8. Verb Tenses Document

Official Document Verb Tenses Revised and Updated Aug – Nov 2007 1 Introduction A verb is a word belonging to the part of speech that usually denotes an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.). The verb is the heart of a sentence. Every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. There are constantly new verbs being added to our vocabulary. This can be due to technology and new inventions, to contact with other cultures and countries, or could also be due to fossilization. In this research, we have updated the prior version of this document by adding new verbs. We found many different verbs from a variety of resources such as dictionaries, Internet, books, magazines and much more. This is an assignment this group did together, but not only for a grade. Our main goal is to help the English community. We hope this document becomes useful and it continues to be updated to help our future community members. 2 Prof. Aníbal Muñoz Official Document- Verb tenses Courses: 3232, 3201, 3021, 3022 REGULAR VERBS Regular verbs form the past and past participle by adding –d or –ed to the basic form. In the following list the verbs are grouped according to the pronunciation of the –ed suffix. I. The –ed ending is pronounced [d] Spanish Equivalent estar de acuerdo estar en desacuerdo enterrar casar (se) estudiar preocupar(se) traicionar pesar coger prestado seguir estar endeudado, deber mascar permitir solicitar llorar negar replicar, contestar probar, tratar molestar destruir emplear disfrutar de, jactarse, echárselas de aprobar Basic form -s form -ing form Past form and past participle agree agrees agreeing agreed disagree disagrees disagreeing disagreed bury marry study worry betray weigh borrow follow buries marries studies worries betrays weighs borrows follows burying marrying studying worrying betraying weighing borrowing following buried married studied worried betrayed weighed borrowed followed owe owes owing owed chew allow apply cry deny chews allows applies cries denies chewing allowing applying crying denying chewed allowed applied cried denied reply replies replying replied try annoy destroy employ tries annoys destroys employs trying annoying destroying employing tried annoyed destroyed employed brag brags bragging bragged approve approves approving approved 3 Spanish Equivalent engañar vivir probar recibir determinar, acordar salvar servir resolver aconsejar entretener organizar alabar examinar a discípulos o clase agarra, coger sorprender utilizar, usar dar la palabra dañar, averiar estimular describir desairar, tratar con desprecio estudiado aspirar a, apuntar a (con un arma) soñar alcanzar, lograr quemar limpiar amanecer explicar asustar(se) planchar aprender escuchar abrir deceive live prove receive deceives lives proves receives deceiving living proving receiving Past form and Past participle deceived lived proved received resolve resolves resolving resolved save serve solve advise amuse organize praise saves serves solves advises amuses organizes praises saving serving solving advising amusing organizing praising saved served solved advised amused organized praised quiz quizzes quizzing quizzed seize surprise use pledge damage encourage describe seizes surprises uses pledges damages encourages describes seizing surprising using pledging damaging encouraging describing seized surprised used pledged damaged encouraged described snub snubs snubbing snubbed aim aims aiming aimed dream attain burn clean dawn explain frighten iron learn listen open dreams attains burns cleans dawns explains frightens irons learns listens opens dreaming attaining burning cleaning dawning explaining frightening ironing learning listening opening dreamed* attained burned* cleaned dawned explained frightened ironed learned listened opened Basic form -s form -ing form 4 Spanish Equivalent planear, trazar, tramar llover devolver, regresar renunciar amenazar virar, doblar advertir, amonestar anhelar, ansiar llamar refrescar llenar echar al correo halar, tirar de confundir navegar oler, aprestar emocionar(se), conmover(se) responder, contestar molestar atreverse, retar entregar, librar lisonjear alquilar, asalariar inquirir, averiguar ocurrir ofrecer sudar (personas) prepara exigir, requerir recordar reparar, componer Basic form -s form -ing form Past form and Past participle plan plans planning planned rain rains raining rained return returns returning returned resign threaten turn resigns threatens turns resigning threatening turning resigned threatened turned warn warns warning warned long call cool fill mail longs calls cools fills mails longing calling cooling filling mailing longed called cooled filled mailed puzzle puzzles puzzling puzzled sail smell sails smells sailing smelling sailed smelled thrill thrills thrilling thrilled answer answers answering answered bother dare deliver flatter bothers dares delivers flatters bothering daring delivering flattering bothered dared delivered flattered hire hires hiring hired inquire inquires inquiring inquired occur offer occurs offers occurring offering occurred offered perspire perspires perspiring perspired prepare require remember prepares requires remembers preparing requiring remembering prepared required remembered repair repairs repairing repaired 5 Spanish Equivalent compartir vagar maravillarse Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form and past participle share shares sharing shared wander wanders wandering wandered wonder wonders wondering wondered *dreamt and burnt are also used instead of the –ed form. Note: The following verbs are irregular in spelling, but regular in pronunciation. Spanish Equivalent poner, colocar pagar Basic Form -s form -ing form lay pay lays pays laying paying Past form and past participle laid paid The following two verbs are regular. However, notice the peculiarity in the spelling of the –ing form. Spanish Equivalent morir mentir II- Basic Form die lie -s form dies lies -ing form dying lying Past form and past participle died lied The –ed ending is pronounced [t]. Spanish Equivalent reír (se) detener (se) preguntar hornear ahogar (se), asfixiar (se), tocar la puerta, tumbar gustar trancar mirar, verse arriesgar (se) andar trabajar boxear, pelear a los puños prepara, arreglar, reparar laugh stop ask bake laughs stops asks bakes laughing stopping asking baking Past form and past participle laughed stopped asked baked knock knocks knocking knocked like lock look risk walk work likes locks looks risks walks works liking locking looking risking walking working liked locked looked risked walked worked box boxes boxing boxed fix fixes fixing fixed Basic Form -s form -ing form 6 Spanish Equivalent mezclar imponer tributos dirigir (la palabra o una carta) avergonzar, poner en aprieto, desconcertar anunciar perseguir maldecir aumentar introducir, presentar dar una ojeada pasar, aprobar progresar prometer dar énfasis a asombrar (se) establecer terminar empujar lavar desear picar, sentir picazón rascar, arañar, rasguñar buscar, registrar tocar observar mix mixes mixing Past form and past participle mixed tax taxes taxing taxed address addresses addressing addressed embarrass embarrasses embarrassing embarrassed announce chase curse increase announces chases curses increases announcing chasing cursing increasing announced chased cursed increased introduce introduces introducing introduced glance pass progress promise stress astonish establish finish push wash wish glances passes progresses promises stresses astonishes establishes finishes pushes washes wishes glancing passing progressing promising stressing astonishing establishing finishing pushing washing wishing glanced passed progressed promised stressed astonished established finished pushed washed wished itch itches itching itched scratch scratches scratching scratched search touch watch searches touches watches searching touching watching searched touched watched Basic Form -s form -ing form 7 III- The –ed ending is pronounced [id] or [ed] Spanish Equivalent agregar, sumar ascender, subir asistir, comparecer evitar adjudicar abordar, estar a pupilaje decidir demandar, reclamar descender, bajar temer evadir, eludir extender, alargar palidecer, despintar (se) fundar clasificar por grados vigilar alcanzar algo y darlo a otro pensar hacer, proponerse desembarcar, aterrizar cargar remendar necesitar ofender aparentar, pretender proceder, proseguir rembolsar add ascend adds ascends adding ascending Past form and past participle added ascended attend attends attending attended avoid award avoids awards avoiding awarding avoided awarded board boards boarding boarded decide decides deciding decided demand demands demanding demanded descend descends descending descended dread evade dreads evades dreading evading dreaded evaded extend extends extending extended fade fades fading faded found founds founding founded grade grades grading graded guard guards guarding guarded hand hands handing handed intend intends intending intended land lands landing landed load mend need offend loads mends needs offends loading mending needing offending loaded mended needed offended pretend pretends pretending pretended proceed proceeds proceeding proceeded refund refunds refunding refunded Basic Form -s form -ing form 8 Spanish Equivalent soñar, tantear, sondear salir bien, tener éxito rodear aceptar familiarizar (se) admitir intentar, atentar atraer batear jactarse, hacer alarde felicitar contar, numerar crear cultivar datar, fechar, salir con dedicar (se) dedicar (se), consagrar (se) dirigir, encaminar, mandar desilusionar, decepcionar dudar educar graduar (se) parar (se), hacer un alto odiar cazar, buscar ilustrar habitar, vivir en inyectar (se) instruir interesar (se) invertir Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form and past participle sound sounds sounding sounded succeed succeeds succeeding succeeded surround accept acquiant admit attempt attract bat surrounds accepts acquaints admits attempts attracts bats surrounding accepting acquainting admitting attempting attracting batting surrounded accepted acquainted admitted attempted attracted batted boast boasts boasting boasted compliment count create cultivate compliments counts creates cultivates complimenting counting creating cultivating complimented counted created cultivated date dates dating dated dedicate dedicates dedicating dedicated devote devotes devoting devoted direct directs directing directed disappoint disappoints disappointing disappointed doubt educate graduate doubts educates graduates doubting educating graduating doubted educated graduated halt halts halting halted hate hunt illustrate inhabit inject instruct interest invest hates hunts illustrates inhabits injects instructs interests invests hating hunting illustrating inhabiting injecting instructing interesting investing hated hunted illustrated inhabited injected instructed interested invested 9 Spanish Equivalent apuntar, tomar, notar durar, continuar alzar, elevar, levantar derretir, disolver narrar, contar objetar omitir pintar sembrar señalar situar, pegar o fijar (carteles) imprimir sacar provecho fomentar, promover, ascender arrepentir (se) relacionar (se) alquilar pedir, solicitar descansar, reposar resultar asar mover (se), cambiar (se) de sitio gritar, vocear patinar empezar someter restar sugerir sudar saborear tostar negociar, canjear Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form and past participle jot jots jotting jotted last lasts lasting lasted lift lifts lifting lifted melt melts melting melted narrate object omit paint plant point narrates objects omits paints plants points narrating objecting omitting painting planting pointing narrated objected omitted painted planted pointed post posts posting posted print profit prints profits printing profiting printed profited promote promotes promoting promoted regret relate rent request regrets relates rents requests regretting relating renting requesting regretted related rented requested rest rests resting rested result roast results roasts resulting roasting resulted roasted shift shifts shifting shifted shout skate start subject subtract suggest sweat taste toast shouts skates starts subjects subtracts suggests sweats tastes toasts shouting skating starting subjecting subtracting suggesting sweating tasting toasting shouted skated started subjected subtracted suggested sweat (ed) tasted toasted trade trades trading traded 10 confiar (en) esperar desear desperdiciar trust wait want waste