Marine Ecology Progress
Series , 224 , 93-101.
Amsler, C.D., McClintock, J.B. & Baker, B.J. (1999) An antarctic feeding triangle: defensive interactions between macroalgae, sea urchins, and sea anemones. Marine Ecology Progress
Series , 183 , 105-114.
Arrontes, J. & Underwood, A.J. (1991) Experimental studies on some aspects of the feeding ecology of the intertidal starfish Patiriella exigua . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 148 , 255-269.
Arroyo, N.L., Aarnio, K. & Olafsson, E. (2007) Interactions between two closely related phytal harpacticoid copepods, asymmetric positive and negative effects. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology , 341 , 219-227.
Barnes, D.K.A. & Arnold, R.J. (2001) Ecology of subtropical hermit crabs in SW Madagascar: cluster structure and function. Marine Biology , 139 , 463-474.
Bertness, M.D. (1984) Ribbed mussels and Spartina Alterniflora production in a New England salt marsh. Ecology , 65 , 1794-1807.

Bertness, M.D. (1991). Interspecific interactions among high marsh perennials in a New England salt-marsh. Ecology , 72 , 125-137.
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Ecology , 80 , 2711-2726.
Bertness, M.D. & Shumway, S.W. (1993) Competition and facilitation in marsh plants. American
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129.
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Associated invertebrates facilitate a dominant habitat-forming seaweed. Ecology , 88 , 2211-
2219.
Bracken, M.E.S. & Nielsen, K.J. (2004) Diversity of intertidal macroalgae increases with nitrogen loading by invertebrates. Ecology , 85 , 2828-2836.

Brawley, S.H. & Adey, W.H. (1991) The effect of micrograzers on algal community structure in a coral reef microcosm. Marine Biology , 61 , 167-177.
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Bruno, J.F. (2002) Causes of landscape-scale rarity in cobble beach plant communities. Ecology ,
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Bulleri, F. & Airoldi, L. (2005) Artificial structures as habitats for non-indigenous species: the case of the green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides , in the north Adriatic Sea (North-eastern
Mediterranean). Journal of Applied Ecology , 42 , 1063-1072.
Bulleri, F., Airoldi, L., Branca, G.M. & Abbiati, M. (2006) Positive effects of the introduced green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides , on recruitment and survival of mussels. Marine
Biology , 148 , 1213-1220.
Bulleri, F. & Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2008) Facilitation of the introduced green alga, Caulerpa racemosa , by resident algal turfs: experiemtal evaluation of underlying mechanisms. Marine
Ecology Progress Series , 364 , 77–86.
Bulleri, F., Tamburello, L. & Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2009) Loss of consumers alters the effects of resident assemblages on the local spread of an introduced macroalga. Oikos , 118 , 269-279.
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Ceccherelli, G. & Cinelli, F. (1998) Habitat effect on spatio-temporal variability in size and density of the introduced alga Caulerpa taxifolia . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 163 , 289-294.
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Daleo, P., Escapa, M., Isacch, J.P., Ribeiro, P. & Iribarne, O. (2005) Trophic facilitation by the oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus Temminick on the scavenger snail Buccinanops globulosum Kiener in a Patagonian bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
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Davis, A.R. (1996) Association among ascidians: Facilitation of recruitment in Pyura spinifera .
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Dayton, P.K. (1971) Competition, disturbance, and community organization: The provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs , 41 ,
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Dayton, P.K. (1973) Two cases of resource partitioning in an intertidal community: Making the right prediction for the wrong reason. American Naturalist , 107 , 662-670.
Dayton, P.K. (1975) Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs , 45 , 137-159. de Goeij, P., Luttikhuizen, P.C., van der Meer, J. & Piersma, T. (2001) Facilitation on an intertidal mudflat: the effect of siphon nipping by flatfish on burying depth of the bivalve Macoma balthica . Oecologia , 126 , 500-506.

Dethier, M.N. & Duggins, D.O (1984) An "indirect commensalism" between marine herbivores and the importance of competitive hierarchies. American Naturalist , 124 , 205-219.
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Floerl, O., Pool, T.K. & Inglis, G.J. (2004) Positive interactions between nonindigenous species facilitate transport by human vectors. Ecological Applications , 14 , 1724-1736.

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Kawai, T. & Tokeshi, M. (2004) Variable modes of facilitation in the upper intertidal: goose barnacles and mussels. Marine Ecology Progress Series , 272 , 203–213.
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Kennedy, C.W. & Bruno, J.F. (2000) Restriction of the upper distribution of New England cobble beach plants by wave-related disturbance. Journal of Ecology , 88 , 856-868.
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