This Project Has Been Developed By Following
Of IX STD from St.Joseph’s Higher Secondary School.
1.SATHISH KUMAR.T
2.PRAVEEN KUMAR.S
3.DAYANITHI.S
4.DEVARAJ.S
5.MANIKANDAN.R
students
Introduction
Life Sciences in the 21st Century: Biotechnology
What is biotechnology?
The use of technologies based on living systems (plants, animals, or
microbes) to develop commercial processes and products or improve existing
species
Biotechnology for the 21st Century
SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS is a leading supplier of training
equipment in a number of areas and is one of our newest suppliers. They
developed an innovative new instructional series for medical and biotech
training. Science Instrument was founded by Mr. Morris Tischler, the inventor
of the solid-state pacemaker. He has used his outstanding experience in the
medical industry to develop these courses of study for K-12. In this issue we
are reviewing the High School Programs.
The Challenge of Biotechnology
The age of biotechnology has arrived. For the first time in human
history it is possible to completely redesign existing organisms, including man,
and to direct the genetic and reproductive constitution of every living thing.
Scientists are no longer limited to breeding and cross-pollination. Powerful
genetic tools allow us to change genetic structure at the microscopic level and
bypass
the
normal
processes
of
reproduction
http://www.fortune.com/sitelets/sections/fortune/tech/2001_04biotech.html
Technology
Technology
Biotechnology
Innovative companies shaping the 21st century
Usually, historical eras are defined by accomplishments analyzed with the
benefit of contextual hindsight. But the first 100 years of our new millennium
will most certainly be a notable exception. This period is being defined as the
Biotech Century, based on the prospect of extraordinary improvements in
human health and well-being. http://www.bioweb.ne.jp/jsbba/pic/kouken_e.jpg
Crop Research Challenges
Agricultural researchers and farmers worldwide face the
challenge during the next 25 years of developing and applying technology that
can increase the Global cereal yields by 50-75 percent, and to do so in ways
that are economically and environmentally sustainable. Much of the yield
gains will come from applying technology "already on the shelf" but yet to be
fully utilized. But there will also be new research breakthrough, especially in
plant breeding to improve yield stability and hopefully maximum Genetic yield
potential.
Biotechnology is a set of powerful tools that employ living
organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or modify products,
improve plants or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific
uses. Examples of the "new biotechnology" include the industrial
use of recombinant DNA, cell fusion, novel bioprocessing techniques, and
bioremediation.
http://www.bioweb.ne.jp/jsbba/pic/kouken_e.jpg
Disadvantages of biotechnology
Bio technology can do good, but it also has the potential to do great harm. In
the wrong hands, genetic engineering could be used to create an increasingly
complex set of pathogens targeted at humans, Plants or animals. The popular
press is full of such stories and Richard Preston's The Cobra Event is
particularly
compelling.
Although we cannot predict the exact course that
biotechnology will take, we can predict that some people will try to use any
future advances malevolently. Thus, an unceasing effort has been mandated
to develop defensive tools or preventative measures against the use of
biotechnology in the making of weapons. In the USA, this issue is already the
target of a major research program, 'Unconventional Pathogen
Countermeasures', which is funded by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency http://www.genethik.de/biotechnology.htm
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Technology inventor
J. Dean Barry
J. Dean Barry is the Chief Executive Officer of 21st Century Medicine, .
He manages the strategic focus of the company’s highly specialized research
projects and is responsible for business development. Mr. Barry brings to the
company more than 25 years of successful biotechnology management
experience with a history of team building and creating cooperative strategic
alliances. Most recently the President and CEO of VRL, Inc. & Viratest
International, Inc. in San Antonio, Texas, Mr. Barry maximized assets,
leveraged the companies’ strengths and created value from scarce resources
while preparing these companies for strategic acquisition. Previously, Mr.
Barry was the General Manager of Southwest Bio-Clinical Laboratories, Inc.
He began his career at Medinco, Inc., initially as a Laboratory Manager, then
moved up to Regional Director and eventually became Director of Diagnostic
Services. A native of Pennsylvania, Mr. Barry holds dual Bachelor’s degrees
in Microbiology and Social Psychology and a Master’s degree in Medical
Microbiology from the Penn State University. Mr. Barry is a published author
and has several U.S. patents.
(http://www.darpa.mil/dso/rd.upc)
Genetic modification
Genetic Modification of Food, the alteration of the genome of plants grown for
food in order to produce crops with specific advantages such as resistance to
pests.
Genetic Modification in crops
In genetic modification, scientists use restriction enzymes to isolate a segment
of DNA that contains a particular gene of interest (1). In this instance, it is a
human gene. A plasmid extracted from its bacteria and treated with the same
restriction enzyme can hybridize with this fragment’s “sticky” ends of
complementary DNA (2). The hybrid plasmid is reincorporated into the
bacterial cell, where it replicates as part of the cell’s DNA (3). A large number
of daughter cells can be cultured and their gene products extracted
Advantages of genetic modification
There are potential advantages of genetically modified crops for three
groups of people:
(i) Growers, who will benefit from the resistance of crops to insect pests
and fungi, by the introduction of natural insecticides or fungicides from
other species, so reducing the need for application of agricultural
chemicals, hence also an environmental gain; resistance to herbicides,
(ii) Food processors and manufacturers, who will benefit from produce
with a longer shelf-life, and better properties for processing, manufacture,
and so on.
. iii) Consumers, who will have cheaper and more plentiful food as a
result of the advantages to growers and processors.
Future impacts: Biopharmaceutical Products
Similarly, transfer or substitution of genes from one species to
another offers the opportunity to create species capable of producing
desired biopharmaceutical products in greater amounts or at substantially
lower cost, eg pharmaceuticals manufactured by bacteria or plants,
human protein products from the milk of animals.
Effects of Biotechnology on Agricultural Chemical
Use
Biotechnology has the potential to reduce the application of agricultural
chemicals for pest control and fertilization through the utilization of
genetically
modified
micro
organisms,
plants,
and
animals.
Insecticidalplantproteins
Through the use of biotechnology, scientists have developed plants that
produce a naturally occurring protein that is toxic to certain cropdamaging insects. The most common examples are the "Bt" plants, which
include corn, cotton, and potatoes. These genetically engineered plants
produce a protein normally found in the soil bacterium, Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt). Commercial sprays that contain Bacillus thuringiensis
have been available for decades as an alternative to chemical
insecticides. The Bt protein is toxic to certain crop-damaging insects, but
is harmless to humans. Researchers are also searching for other
insecticidal and antimicrobial proteins that are appropriate for use in
crops. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/biotech/443-005/443-005.html
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