trusts waits wants wastes trusting waiting wanting wasting trusted waited wanted wasted 11 IRREGULAR VERBS A verb is irregular when its past and past participle is not formed by adding -d or –ed. Some irregular verbs have three different forms for the basic, past, and past participle. Others have only two different forms, while still others have only one form. In the following list, the verbs are grouped according to the number of forms for these three principal parts. I. Three forms: The basic, past, and past participle forms are different. Spanish Equivalent empezar tomar(beber) sonar,tocar encoger cantar hundir(se) nadar volar soplar crecer saber,conocer tirar, echar dibujar jurar rasgar usar(en el cuerpo) recostar(se) olvidar adquirir romper escoger helar,congelar robar hablar hilar,tejer manejar,guiar levantar(se) montar,pasear escribir morder esconder Basic Form begin drink ring shrink sing sink swim fly blow grow know throw draw swear tear wear -s Form begins drinks rings shrinks sings sinks swims flies blows grows knows throws draws swears tears wears lie forget get break choose freeze steal speak weave drive rise ride write bite hide lies forgets gets breaks chooses freezes steals speaks weaves drives rises rides writes bites hides -ing Form beginning drinking ringing shrinking singing sinking swimming flying blowing growing knowing throwing drawing swearing tearing wearing Past Form began drank rang shrank sang sank swam flew blew grew knew threw drew swore tore wore Past Participle begun drunk rung shrunk sung sunk swum flown blown grown known thrown drawn sworn torn worn lying forgetting getting breaking choosing freezing stealing speaking weaving driving rising riding writing biting hiding lay forgot got broke chose froze stole spoke wove drove rose rode wrote bit hid lain forgotten(forgot) gotten(got) broken chosen frozen stolen spoken woven driven risen ridden written bitten hidden 12 comer caer perdonar dar ver sacudir llevar ser,estar hacer ir eat fall forgive give see shake take be(am, are) do go Spanish Equivalent coser, demostrar, Basic Form sew enseñar show tejer con dos knit agujas correr a velocispeed dad,acelerar II. eats falls forgives gives sees shakes takes is does goes -s Form eating falling forgiving giving seeing shaking taking being doing going ate fell forgave gave saw shook took was, were did went Past Form -ing Form eaten fallen forgiven given seen shaken taken been done gone Past Participle sews sewing sewed sewed(sewn) shows showing showed shown(showed) knits knitting knit(knitted) knitted(knit) speeds speeding sped(speeded) speeded(sped) Two forms A. The past and past participle forms are the same, but they are different from the basic form. Spanish Equivalent amarrar, encuadernar encontrar moler dar cuerda sangrar alimentar huir guiar,dirigir, conducir leer aguantar Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Form Past Participle bind binds binding bound bound find grind wind bleed feed flee finds grinds winds bleeds feeds flees finding grinding winding bleeding feeding fleeing found ground wound bled fed fled found ground wound bled fed fled lead leads leading led led read hold reads holds reading holding read held read held 13 parar(se) entender stand understand stands understand standing stood understanding understood stood understood doblar prestar enviar gastar construir encontrarse, conocerse disparar sentar(se) buscar pelear pelear, traer comprar bend lend send spend build bends lends sends spends builds bending lending sending spending building bent lent sent spent built bent lent sent spent built meet meets meeting met met shoot sit seek fight bring buy shoots sits seeks fights brings buys shooting sitting seeking fighting bringing buying shot sat sought fought brought bought shot sat sought fought brought bought pensar coger,agarrar enseñar significar tratar,negociar sentir guardar,quedarse con dormir barrer abandoner,dejar salir de perder decir oir vender contar,decir, narrar tener,haber hacer,construir arrojar,tirar cavar golpear,azotar ganar en competencias think catch teach mean deal feel thinks catches teaches means deals feels thinking catching teaching meaning dealing feeling thought caught taught meant dealt felt thought caught taught meant dealt felt keep keeps keeping kept kept sleep sweep sleeps sweeps sleeping sweeping slept swept slept swept leave leaves leaving left left lose say hear sell loses says hears sells losing saying hearing selling lost said heard sold lost said heard sold tell tells telling told told have make fling dig strike has makes flings digs strikes having making flinging digging striking had made flung dug struck had made flung dug *struck win wins winning won won 14 B. The basic and the past forms are the same, but they are different from the past participle. Spanish Equivalent derrotar, batir Basic Form beat -s Form beats Past Form -ing Form beating beat Past Participle beat C. The basic and the past participle forms are the same, but are different from the past Spanish Basic Equivalent Form convertirse(en) become venir come correr run III. -s Form becomes comes runs -ing Form becoming coming running Past Form became came ran Past Participle become come run One form : The basic, past, and past participle forms are the same. Spanish Equivalent apostar ofrecer (en una subasta) reventar costar cortar golpear, pegar a lastimar permitir colocar(poner) cesar,dejar de hacer fijar, poner mesa cerrar escupir esparcir mojar Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Form bet bid bets bids betting bidding bet bid Past Participle bet bid burst cost cut hit bursts costs cuts hits bursting costing cutting hitting burst cost cut hit burst cost cut hit hurt let put quit hurts lets puts quits hurting letting putting quitting hurt let put quit hurt let put quit set sets setting set set shut spit spread wet shuts spits spreads wets shutting spitting spreading wetting shut spit spread wet shut spit spread wet 15 The following verbs are irregular only in spelling laid Spanish Equivalent poner,colocar pagar morir mentir atar,amarrar Basic Form lay pay die lie tie -s Form lays pays dies lies ties -ing Form laying paying dying lying tying Past Form laid paid died lied tied Past Participle laid paid died lied tied *stricken – for diseases and disasters 16 SUMMARY OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS A Spanish Equivalent abandonar abandon abandons abandoning abandoned abandoned bajar abase abases abasing abased abased ser menos abate abates abating abated abated abreviar abbreviate abbreviates abbreviating abbreviated abbreviated rendirse abdicate abdicates abdicating abdicated abdicated secuestrar abduct abducts abducting abducted abducted ayudar encogerse por disgusto permanecer renunciar, rendirse remover renunciar por voluntad refugiar abet abets abetting abetted abetted abhor abhors abhorring abhorred abhorred abide abides abiding abided abided abjure abjures abjuring abjured abjured ablate ablates ablating ablated ablated abnegate abnegates abnegating abnegated abnegated abode abodes abiding abided abided abominar suspender, abortar enriquecer abominate abominates abominating abominated abominated abort aborts aborting aborted aborted abound abounds abounding abounded abounded raspar abrade abrades abrading abraded abraded acortar repeler con autoridad huir rápido y en silencio ausentarse abridge abridges abridging abridged abridged abrogate abrogates abrogating abrogated abrogated abscond absconds absconding absconded absconded absent absents absenting absented absented librar de culpas absolve absolves absolving absolved absolved absorber absorb absorbs absorbing absorbed absorbed Basic Form -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle 17 Spanish Equivalent dejar de hacer abstain abstains abstaining abstained abstained abstraer abstract abstracts abstracting abstracted abstracted abusar bordar, emarcar acceder abuse abuses abusing abused abused abut abuts abutting abutted abutted accede accedes acceding acceded acceded acelerar accelerate accelerates accelerating accelerated accelerated acentuar accent accents accenting accented accented acentuar accentuate accentuates accentuating accentuated accentuated accesar aceptar familiarizar(se) agregar, sumar dirigir(la palabra o una carta) admitir aconsejar estar de acuerdo aspirar a, apuntar (con un arma) access accept acquaint add accesses accepts acquaints adds accessing accepting acquainting adding accessed accepted acquainted added accessed accepted acquainted added address addresses addressing addressed addressed admit advise admits advises admitting advising admitted advised admitted advised agree agrees agreeing agreed agreed aim aims aiming aimed aimed Basic Form -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle 18 Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle aclamar acclaim acclaims acclaiming acclaimed acclaimed aclimatar acclimate acclimates acclimating acclimated acclimated ambientar acclimatize acclimatizes acclimatizing acclimatized acclimatized acomodar accommodate accommodates accommodating accommodated accommodated acompañar accompany accompanies accompanying accompanied accompanied acordar accord accords according accorded accorded hablar acosando accost accosts accosting accosted accosted auspiciar account accounts accounting accounted accounted equipar accouter accouters accoutering accoutered accoutered acreditar crecimiento periódico aculturar accredit accredits accrediting accredited accredited accrue accrues accruing accrued accrued acculturate acculturates acculturating acculturated acculturated acumular accumulate accumulates accumulating accumulated accumulated acusar accuse accuses accusing accused accused acostumbrar accustom accustoms accustoming accustomed accustomed completar, lograr achieve achieves achieving achieved achieved hacer ácido acidify acidifies acidifying acidified acidified reconocer asentir sin entusiasmo adquirir acknowledge acknowledges acknowledging acknowledged acknowledged acquiesce acquiesces acquiescing acquiesced acquiesced acquire acquires acquiring acquired acquired liberar acquit acquits acquitting acquitted acquitted actuar act acts acting acted acted activar activate activates activating activated activated actualizar actualize actualizes actualizing actualized actualized poner en acción actuate actuates actuating actuated actuated adaptar adapt adapts adapting adapted adapted volverse adicto addict addicts addicting addicted addicted dar razón adduce adduces adducing adduced adduced adherir adhere adheres adhering adhered adhered adjuntar agregar, sumar adjoin add adjoins adds adjoining adding adjoined added adjoined added 19 admitir aconsejar estar de acuerdo aspirar a, apuntar (con un arma) suspender admit advise agree admits advises agrees admitting advising agreeing admitted advised agreed admitted advised agreed aim aims aiming aimed aimed adjourn adjourns adjourning adjourned adjourned juzgar adjudge adjudges adjudging adjudged adjudged jurar adjure adjures adjuring adjured adjured ajustar adjust adjusts adjusting adjusted adjusted improviser adlib adlibs adlibbing adlibbed adlibbed manejar, dirigir administer administers administering administered administered administrar administrate administrates administrating administrated administrated admirar admire admires admiring admired admired advertir admonish admonishes admonishing admonished admonished adoptar adopt adopts adopting adopted adopted adorar adore adores adoring adored adored adornar adorn adorns adorning adorned adorned adulterar adulterate adulterates adulterating adulterated adulterated resumir adumbrate adumbrates adumbrating adumbrated adumbrated avanzar, proseguir advance advances advancing advanced advanced ventaja advantage advantages advantaging advantaged advantaged llamar la atención advert adverts adverting adverted adverted abogar advocate advocates advocating advocated advocated condensar aerate aerates aerating aerated aerated afectar affect affects affecting affected affected afiliar affiliate affiliates affiliating affiliated affiliated afirmar affirm affirms affirming affirmed affirmed afligir afflict afflicts afflicting afflicted afflicted comprar afford affords affording afforded afforded afrontar affront affronts affronting affronted affronted envejecer age ages aging aged aged aglomerar agglomerate agglomerates agglomerating agglomerated agglomerated aglutinar agglutinate agglutinates agglutinating agglutinated agglutinated 20 Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle engrandecer aggrandize aggrandizes aggrandizing aggrandized aggrandized agravar aggravate aggravates aggravating aggravated aggravated agregar aggregate aggregates aggregating aggregated aggregated ofender aggrieve aggrieves aggrieving aggrieved aggrieved agitar agitate agitates agitating agitated agitated agonizar agonize agonizes agonizing agonized agonized transmitir (tv, radio) pintar a fuerza de aire enviar por avión air airs airing aired aired air brush air brushes air brushing air brushed air brushed air freight air freights air freighting air freighted air freighted alarmar alarm alarms alarming alarmed alarmed alertar alert alerts alerting alerted alerted desmontar, bajar de alight alights alighting alighted alighted alinear align aligns aligning aligned aligned aliviar, mejorar separar con propósito distribuir en porciones aludir alleviate alleviates alleviating alleviated alleviated allocate allocates allocating allocated allocated allot allots allotting allotted allotted allude alludes alluding alluded alluded encanto allure allures alluring allured allured aliar, unir ordenar alfabéticamente alterar ally allies allying allied allied alphabetize alphabetizes alphabetizing alphabetized alphabetized alter alters altering altered altered alternar alternate alternates alternating alternated alternated mezclar asombro, impresionar apilar, juntar amalgamate amalgamates amalgamating amalgamated amalgamated amaze amazes amazing amazed amazed amass amasses amassing amassed amassed mover con cadencia amble ambles ambling ambled ambled improvisar ameliorate ameliorates ameliorating ameliorated ameliorated corregir, enmendar amend amends amending amended amended 21 Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle perdonar amnesty amnesties amnestying amnestied amnestied pagar a plazos amortize amortizes amortizing amortized amortized sumar total amount amounts amounting amounted amounted amputar explicar con analogía analizar amputate amputates amputating amputated amputated analogize analogizes analogizing analogized analogized analyze analyzes analyzing analyzed analyzed anesteciar anesthetize anesthetizes anesthetizing anesthetized anesthetized pescar oportunidad angle angles angling angled angled cambiar a lo anglo anglicize anglicizes anglicizing anglicized anglicized animar animate animates animating animated animated aniquilar annihilate annihilates annihilating annihilated annihilated anotar annotate annotates annotating annotated annotated anunciar announce announces announcing announced announced hacer nulo annul annuls annulling annulled annulled unjir antagonizar, enemistar hacer antología anoint anoints anointing anointed anointed antagonize antagonizes antagonizing antagonized antagonized anthologize anthologizes anthologizing anthologized anthologized anticipar anticipate anticipates anticipating anticipated anticipated hacer viejo, obsoleto antiquate antiquates antiquating antiquated antiquated disculparse apologize apologizes apologizing apologized apologized apostatar apostatize apostatizes apostatizing apostatized apostatized horrorizar appall appalls appalling appalled appalled apelar appeal appeals appealing appealed appealed aparecer appear appears appearing appeared appeared atachar append appends appending appended appended aplaudir applaud applauds applauding applauded applauded nombrar appoint appoints appointing appointed appointed contraponer appose apposes apposing apposed apposed poner precio apprise apprises apprising apprised apprised capturar apprehend apprehends apprehending apprehended apprehended 22 Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle aproximar approach approaches approaching approached approached arbitrar arbitrate arbitrates arbitrating arbitrated arbitrated discuitir argue argues arguing argued argued armar armor armors armoring armored armored levantar arise arises arising arose arisen equiparse con arma levantarse, despertarse responder arm arms arming armed armed arouse arouses arousing aroused aroused arraign arraigns arraigning arraigned arraigned arreglar arrange arranges arranging arranged arranged ordenar array arrays arraying arrayed arrayed arrestar arrest arrests arresting arrested arrested llegar reclamar sin derecho subir, ascender arrive arrives arriving arrived arrived arrogate arrogates arrogating arrogated arrogated ascend ascends ascending ascended ascended ascertar pertenecer a algo o alguien asfaltar ascertain ascertains ascertaining ascertained ascertained ascribe ascribes ascribing ascribed ascribed asphalt asphalts asphalting asphalted asphalted sofocar asphyxiate asphyxiates asphyxiating asphyxiated asphyxiated aspirar aire aspirate aspirates aspirating aspirated aspirated ambicionar aspire aspires aspiring aspired aspired atacar assail assails assailing assailed assailed asesinar assassinate assassinates assassinating assassinated assassinated asaltar, robar assault assaults assaulting assaulted assaulted montar, construir assemble assembles assembling assembled assembled consentir, aceptar assent assents assenting assented assented mantener y defender probar, juzgar validez aseverar assert asserts asserting asserted asserted assess assesses assessing assessed assessed asseverate asseverates asseverating asseverated asseverated 23 Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle asignar assign assigns assigning assigned assigned asimilar assimilate assimilates assimilating assimilated assimilated asistir assist assists assisting assisted assisted separar por clases assort assorts assorting assorted assorted asumir assume assumes assuming assumed assumed asegurar assure assures assuring assured assured arrepentirse atone atones atoning atoned atoned adjuntar attach attaches attaching attached attached atacar attack attacks attacking attacked attacked diluir attenuate attenuates attenuating attenuated attenuated testificar attest attests attesting attested attested vestir elegante attire attires attiring attired attired atribuir attribute attributes attributing attributed attributed harmonizar attune attunes attuning attuned attuned subastar auction auctions auctioning auctioned auctioned auditar audit audits auditing audited audited aumento augment augments augmenting augmented augmented probar como genuino autorizar authenticate authenticates authenticating authenticated authenticated authorize authorizes authorizing authorized authorized automatizar automate automates automating automated automated ser útil avail avails availing availed availed vengar avenge avenges avenging avenged avenged declare truth aver avers averring averred averred voltear, prevenir avert averts averting averted averted reconocer públicamente aguardar avow avows avowing avowed avowed await awaits awaiting awaited awaited levantar awake awakes awaking awaked awoken 24 B Spanish Equivalent pecar hornear batear ser, estar de llevar derrotar, batir convertirse(en) ocurrir,suceder empezar poseer algo creer doblar (se) una pérdida (muerte) pedir con urgencia atacar constantemente apostar traicionar ofrecer (en una subasta ) amarrar, encuadernar morder sangrar soplar abordar, estar en un pupilaje jactarse, hacer alarde cojer prestado boxear, pelear a los puños Basic Form backslide bake bat be (am, are) bear beat become befall begin behold believe bend -s Form -ing Form -Past Form Past Participle backslides backsliding bakes baking bats batting backslid baked batted backslidden/backslid is being was, were been bears beats becomes befalls begins beholds believes bends bearing beating becoming befalling beginning beholding believing bending bore beat became befell began beheld believed bent born/borne beaten become befallen begun beheld believed bent bereave bereaves bereaving bereaved bereaved/bereft beseech beseeches beseeching besought besought beset besets besetting beset beset bet betray bets betrays betting betraying bet betrayed bet betrayed bid bids bidding bid bid bind binds binding bound bound bite bleed blow bites bleeds blows biting bleeding blowing bit bled blew bitten bled blown board boards boarding boarded boarded boast boasts boasting boasted boasted borrow borrows borrowing borrowed borrowed box boxes boxing boxed boxed baked batted 25 Spanish Equivalent jactarse, echársela de romper reproducir traer transmitir radio o televisión intimidar construir quemar explotar enterrar romper con fuerza comprar Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Form Past Participle brag brags bragging bragged bragged break breed bring breaks breeds brings breaking breeding bringing broke bred brought broken bred brought broadcast broadcasts broadcasting broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted browbeat build burn burst bury browbeats builds burns bursts buries browbeating building burning bursting burying browbeat built burnt/burned burst buried browbeaten/browbeat built burnt/burned burst buried bust busts busting bust bust buy buys buying bought bought 26 Spanish Equivalent mover en riversa asar mantener en equilibrio prohibir cerrar violentamente revelar; destapar batear bañarse pelear en una batalla alumbrar pedir; rogar comportarse de manera particular pertenecer remover color bendecir no dejar ver pestañar, parpadear manchar sonrrojarse hablar con orgullo hervir hablar impulsivamente atacar, bombardear registrar causar aburrimiento coger prestado saltar doblar hacía abajo para saludar empacar frenar herir peinar formar burbujas chocar con enterrar hacer ruido (zumbido) back bake backs bakes backing baking Past Form and Past Participle backed baked balance balances balancing balanced ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam beg bans bangs bares bats bathes battles beams begs banning banging baring batting bathing battling beaming begging banned banged bared batted bathed battled beamed begged behave behaves behaving behaved belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast boil belongs bleaches blesses blinds blinks blots blushes boasts boils belonging bleaching blessing blinding blinking blotting blushing boasting boiling belonged bleached blessed blinded blinked blotted blushed boasted boiled bolt bolts bolting bolted bomb book bore borrow bounce bombs books bores borrows bounces bombing booking boring borrowing bouncing bombed booked bored borrowed bounced bow bows bowing bowed box brake bruise brush bubble bump bury buzz boxes brakes bruises brushes bubbles bumps buries buzzes boxing braking bruising brushing bubbling bumping burying buzzing boxed braked bruised brushed bubbled bumped buried buzzed Basic Form -s Form -ing Form 27 C Spanish Equivalent llamar coger, agarrar perseguir mascar ahogar(se), asfixiar(se) escoger limpiar venir decir un cumplido refrescar costar contar,numerar crear llorar cultivar maldecir cortar Basic Form call catch chase chew calls catches chases chews calling catching chasing chewing called caught chased chewed Past Participle called caught chased chewed choke chokes choking choked choked choose clean come compliment cool cost count create cry cultivate curse cut chooses cleans comes compliments cools costs counts creates cries cultivates curses cuts choosing cleaning coming complimenting cooling costing counting creating crying cultivating cursing cutting chose cleaned came complimented cooled cost counted created cried cultivated cursed cut chosen cleaned come complimented cooled cost counted created cried cultivated cursed cut Spanish Equivalent cacarear calcular calibrar llamar calmar camuflajear cancelar canibalizar capitular capturar carbonizar cardar cuidar cargar coger, agarrar certificar cambiar -s Form Basic Form cackle calculate calibrate call calm camouflage cancel cannibalize capitulate capture carbonize card care (for) carry catch certify change -ing Form -s Form cackles calculates calibrates calls calms camouflages cancels cannibalizes capitulates captures carbonizes cards cares carries catches certifies changes Past Form -ing Form cackling calculating calibrating calling calming camouflaging canceling cannibalizing capitulating capturing carbonizing carding caring carrying catching certifying changing Past Form and Past Participle cackled calculated calibrated called calmed camouflaged canceled cannibalized capitulated captured carbonized carded cared carried caught certified changed 28 calcinar caracterizar cobrar perseguir charlar chacharear charlatanear mascar chequear cincelar ahogar(se), asfixiar(se) escoger coreografiar corear (cantar) cinchar circular cicuncidar circunscribir civilizar clamar clarificar clasificar limpiar clarear chasquear clausurar/ cerrar clocar coagular coaccionar codificar coexistir cohabitar coincidir colaborar colapsar compaginar coleccionar chocar colonizar colorear combinar venir char characterize charge chase chat chatter chatter away chew check chisel chars characterizes charges chases chats chatters chatters chews checks chisels charring characterizing charging chasing chatting chattering chattering chewing checking chiseling charred characterized charged chased chatted chattered chattered chewed checked chiseled choke chokes choking choked choose choreograph chorus cinch (a horse) circulate circumcise circumscribe civilize clamor clarify classify clean clear click(tongue) close cluck coagulate coerce codify coexist cohabit coincide collaborate collapse collate collect(to keep a collection) collide colonize color combine chooses choreographs choruses cinches circulates circumcises circumscribe civilizes clamors clarifies classifies cleans clears clicks closes clucks coagulates coerces codifies coexists cohabits coincides collaborates collapses collates choosing choreographing chorusing cinching circulating circumcising circumscribing civilizing clamoring clarifying classifying cleaning clearing clicking closing clucking coagulating coercing codifying coexisting cohabiting coinciding collaborating collapsing collating collecting chose choreographed chorused cinched circulated circumcised circumscribed civilized clamored clarified classified cleaned cleared clicked closed clucked coagulated coerced codified coexisted cohabited coincided collaborated collapsed collated collected collides colonizes colors combines colliding colonizing coloring combining collided colonized colored combined come comes coming came collects 29 Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form confortar conmemorar capitanear, dar comandos comentar comercializar cometer comisionar comunicar compactar comparar compelar compensar competir compilar complementar completar complicar decir un cumplido comprimir comprometer concebir concentrar concernir conciliar concluir converger condenar condensar condescender condicionar confederarse confesar confinar confirmar confiscar confrontar confundir felicitar congregar conjugar conectar concursar confluir comfort commemorate command comment commercialize commit commission communicate compact compare compel compensate compete compile complement complete complicate compliment compress compromise conceive concentrate concern conciliate conclude concur (on) condemn condense condescend condition confederate confess confine confirm confiscate confront confuse congratulate congregate conjugate connect contest converge comforts commemorates commands comments commercializes commits commissions communicates compacts compares compels compensates competes compiles complements completes complicates compliments compresses compromises conceives concentrates concerns conciliates concludes concurs condemns condenses condescends conditions confederates confesses confines confirms confiscates confronts confuses congratulates congregates conjugates connects contests converges comforting commemorating commanding commenting commercializing committing commissioning communicating compacting comparing compelling compensating competing compiling complementing completing complicating complimenting compressing compromising conceiving concentrating concerning conciliating concluding concurring condemning condensing condescending conditioning confederating confessing confining confirming confiscating confronting confusing congratulating congregating conjugating connecting contesting converging Past Form and Past Participle comforted commemorated commanded commented commercialized committed commissioned communicated compacted compared compelled compensated competed compiled complemented completed complicated complimented compressed compromised conceived concentrated concerned conciliated concluded concurred condemned condensed condescended conditioned confederated confessed confined confirmed confiscated confronted confused congratulated congregated conjugated connected contested converged 30 refrescar costar cocer cocinar conquistar consentir considerar consistir de consolar consolidar conspirar constituir consultar consumar consumir contactar contar contemplar contender contener continuar contradecir contraer una enfermedad contrastar contribuir controlar convencer convertir convocar cooperar coordinar corromper costar cotejar, comparar contar,enumerar contrarrestar contrabalancear cool cost cook cook conquer consent consider consist console consolidate conspire constitute consult consummate consume contact count contemplate contend contain continue contradict contract (a disease) contrast contribute control convince convert convoke cooperate coordinate corrupt cost compare count counteract counterbalance cools costs cooks cooks conquers consents considers consists consoles consolidates conspires constitutes consults consummates consumes contacts counts contemplates contends contains continues contradicts cooling costing cooking cooking conquering consenting considering consisting consoling consolidating conspiring constituting consulting consummating consuming contacting counting contemplating contending containing continuing contradicting Past Form and Past Participle cooled cost cooked cooked conquered consented considered consisted consoled consolidated conspired constituted consulted consummated consumed contacted counted contemplated contended contained continued contradicted contracts contracting contracted contrasts contributes controls convinces converts convokes cooperates coordinates corrupts costs compares counts counteracts counterbalances contrasting contributing controlling convincing converting convoking cooperating coordinating corrupting costing comparing counting counteracting counterbalancing contrasted contributed controlled convinced converted convoked cooperated coordinated corrupted cost compared counted counteracted counterbalanced cortejar(enamorar) court courts courting courted crear cremar crepitar create cremate crackle creates cremates crackles creating cremating crackling created cremated crackled Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form 31 crear criticar croar cruzar coronar crucificar crujir llorar cristalizar cuajar cultivar maldecir cortar create criticize croak cross crown crucify crunch cry crystallize curdle cultivate curse cut creates criticizes croaks crossed crowns crucifies crunches cries crystallizes curdles cultivates curses cuts creating criticizing croaking crossing crowning crucifying crunching crying crystallizing curdling cultivating cursing cutting created criticized croaked crossed crowned crucified crunched cried crystallized curdled cultivated cursed cut 32 D Spanish Equivalent dañar, averiar atreverse, retar datar, fechar, salir con amanecer tratar, negociar engañar decider dedicar(se) entregar, librar demandar, reclamar negar describir destruir dedicar(se), consagrar(se) morir cavar dirigir, encaminar, mandar estar en desacuerdo desilusionar, decepcionar hacer dudar dibujar temer Basic Form damage dare -s Form -ing Form Past Form damages dares damaging daring damaged dared Past Participle damaged dared date dawn deal deceive decide dedicate deliver dates dawns deals deceives decides dedicates delivers dating dawning dealing deceiving deciding dedicating delivering dated dawned dealt deceived decided dedicated delivered dated dawned dealt deceived decided dedicated delivered demand deny describe destroy demands denies describes destroys demanding denying describing destroying demanded denied described destroyed demanded denied described destroyed devote die dig devotes dies digs devoting dying digging devoted died dug devoted died dug direct directs directing directed directed disagree disagrees disagreeing disagreed disagreed disappoint do doubt draw dread disappoints does doubts draws dreads disappointing doing doubting drawing dreading sonar tomar, beber manejar, guiar dream drink drive dreams drinks drives dreaming drinking driving disappointed did doubted drew dreaded dreamed (dreamt) drank drove disappointed done doubted drawn dreaded dreamed (dreamt) drunk driven 33 Spanish Equivalent bailar desembarcar desvalorizar, degradar, rebajar debatir corromper, seducir debilitar deber someter a un interrogatorio suprimir errores desenmascarar debutar levanter el campo decapitar descomponerse disminuir la velocidad descentralizar diezmar descifrar poner una cubierta, tumbar declamar declarar anular la clasificación declinar descifrar, decodificar descomponer descomprimir descontaminar librar de control decorar Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form dance debark dances debarks dancing debarking danced debarked debase debases debasing debased debate debates debating debated debauch debauches debauching debauched debilitate debit debilitates debits debilitating debiting debilitated debited debrief debriefs debriefing debriefed debug debunk debut decamp decapitate decay debugs debunks debuts decamps decapitates decays debugging debunking debuting decamping decapitating decaying debugged debunked debuted decamped decapitated decayed decelerate decelerates decelerating decelerated decentralize decimate decipher decentralizes decimates deciphers decentralizing decimating deciphering decentralized decimated deciphered deck decks decking decked declaim declare declaims declares declaiming declaring declaimed declared declassify declassifies declassifying declassified decline declines declining declined decode decodes decoding decoded decompose decompress decontaminate decontrol decorate decomposes decompresses decontaminates decontrols decorates decomposing decompressing decontaminating decontrolling decorating decomposed decompressed decontaminated decontrolled decorated atraer con señuelo decoy decoys decoying decoyed disminuir, reducir decretar decrease decree decreases decrees decreasing decreeing decreased decreed 34 Spanish Equivalent legalizar despreciar, criticar, desvalorizar dedicar indagar, hurgar desmagnetizar, desmantar demandar demarcar portarse, comportarse desmilitarizar desmovilizar democratizar demoler, derribar demostrar corromper, confundir, desmoralizar, desalentar degradar, rebajar de categoría hacer objeciones, demorar desnaturalizar denigrar denotar denunciar, acusar, criticar, censurar abollar desnudar, desgastar negar desodorizar Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form decriminalize decriminalizes decriminalizing decriminalized decry decries decrying decried dedicate delve dedicates delves dedicating delving dedicated delved demagnetize demagnetizes demagnetizing demagnetized demand demarcate demands demarcates demanding demarcating demanded demarcated demean demeans demeaning demeaned demilitarize demobilize democratize demolish demonstrate demilitarizes demobilizes democratizes demolishes demonstrates demilitarizing demobilizing democratizing demolishing demonstrating demilitarized demobilized democratized demolished demonstrated demoralize demoralizes demoralizing demoralized demote demotes demoting demoted demur demurs demurring demurred denature denigrate denote denatures denigrates denotes denaturing denigrating denoting denatured denigrated denoted denounce denounces denouncing denounced dent dents denting dented denude denudes denuding denuded deny deodorize denies deodorizes denying deodorizing denied deodorizes desoxidar, desoxigenar deoxidize deoxidizes deoxidizing deoxidized marcharse, irse depender depositar depravar despreciar depart depend deposit deprave depreciate departs depends deposits depraves depreciates departing depending depositing depraving depreciating departed depended deposited depraved depreciated 35 Spanish Equivalent deprimir privar desprogramar derivar desender describir merecer diseñar designar desistir desolar destruir separar, desprender detallar detectar deteriorar determiner detestar detonar desviar devastar desarrollar devotar diagnosticar marcar dictar hacer dieta diferir diferenciar cavar digerir digitalizar dilatar diluir dirigir no estar de acuerdo desaparecer defraudar no aprobar desarmar desasociar Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form depress deprive deprogram derive descend describe deserve design designate desist desolate destroy depresses deprives deprograms derives descends describes deserves designs designates desists desolates destroys depressing depriving deprogramming deriving descending describing deserving designing designating desisting desolating destroying depressed deprived deprogrammed derived descended described deserved designed designated desisted desolated destroyed detach detaches detaching detached detail detect deteriorate determine detest detonate detour devastate develop devote diagnose dial dictate diet differ differentiate dig digest digitalize dilate dilute direct details detects deteriorates determines detests detonates detours devastates develops devotes diagnoses dials dictates diets differs differentiates digs digests digitalizes dilates dilutes directs detailing detecting deteriorating determining detesting detonating detouring devastating developing devoting diagnosing dialing dictating dieting differing differentiating digging digesting digitalizing dilating diluting directing detailed detected deteriorated determined detested detonated detoured devastated developed devoted diagnosed dialed dictated dieted differed differentiated dug digested digitalized dilated diluted directed disagree disagrees disagreeing disagreed disappear disappoint disapprove disassemble disassociate disappears disappoints disapproves disassembles disassociates disappearing disappointing disapproving disassembling disassociating disappeared disappointed disapproved disassembled disassociated 36 Spanish Equivalent no creer descartar descargar disiplinar desteñir incomodar, molestar descomponer desconectar descontinuar descontar descubrir discriminar discutir desilusionar desinfectar desheredar desintegrar dislocar, desarticular, separar no gustarle a uno dislocar desalojar desobedecer desorganizar despachar mostrar refutar zambullirse, tirarse de cabeza divorciarse pintar Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form disbelieve discard discharge discipline discolor disbelieves discards discharges disciplines discolors disbelieving discarding discharging disciplining discoloring disbelieved discarded discharged disciplined discolored discomfort discomforts discomforting discomforted discompose disconnect discontinue discount discover discriminate discuss disillusion disinfect disinherit disintegrate discomposes disconnects discontinues discounts discovers discriminates discusses disillusions disinfects disinherits disintegrates discomposing disconnecting discontinuing discounting discovering discriminating discussing disillusioning disinfecting disinheriting disintegrating discomposed disconnected discontinued discounted discovered discriminated discussed disillusioned disinfected disinherited disintegrated disjoint disjoints disjointing disjointed dislike dislocate dislodge disobey disorganize dispatch display disprove dislikes dislocates dislodges disobeys disorganizes dispatches displays disproves disliking dislocating dislodging disobeying disorganizing dispatching displaying disproving disliked dislocated dislodged disobeyed disorganizes dispatched displayed disproved dive dives diving dove, dived divorce dye divorces dyes divorcing dying divorced dyed 37 E Spanish Equivalent comer educar avergonzar, poner en aprieto, desconcertar emplear estimular, dar apoyo disfrutar de establecer evader, eludir explicar extender, alargar Spanish Equivalent decadencia resonar eclipsar economizar extasiar bordear edificar educar deducir edulcorar borrar efectuar afeminar entrar en efervescencia florecer refulgar derramar o verter egotizar emersión epigramatizar resumir equipar Basic Form -s Form -ing Form eating educating Past Form ate educated Past Participle eaten educated eat educate eats educates embarrass embarrasses embarrassing embarrassed embarrassed employ encourage enjoy establish evade explain employs encourages enjoys establishes evades explains employing encouraging enjoying establishing evading explaining employed encouraged enjoyed established evaded explained employed encouraged enjoyed established evaded explained extend extends extending extended extended ebb echo eclipse economize ecstasize edge edify educate educe edulcorate efface effectuate effeminate ebbs echoes eclipses economizes ecstasizes edges edifies educates educes edulcorates effaces effectuates effeminates ebbing echoing eclipsing economizing ecstasizing edging edifying educating educing edulcorating effacing effectuating effeminating Past Form and Participle Form ebbed echoed eclipsed economized ecstasized edged edified educated educed edulcorated effaced effectuated effeminated effervesce effervesces effervescing effervesced effloresce effulge effloresces effulges efflorescing effulging effloresced effulged effuse effuses effusing effused egotize egress epigrammatize epitomize equip egotizes egresses epigrammatized epitomized equipped egotizing egressing epigrammatizing epitomizing equipping egotized egressed epigrammatized epitomized equipped Basic Form -s Form -ing Form 38 Spanish Equivalent equivocar irradiar corroer erotizar arrojar erupcionar escalar agravar escarpar revertir tierras evitar casarse con percibir estimar grabar al aguafuerte eternizar exento emplear Despedir, exhalar agotar alegrar,levantar exhortar a alguien exilio exonerar a alguien exorcizar expectorar acelerar arrojar expiar terminar explicar explotar explorar dejar al descubierto discutir con alguien sobre algo exponer,explicar equivocate eradiate erode eroticize eruct erupt escalade escalate escarp escheat eschew espouse espy esteem equivocated eradiated eroded eroticizes eructs erupts escalades escalates escarps escheats eschews espouses espies esteems equivocating eradiating eroding eroticizing eructing erupting escalading escalating escarping escheating eschewing espousing espying esteeming Past Form and Participle Form equivocated eradiated eroded eroticized eructed erupted escaladed escalated escarped escheated eschewed espoused espied esteemed etch etches etching etched eternize exempt exert eternizes exempts exerts eternizing exempting exerting eternized exempted exerted exhale exhales exhaling exhaled exhaust exhilarate exhausts exhilarates exhausting exhilarating exhausted exhilarated exhort exhorts exhorting exhorted exile exiles exiling exiled exonerate exonerates exonerating exonerated exorcise expectorate expedite expel expiate expire explain explode explore exorcises expectorates expedites expels expiates expires explains explodes explores exorcising expectorating expediting expelling expiating expiring explaining exploding exploring exorcised expectorated expedited expelled expiated expired explained exploded explored expose exposes exposing exposed expostulate expostulates expostulating expostulated expound expounds expounding expounded Basic Form -s Form -ing Form 39 Spanish Equivalent borrar,tachar expurgar improvisar extinguir Basic Form expunge expurgate extemporize extinguish -s Form expunges expurgates extemporizes extinguishes -ing Form expunging expurgating extemporizing extinguishing Past Form and Participle Form expunged expurgated extemporized extinguished 40 F Spanish Equivalent palidecer, despintar(se) caer(se) alimentar(se) sentir(se) pelear(se) llenar encontrar terminar reparar, arreglar, preparar lisonjear huir arrojar, tirar volar seguir perdonar olvidar fundar helar, congelar asustar(se) Spanish Equivalent fabricar facilitar desteñirse fracasar caerse falsificar tambalearse acostumbrar fantasear sobre algo fascinar engordar adular a alguien federar alimentar Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Form Past Participle fade fades fading faded faded fall feed feel fight fill find finish falls feeds feels fights fills finds finishes falling feeding feeling fighting filling finding finishing fell fed felt fought filled found finished fallen fed felt fought filled found finished fix fixes fixing fixed fixed flatter flee fling fly follow forgive forget found freeze frighten flatters flees flings flies follows forgives forgets founds freezes frightens flattering fleeing flinging flying following forgiving forgetting founding freezing frightening flattered fled flung flew followed forgave forgot founded froze frightened flattered fled flung flown followed forgiven forgotten(forgot) founded frozen frightened Basic Form -s Form -ing Form fabricate facilitate fade fail fall falsify falter familiarize fantasize fabricates facilitates fades fails falls falsifies falters familiarizes fantasizes fabricating facilitating fading failing falling falsifying faltering familiarizing fantasizing Past Form and Past Participle fabricated facilitated faded failed fallen falsified faltered familiarized fantasized fascinate fatten fawn federate feed fascinates fattens fawns federates feeds fascinating fattening fawning federating feeding fascinated fattened fawned federated fed 41 Spanish Equivalent sentir fingir, pretender algo hacer fermentar fertilizar, fecundar encadenar a alguien pelear rechistar lanzar ocupar ultimar financiar encontrar arreglar burbujear chispotear pelearse batir enfocar allanar huir de flexionar chasquear dar la vuelta revolotear flotar inundar dejarse caer moverse violentamente florecer incumplir una ley fluir, correr tronar hacer que alguien se encargue de algo plegar seguir feel feels feeling Past Form and Past Participle felt feign feigns feigning feigned ferment ferments fermenting fermented fertilize fertilizes fertilizing fertilized fetter fetters fettering fettered fight flinch fling fill finalize finance find fix fizz fizzle flake flap flash flatten flee flex flick flip flit float flood flop fights flinches flings fills finalizes finances finds fixes fizzes fizzles flakes flaps flashes flattens flees flexes flicks flips flits floats floods flops fighting flinching flinging filling finalizing financing finding fixing fizzing fizzling flaking flapping flashing flattening fleeing flexing flicking flipping flitting floating flooding flopping fought flinched flung filled finalized financed founded fixed fizzed fizzled flaked flapped flashed flattened fled flexed flicked flipped flitted floated flooded flopped flounce flounces flouncing flounced flourish flourishes flourishing flourished flout flouts flouting flouted flow flunk flows flunks flowing flunking flowed flunked foist foists foisting foisted fold follow folds follows folding following folded followed Basic Form -s Form -ing Form 42 Spanish Equivalent acariciar buscar algo prohibir anticiparse predecir prevenir perder reunirse falsificar olvidar perdonar formalizar formular abandonar fortificar fracturar fraternizar frecuentar refrescar asustar juguetear realizar buscar algo a tientas estar furioso fumigar recoger proporcionar fondle forage forbid forestall foretell forewarn forfeit forgather forge forget forgive formalize formulate forsake fortify fracture fraternize frequent freshen frighten frisk fulfill fondles forages forbids forestalls foretells forewarns forfeits forgathers forges forgets forgives formalizes formulates forsakes fortifies fractures fraternizes frequents freshens frightens frisks fulfills fondling foraging forbidding forestalling foretelling forewarning forfeiting forgathering forging forgetting forgiving formalizing formulating forsaking fortifying fracturing fraternizing frequenting freshening frightening frisking fulfilling Past Form and Past Participle fondled foraged forbidder forestalled foretold forewarned forfeited forgathered forged forgotten forgiven formalized formulated forsaken fortified fractured fraternized frequented freshened frightened frisked fulfilled fumble fumbles fumbling fumbled fume fumigate furl furnish fumes fumigates furls furnishes fuming fumigating furling furnishing fumed fumigated furled furnished Basic Form -s Form -ing Form 43 G Spanish Equivalent palique charlar callejear arponear amordazar manada contradecir brincar de alegría galvanizar arruinar ganguiar ganglear hacer espacio trabajar en jardín hacer gargaras gargarismo gasear gasificar ajuntar calibrar martillar dar comando adquirir gelatinalizar geminar generar doblar (rodilla) germinar gestar hacer un gesto gesticular mofar carruaje risitas ginebra cenidor foyar dar dar una ojeada Basic Form gab gabble gad gaff gag gaggle gainsay gabs gabbles gads gaffs gags gaggles gainsays gabbing gabbling gadding gaffing gagging gaggling gainsaying gabbed gabbled gadded gaffed gagged gaggled gainsaid gabbed gabbled gadded gaffed gagged gaggled gainsaid galumph galumphs galumphing galumphed galumphed galvanize gam gang gangle gap garden gargle garnish gas gasify gather gauge gavel gee get gelatinize geminate generate genuflect germinate gestate gesture gesticulate gibe gig giggle gin gird girdle give glance galvanizes gams gangs gangs gaps gardens gargles garnishes gases gasifies gathers gauges gavels gees gets gelatinizes geminates generates genuflects germinates gestates gestures gesticulates gibes gigs giggles gins girds girdles gives glances galvanizing gamming ganging ganging gapping gardening gargling garnishing gassing gasifying gathering gauging gaveling geeing getting gelatinizing geminating generating genuflecting germinating gestating gesturing gesticulating gibing gigging giggling ginning girding girdling giving glancing galvanized gammed ganged ganggled gapped gardened gargled garnished gassed gasified gathered gauged gaveled geed got gelatinized geminated generated genuflected germinated gestated gestured gesticulated gibed gigged giggled ginned girded girded gave glanced galvanized gammed ganged ganggled gapped gardened gargled garnished gassed gasified gathered gauged gaveled geed gotten gelatinized geminated generated genuflected germinated gestated gestured gesticulated gibed gigged giggled ginned girded girded given glanced 44 -s Form -ing Form Past Tense Perfect Past Spanish Equivalent glazear ojeada pasear suave hechar brillo globalizar objeto que brilla glorificar pegar o unir roer ir engullir mirar asombrado garganta formon forma gobernar agarrar actuar con gracia o elegancia clasificar por grados graduarse granular atacar agarrar rejilla gratificar grava pastar (ej. vacas) engrasar saludar suciedad moler quejarse tanteo Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Tense Perfect Past glaze glimpse glissade glitter globalize glazes glimpses glissades glitters globalizes glazing glimpsing glissading glittering globalizing glazed glimpsed glissaded glittered globalized glazed glimpsed glissaded glittered globalized glom gloms glomming glommed glommed glorify glue gnaw go gobble glorifies glues gnaws goes gobbles glorifying gluing gnawing going gobbling glorified glued gnawed went gobbled glorified glued gnawed gone gobbled goggle goggles goggling goggled goggled gorge gouge gourmandize govern grab gorges gouges gourmandizes governs grabs gorging gouging gourmandizing governing grabbing gorged gouged gourmandized governed grabbed gorged gouged gourmandized governed grabbed grace graces gracing graced graced grade grades grading graded graded graduate granulate grapple grasp grate gratify gravel graduates granulates grapples grasps grates gratifies gravels graduating granulating grappling grasping grating gratifying graveling graduated granulated grappled grasped grated gratified graveled graduated granulated grappled grasped[ grated gratified graveled graze grazes grazing grazed grazed grease greet grime grind gripe grope greases greets grimes grinds gripes gropes greasing greeting griming grinding gripping groping greased greeted grimed ground gripped groped greased greeted grimed ground gripped groped 45 Spanish Equivalent reganar lechada crecer comida resentimiento quejarse vigilar velar o hacer guardia guiar o llevar hacia un lugar guisar gaviota trago goma zapatos de goma galgola tripa individuo Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Tense Perfect Past ground grout grow grub grudge grumble guard grounds grouts grows grubs grudges grumbles guards grounding grouting growing grubbing grudging grumbling guarding grounded grouted grew grubbed grudged grumbled guarded grounded grouted grown grubbed grudged grumbled guarded guard guards guarding guarded guarded guide guides guiding guided guided guise gull gulp gum gumshoe gurgle gut guy guises gulls gulps gums gumshoes gurgles guts guys guising gulling gulping gumming gumshoeing gurgling gutting guying guised gulled gulped gummed gumshoed gurgled gutted guyed guised gulled gulped gummed gumshoed gurgled gutted guyed 46 H Spanish Equivalent alucinar parar(se), hacer un alto partir por la mitad alcanzar algo y darlo a otro comer de la mano manejar escribir con la mano colgar armonizar acosar,hostigar fastidiar odiar tener, haber abrumar,acosar oir interrumpir a un orador ayudar vacilar,titubiar cortar,labrar,tallar hibernar,invernar esconder(se) asalariar golpear, pegar a acaparar,monopolizar aguantar llorar brincar,saltar esperar por algo que suceda hechar auga con una mangera hospitalizar abrazar estar muy activo humidificar humillar cazar, buscar lastimar(se) Basic Form hallucinate hallucinates hallucinating hallucinated Past Participle hallucinated halt halts halting halted halted halve halves halving halved halved hand hands handing handed handed hand-feed handle handwrite hang harmonize harry hassle hate have haze hear hand-feeds handles handwrites hangs harmonizes harries hassles hates has hazes hears handfeeding handling handwriting hanging harmonizing harrying hassling hating having hazing hearing hand-fed handled handwrote hung harmonized harried hassled hated had hazed heard hand-fed handled handwritten hung harmonized harried hassled hated had hazed heard heckle heckles heckling heckled heckled help hesitate hew hibernate hide hire hit hog hold hone hop helps hesitates hews hibernates hides hires hits hogs holds hones hops helping hesitating hewing hibernating hiding hiring hitting hogging holding honing hopping helped hesitated hewed hibernated hid hired hit hogged held honed hopped helped hesitated hewn hibernated hidden hired hit hogged held honed hopped hope hopes hoping hoped hoped hose hoses hosing hosed hosed hospitalize hug hum humidify humiliate hunt hurt hospitalizes hugs hums humidifies humiliates hunts hurts hospitalizing hugging humming humidifying humiliating hunting hurting hopitalized hugged hummed humidified humiliated hunted hurt hospitalized hugged hummed humidified humiliated hunted hurt -s Form -ing Form Past Form 47 I Spanish Equivalent identificar ignorar ilustrar imaginar impresionar mejorar procrear incluir aumentar influenciar informar habitar, vivir en inyectar(se) herir incrustar entrar en computadora inquirir, averiguar instruir pensar hacer, proponerse crusar (razas) interesar(se) interferir acostarse en medio interrumpir entrelazar entretejer introducir, presentar inventar invertir invitar planchar irritar picar, sentir picazón Basic Form identify ignore illustrate imagine impress improve inbreed include increase influence inform inhabit inject injure inlay identifies ignores illustrates imagines impresses improves inbreeds includes increases influences informs inhabits injects injures inlays identifying ignoring illustrating imagining impressing improving inbreeding including increasing influencing informing inhabiting injecting injuring inlaying identified ignored illustrated imagined impressed improved inbred included increased influenced informed inhabited injected injured inlayed Past Participle identified ignored illustrated imagined impressed improved inbred included increased influenced informed inhabited injected injured inlayed input inquire instruct inputs inquires instructs inputting inquiring instructing inputted inquired instructed input inquired instructed intend interbreed interest interfere interlay interrupt intertwine interweave intends interbreeds interests interferes interlays interrupts intertwines interweaves intending interbreeding interesting interfering interlaying interrupting intertwined interweaving intended interbred interested interfered interlaid interrupted intertwining interweaved intended interbred interested interfered interlaid interrupted intertwined interweaved introduce invent invest invite iron irritate introduces invents invests invites irons irritates introducing inventing investing inviting ironing irritating introduced invented invested invited ironed irritated introduced invented invested invited ironed irritated itch itches itching itched itched -s Form -ing Form Past Form 48 J Basic form jail jam jog join joke jails jams jogs joins jokes jailing jamming jogging joining joking jailed jammed jogged joined joked Past Participle jailed jammed jogged joined joked jot jots jotting jotted jotted judge juggle jump justify judges juggles jumps justifies judging juggling jumping justifying judged juggled jumped justified judged juggled jumped justified Spanish Equivalent encarcelar atascar semi correr ensamblar bromear apuntar, tomar nota juzgar malabarear brincar justificar -s form -ing form Past form 49 K Basic Form kayak kayaks kayaking kayaked Past Participle kayaked lamenter una muerte guardar, quedarse con saber keen keens keening keened keened keep keeps keeping kept kept ken kens kenning kenned kenned escribir con teclado keyboard keyboards keyboarding keyboarded keyboarded dar la clave keynote keynotes keynoting keynoted keynoted patear encender (motocicleta) molestar jugetonamente secuestro kick kicks kicking kicked kicked kick-start kick-starts kick-starting kick-started kick-started kid kids kidding kidded kidded kidnap kidnaps kidnapping kidnapped kidnapped matar kill kills killing killed killed iniciar fuego kindle kindles kindling kindled kindled nudo kink kinks kinking kinked kinked curar (carnes) kipper kippers kippering kippered kippered besar dar forma, masajear kiss knead kisses kneads kissing kneading kissed kneaded kissed kneaded golpe o toque con rodilla arrodillarse knee knees kneeing kneed kneed kneel kneels kneeling kneeled knelt sonar esp. para funeral tejer con dos agujas tocar la puerta knell knells knelling knelled knelled knit knits knitting knit(knitted) knitted(knit) knock knock down know kowtow knocks knocking knocking down knowing kowtowing knocked knocked down knew kowtowed knocked knocked down known kowtowed Spanish Equivalent kayakear tumbar saber conocer mostrar respeto -s Form knocks down knows Kowtows -ing Form -Past Form 50 L Spanish Equivalent etiquear hacer labial trabajar romper lamentar desembarcar, aterrizar ser debil colocar encima durar, continuar reir(se) lanzar, emprender limpiar, bañar poner, colocar guiar, dirigir, conducir inclinar un objeto brincar aprender abandoner, dejar, salir dar una exposición mirar con deseos crear o aprobar leyes hacer legitimo prestar reducir permitir huir allanar autorizar lamer recostar(se) mentir alzar, elevar encender iluminar gustar leer labios Basic Form label labialize labor lacerate lament labels labializes labors lacerates laments labeling labializing laboring lacerating lamenting labeled labialized labored lacerated lamented Past Participle labeled labialized labored lacerated lamented land lands landing landed landed languish lap last laugh launch lave lay languishes laps lasts laughs launches laves lays languishing lapping lasting laughing launching laving laying languished lapped lasted laughed launched laved laid languished lapped lasted laughed launched laved laid lead leads leading led led lean leap learn leave lecture leer legislate legitimize lend lessen let levant level license lick lie lie lift light lighten like lip-read leans leaps learns leaves lectures leers legislates legitimizes lends lessens lets levants levels licenses licks lies lies lifts lights lightens likes lip-reads leaning leaping learning leaving lecturing leering legislating legitimizing lending lessening letting levanting leveling licensing licking lying lying lifting lighting lightening liking lip-reading leant/leaned leapt/leaped learned left lectured leered legislated legitimized lent lessened let levanted leveled licensed licked lay lied lifted lit / lighted lightened liked lip-read leant/leaned leapt/leaped learned left lectured leered legislated legitimized lent lessened let levanted leveled licensed licked lain lied lifted lit / lighted lightened liked lip-read -s Form -ing Form Past Form 51 enumerar escuchar vivir cargar trancar anhelar mirar, verse perder amar rastrar picar arboles moverse sin equilibrio hacer brillar sacar de su sitio (hueso) list listen live load lock long look lose love lug lumber lurch luster lists listens lives loads locks longs looks loses loves lugs lumbers lurches lusters listing listening living loading locking longing looking losing loving lugging lumbering lurching lustering listed listened lived loaded locked longed looked lost loved lugged lumbered lurched lustered listed listened lived loaded locked longed looked lost loved lugged lumbered lurched lustered luxate luxates luxating luxated luxated 52 M Spanish Equivalent echar al correo hacer, construir casar(se) significar encontrarse con, conocer derretir, disolver remendar mezclar Basic Form mail make marry mean mails makes marries means mailing making marrying meaning mailed made married meant Past Participle mailed made married meant meet meets meeting met met melt mend mix melts mends mixes melting mending mixing melted mended mixed melted mended mixed -s Form -ing Form -Past Form 53 N Spanish Equivalent arrestar, detener, agarrar, coger regañar, reñir, fastidiar, importunar clavar nombrar tomar una siesta narcotizar narrar, contar estrechar, reducir nacionalizar naturalizar dar o tener nauseas navegar acercarse necesitar necesitar coser negar, anular no cumplir con el deber negociar relinchar ser vecino anidar acurrucarse atrapar con una red picar, irritar castrar neutralizar morder, picar cortar, rasguñar pellizcar, morder nitratar Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Tense Past Participle nab nabs nabbing nabbed nabbed nag nail name nap narcotize narrate nags nails names naps narcotizes narrates nagging nailing naming napping narcotizing narrating nagged nailed named napped narcotized narrated nagged nailed named napped narcotized narrated narrow nationalize naturalize narrows nationalizes naturalizes narrowing nationalizing naturalizing narrowed nationalized naturalized narrowed nationalized naturalized nauseate navigate near necessitate need needle negate nauseates navigates nears necessitates needs needles negates nauseating navigating nearing necessitating needing needling negating nauseated navigated neared necessitated needed needled negated nauseated navigated neared necessitated needed needled negated neglect negotiate neigh neighbor nest nestle neglects negotiates neighs neighbors nests nestles neglecting negotiating neighing neighboring nesting nestling neglected negotiated neighed neighbored nested nestled neglected negotiated neighed neighbored nested nestled net nettle neuter neutralize nibble nick nip nitrate nets nettles neuters neutralizes nibbles nicks nips nitrates netting nettling neutering neutralizing nibbling nicking nipping nitrating netted nettled neutered neutralized nibbled nicked nipped nitrated netted nettled neutered neutralized nibbled nicked nipped nitrated 54 prohibir inclinar la cabeza, decir que si nominar normalizar husmear notarizar marcar, llevar un record anotar notar, darse cuenta notificar nutrir, alimentar, abrigar, sostener dar un codazo, llamar la atención anular adormecer enumerar amamantar, cuidar de alguien nix nixes nixing nixed nixed nod nominate normalize nose notarize nods nominates normalizes noses notarizes nodding nominating normalizing nosing notarizing nodded nominated normalized nosed notarized nodded nominated normalized nosed notarized notch note notches notes notching noting notched noted notched noted notice notify notices notifies noticing notifying noticed notified noticed notified nourish nourishes nourishing nourished nourished nudge nullify numb numerate nudges nullifies numbs numerates nudging nullifying numbing numerating nudged nullified numbed numerated nudged nullified numbed numerated nurse nurses nursing nursed nursed nurture nuzzle nurtures nuzzles nurturing nuzzling nurtured nuzzled nurtured nuzzled alimentar, nutrir, criar, educar, fomenter, cultivar acariciar 55 O Basic Form oar obey object obligate obliterate observe obsess obsolete obtain obtrude obviate occlude occupy occur offend offer -s Form -ing Form oars obeys objects obligates obliterates observes obsesses obsoletes obtains obtrudes obviates occludes occupies occurs offends offers oaring obeying objecting obligating obliterating observing obsessing obsoleting obtaining obtruding obviating occluding occupying occurring offending offering oared obeyed objected obligated obliterated observed obsessed obsoleted obtained obtruded obviated occluded occupied occurred offended offered Past Participle oared obeyed objected obligated obliterated observed obsessed obsoleted obtained obtruded obviated occluded occupied occurred offended offered officiate officiates officiating officiated officiated condenar, excluir off-load offset ogle oil omit open operate oppose opt optimize orbit orchestrate ordain organize orientate originate oscillate ostracize off-loads offsets ogles oils omits opens operates opposes opts optimizes orbits orchestrates ordains organizes orientates originates oscillates ostracizes off-loading offsetting ogling oiling omitting opening operating opposing opting optimizing orbiting orchestrating ordaining organizing orientating originating oscillating ostracizing sobrepujar out bid out bids out biding off-loaded offset ogled oiled omitted opened operated opposed opted optimized orbited orchestrated ordained organized orientated originated oscillated ostracized out bid / out bidden off-loaded offset ogled oiled omitted opened operated opposed opted optimized orbited orchestrated ordained organized orientated originated oscillated ostracized out bid / out bidden Spanish Equivalent remar obedecer objetar obligar ocultar observar obsesionar obsoleto obtener entrometerse obviar obstruir ocupar ocurrir offender ofrecer ejercer funciones de alcalde sacarse de encima compensar quedarse mirando aceitar omitir abrir operar oponer(se) optar,escoger optimizar dar vueltas orquestar ordenar santo organizer orientar comienzo, crear oscilar -Past Form 56 aventajar crecer mas de lo normal superar correr mas de prisa estar endeudado, deber out class out classes out classing out classed out classed outgrow outgrows outgrowing outgrew outgrown outrival outrivals outrivaling outrivaled outrivaled outrun outruns outrunning outran outrun owe owes owing owed owed 57 P Spanish Equivalent pacificar hacer las maletas, empacar silenciosamente pintar perder su interes palpitar mendigar ponerse nervioso(a) lanzarse de paracaidas ser paralelo a paralizar dividir disculpar parodiar tomar parte en algo pasar pasterizar apacentar remendar patentar patrullar hacer una pausa pagar permitir sudar dominar, estar presente molestar elegir perforar planear,trazar sembrar dar la palabra Basic Form pacify pacifies pacifying pacified Past Participle pacified pack pad paint packs pads paints packing padding painting packed padded painted packed padded painted pall palpitate panhandle palls palpitates panhandles palling palpitating panhandling palled palpitated panhandled palled palpitated panhandled panic panics panicking panicked panicked parachute parallel paralyze parcel pardon parody parachutes parallels paralyzes parcels pardons parodies parachuting paralleling paralyzing parceling pardoning parodying parachuted paralleled paralyzed parceled pardoned parodied parachuted paralleled paralyzed parceled pardoned parodied partake pass pasteurize pasture patch patent patrol partakes passes pastures patches patents patrols partaking passing pasteurizing pasturing patching patenting patrolling partook passed pasteurized pastured patched patented patrolled partaken passed pasteurized pastured patched patented patrolled pause pay permit perspire pauses pays permits perspires pausing paying permitting perspiring paused paid permitted perspired paused paid permitted perspired pervade pester pick pierce plan plant pledge pervades pesters picks pierces plans plants pledges pervading pestering picking piercing planning planting pledging pervaded pestered picked pierced planned planted pledged pervaded pestered picked pierced planned planted pledged -s Form pasteurizes -ing Form Past Form 58 caer en picado señalar contaminar poseer situar, pegar alabar preceder preparar pretender impedir imprimir proceder sacar provecho progresar prometer promover probar proveer halar,tirar de empujar colocar, poner confundir plummet point pollute possess post praise precede prepare pretend prevent print proceed profit progress promise promote prove provided pull push put puzzle plummets points pollutes possesses posts praises precedes prepares pretends prevents prints proceeds profits progresses promises promotes proves provides pulls pushes puts puzzles plummeting pointing polluting possessing posting praising preceding preparing pretending preventing printing proceeding profiting progressing promising promoting proving providing pulling pushing putting puzzling plummeted pointed polluted possessed posted praised preceded prepared pretended prevented printed proceeded profited progressed promised promoted proved provided pulled pushed put puzzled plummeted pointed polluted possessed posted praised preceded prepared pretended prevented printed proceeded profited progressed promised promoted proved provided pulled pushed put puzzled 59 Q Spanish Equivalent Basic Form queen quench quest quibble quip quit quiz hacer reina apagar cuestionar, buscar sutileza burla, sarcastico cesar, dejar examinar discipulos proveer un ángulo exterior de una pared quoin -s Form -ing Form Past Tense queens quenches quests quibbles quips quits quizzes queening quenching questing quibbling quipping quitting quizzing queened quenched quested quibbled quipped quit quizzed Past Participle queened quenched quested quibbled quipped quit quizzed quoins quoining quoined quoined 60 r Spanish Equivalent llover levantar ramificar violar ratificar,confirmar racionalizar reaccionar leer volver a despertar rebelarse reconstruir recibir recargar recitar reconocer recomendar reconsiderar recuperar volver a dibujar reembolsar arrepentirse rechazar recaida relacionar recostar rehacer alquilar reparar,componer volver apagar volver a poner contestar reposar indultar reproducir reprender,censurar repudiar desairar Basic Form rain raise ramify rape ratify rationalize react read reawake rebel rebuild receive recharge recite recognize recommend reconsider recover redraw refund regret reject relapse relate relay remake rent repair repay replace reply repose reprieve reproduce reprove repudiate repulse -s Form rains raises ramifies rapes ratifies rationalizes reacts reads reawakes rebels rebuilds receives recharges recites recognizes recommends reconsiders recovers redraws refunds regrets rejects relapses relates relays remakes rents repairs repays replaces replies reposes reprieves reproduces reproves repudiates repulses -ing Form Past Tense raining raising ramifying raping ratifying rationalizing reacting reading reawaking rebelling rebuilding receiving recharging reciting recognizing recommending reconsidering recovering redrawing refunding regretting rejecting relapsing relating relaying remaking renting repairing repaying replacing replying reposing reprieving reproducing reproving repudiating repulsing rained raised ramified raped ratified rationalized reacted read reawoke rebelled rebuilt received recharged recited recognized recommended reconsidered recovered redrew refunded regretted rejected relapsed related relayed remade rented repaired repaid replaced replied reposed reprieved reproduced reproved repudiated repulsed Past Participle rained raised ramified raped ratified rationalized reacted read reawaken rebelled rebuilt received recharged recited recognized recommended reconsidered recovered redrawn refunded regretted rejected relapsed related relayed remade rented repaired repaid replaced replied reposed reprieved reproduced reproved repudiated repulsed 61 pedir,solicitar exigir,requerir rescatar revender reenviar reservar reajustar residir renunciar determinar,acordar descansar,reposar resultar volver a decir volver a pensar regresar,devolver revisar reavivar recompensar reusar reescribir montar,pasear sonar,tocar levantarse arriesgar(se) asar correr request require rescue resell resend reserve reset reside resign resolve rest result retell rethink return revise revive reward rewear rewrite ride ring rise risk roast run requests requires rescues resells resends reserves resets resides resigns resolves rests results retells rethinks returns revises revives rewards rewears rewrites rides rings rises risks roasts runs requesting requiring rescuing reselling resending reserving resetting residing resigning resolving resting resulting retelling rethinking returning revising reviving rewarding rewearing rewriting riding ringing rising risking roasting running requested required rescued resold resent reserved reset resided resigned resolved rested resulted retold rethought returned revised revived rewarded rewore rewrote rode rang rose risked roasted ran requested required rescued resold resent reserved reset resided resigned resolved rested resulted retold rethought returned revised revived rewarded reworn rewritten ridden rung risen risked roasted run 62 S Basic Form sack sail sacks sails sacking sailing sacked sailed Past Participle sacked sailed sand-cast sand-casts sand-casting sand-cast sand-cast satisfy save saw say scare scatter scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub seal search see seek seize sell send separate serve set settle sew shade shake share satisfies saves saws says scares scatters scorches scrapes scratches screams screws scribbles scrubs seals searches sees seeks seizes sells sends separates serves sets settles sews shades shakes shares satisfying saving sawing saying scaring scattering scorching scraping scratching screaming screwing scribbling scrubbing sealing searching seeing seeking seizing selling sending separating serving setting settling sewing shading shaking sharing satisfied saved sawed said scared scattered scorched scraped scratched screamed screwed scribbled scrubbed sealed searched saw sought seized sold sent separated served set settled sewed shaded shook shared afeitarse shave shaves shaving shaved satisfied saved sawed said scared scattered scorched scraped scratched screamed screwed scribbled scrubbed sealed searched seen sought seized sold sent separated served set settled sewed shaded shaken shared shaved / shaven cortar / recortar soltar/ quitar amparar cambiar shear shed shelter shift shears sheds shelters shifts shearing shedding sheltering shifting brillar shine shines shining sheared shed sheltered shifted shone / shined Spanish Equivalent guardar navegar hacer molde usando arena satisfacer salvar, guardar serruchar decir asustar regar quemar pelarse (ej. rodillas) rascar, aruñar gritar engañar ó tornillar garabatear restregar sellar buscar,investigar ver buscar agarrar , coger vender enviar separar servir fijar, poner en asentarse coser dar sombra sacudir compartir -s Form -ing Form Past Form shore/sheared shed sheltered shifted shone / shined 63 temblar asombrar herrar disparar comprar gritar, vocear demostrar encoger encogerse de hombros cerrar suspirar ejecutar a la primera lectura firmar señalar pecar cantar hundir(se) sorbo sentar(se) patinar esquiar saltar abofetear dormir resbalar tira con honda shiver shock shoe shoot shop shout show shrink shivers shocks shoes shoots shops shouts shows shrinks shivering shocking shoeing shooting shopping shouting showing shrinking shivered shocked shod / shoed shot shopped shouted showed shrank shivered shocked shod / shoed shot shopped shouted showed shrunk shrug shrugs shrugging shrugged shrugged shut sigh shuts sighs shutting sighing shut sighed shut sighed sight-read sight-reads sight-reading sight-read sight-read sign signal sin sing sink sip sit skate ski skip slap sleep slide sling signs signals sins sings sinks sips sits skates skies skips slaps sleeps slides slings signing signaling sinning singing sinking sipping sitting skating skiing skipping slapping sleeping sliding slinging escabullir slink slinks slinking resbalar abrir (ej. herida) ir despacio aplastar oler, apestar sonreir slip slit slow smash smell smile slips slits slows smashes smells smiles slipping slitting slowing smashing smelling smiling signed signaled sinned sang sank sipped sat skated skied skipped slapped slept slid slung slunk / slinked slipped slit slowed smashed smelled smiled golpear smite smites smiting smote fumar arrebatar smoke snatch smokes snatches smoking snatching espiar sneak sneaks sneaking estornudar oler roncar sneeze sniff snore sneezes sniffs snores sneezing sniffing snoring smoked snatched snuck / sneaked sneezed sniffed snored signed signaled sinned sung sunk sipped sat skated skied skipped slapped slept slid slung slunk / slinked slipped slit slowed smashed smelled smiled smote / smitten smoked snatched snuck / sneaked sneezed sniffed snored 64 nevar desairar mojar resolver calmar predecir sonar, tantear sembrar reservar chispear hablar correr rápido deletrear gastar derramar girar escupir picar estropear dar comida con cuchara marcar / ver rociar esparcir saltar brotar aplastar chirriar chirriar apretar manchar estampar parar mirar fijamente empezar quedarse dirigir pararse pegar picar apestar batir coser robar detener(se) snow snub soak solve sooth soothsay sound sow spare sparkle speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spoonfeed spot spray spread spring sprout squash squeak squeal squeeze stain stamp stand stare start stay steer step stick sting stink stir stitch steal stop snows snubs soaks solves soothes soothsays sounds sows spares sparkles speaks speeds spells spends spills spins spits splits spoils spoonfeeds spots sprays spreads springs sprouts squashes squeaks squeals squeezes stains stamps stands stares starts stays steers steps sticks stings stinks stirs stitches steals stops snowing snubbing soaking solving soothing soothsaying sounding sowing sparing sparkling speaking speeding spelling spending spilling spinning spiting splitting spoiling spoonfeeding spotting spraying spreading springing sprouting squashing squeaking squealing squeezing staining stamping standing staring starting staying steering stepping sticking stinging stinking stirring stitching stealing stopping snowed snubbed soaked solved soothed soothsaid sounded sowd spared sparkled spoke speeded spelled spent spilled spun spit split spoiled snowed snubbed soaked solved soothed soothsaid sounded sown spared sparkled spoken speeded spelled spent spilled spun spit split spoiled spoon-fed spoon-fed spotted sprayed spread sprung sprouted squashed squeaked squealed squeezed stained stamped stood stared started stayed steered stepped stuck stung stunk / stank stirred stitched stole stopped spotted sprayed spread sprung sprouted squashed squeaked squealed squeezed stained stamped stood stared started stayed steered stepped stuck stung stunk stirred stitched stolen stopped 65 guardar amarrar fortalecer dar enfasis a estirar store strap strengthen stress stretch stores straps storing strapping strengthens strengthening stresses stretches stressing stretching stored strapped strengthened stressed stretched regar strew strews strewing strewed caminar a paso largo golpear, azotar entrelazar quitar / arrebatar stride strike string strip strides strikes strings strips striding striking stringing stripping esforzarse strive strives striving acariciar estudiar llenar someter subarrendar restar salir bien chupar / amamantar sufrir sugerir convenir stroke study stuff subject sublet subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit strokes studies stuffs subjects sublets subtracts succeeds sucks suffers suggests suits stroking studying stuffing subjecting subletting subtracting succeeding sucking suffering suggesting suiting quemarse con el sol sunburn sunburns sunburning suplir apoyar suponer sorprender (a) rodear sospechar suspender jurar sudar supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend swear sweat supplies supports supposes surprises surrounds suspects suspends swears sweats supplying supporting supposing surprising surrounding suspecting suspending swearing sweating barrer sweep sweeps sweeping strode struck strung stripped strove / strived stroked studied stuffed subjected sublet subtracted succeeded sucked suffered suggested suited sunburnt / sunburned supplied supported supposed surprised surrounded suspected suspended swore sweated / sweat swept hinchar swell swells swelling swelled nadar balancearse cambiar swim swing switch swims swings switches swimming swinging switching swam swung switched stored strapped strengthened stressed stretched strewn / strewed stridden stricken strung stripped striven / strived stroked studied stuffed subjected sublet subtracted succeeded sucked suffered suggested suited sunburnt / sunburned supplied supported supposed surprised surrounded suspected suspended sworn sweated / sweat swept swollen / swelled swum swung switched 66 T tabular llevar apuntar saborear tabulate take target taste tabulates takes targets tastes tabulating taking targeting tasting tabulated took targeted tasted Past participle tabulated taken targeted tasted imponer contribuciones tax taxes taxing taxed taxed enseñar rasgar decir, contar tender terminar aterrorizar examinar agradecer teorizar pensar amenazar emocionar(se), conmover (se) tirar, echar tiempo tostar atormentar tocar viajar rastrear seguir negociar, canjear entrenar transcribir transferir transformar traducir transmitir transportar viajar teach tear tell tend terminate terrify test thank theorize think threaten teaches tears tells tends terminates terrifies tests thanks theorizes thinks threatens teaching tearing telling tending terminating terrifying testing thanking theorizing thinking threatening taught tore told tended terminated terrified tested thanked theorized thought threatened taught torn told tended terminated terrified tested thanked theorized thought threatened thrill thrills thrilling thrilled thrilled throw time toast torment touch tour trace track trade train transcribe transfer transform translate transmit transport travel throws times toasts torments touches tours traces tracks trades trains transcribes transfers transforms translates transmits transports travels throwing timing toasting tormenting touching touring tracing tracking trading training transcribing transferring transforming translating transmitting transporting traveling threw timed toasted tormented touched toured traced tracked traded trained transcribed transferred transformed translated transmitted transported traveled pisada tread treads treading trod triplicar triple triples tripling tripled thrown timed toasted tormented touched toured traced tracked traded trained transcribed transferred transformed translated transmitted transported traveled trod / trodden tripled Spanish Equivalent Basic Form -s Form -ing Form Past Form 67 preocupar localizar confiar (en) probar, tratar virar, doblar profesor particular trouble troubleshoot trust try turn tutor troubles troubleshoots trusts tries turns tutors troubling troubleshooting trusting trying turning tutoring troubled troubleshot trusted tried turned tutored troubled troubleshot trusted tried turned tutored 68 U Spanish Equivalent desequilibrar enderezar desatar desabrochar desahogarse desabrochar quitar desencadenar desabrochar desatascar descorchar desenganchar destapar descruzar desenrollar vender barato bajoalimentar experimentar subyacer bajo malvender entender emprender suscribir deshacer descongelar soltar desaprender desenrollar confirmar molesto utilizar,usar Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form unbalance unbend unbind unbuckle unburden unbutton uncap unchain unclasp unclog uncork uncouple uncover uncross uncurl undercut underfeed unbalances unbends unbinds unbuckles unburdens unbuttons uncaps unchains unclasps unclogs uncorks uncouples uncovers uncrosses uncurls undercuts underfeeds unbalancing unbending unbinding unbuckling unburdening unbuttoning uncapping unchaining unclasping unclogging uncorking uncoupling uncovering uncrossing uncurling undercutting underfeeding unbalanced unbent unbound unbuckled unburdened unbuttoned uncapped unchained unclasped unclogged uncorked uncoupled uncovered uncrossed uncurled undercut underfed Past Participle unbalanced unbent unbound unbuckled unburdened unbuttoned uncapped unchained unclasped unclogged uncorked uncoupled uncovered uncrossed uncurled undercut underfed undergo underlie undersell understand undertake underwrite undo unfreeze unhand unlearn unwind uphold upset use undergoes underlies undersells understands undertakes underwrites undoes unfreezes unhands unlearns unwinds upholds upsets uses undergoing underlying underselling understanding undertaking underwriting undoing unfreezing unhanding unlearning unwinding upholding upsetting using underwent underlay undersold understood undertook underwrote undid unfroze unhanded unlearned unwound upheld upset used undergone underlain undersold understood undertaken underwritten undone unfrozen unhanded unlearned unwound upheld upset used 69 V Spanish Equivalent desalojar vacunar vacilar validar evaporar alardear virar vegetar venerar ventilar expresar con palabras molestar vibrar violar visitar perjudicar Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form vacate vaccinate vacillate validate vaporize vaunt veer vegetate venerate ventilate verbalize vacates vaccinates vacillates validates vaporizes vaunts veers vegetates venerates ventilates verbalizes vacating vaccinating vacillating validating vaporizing vaunting veering vegetating venerating ventilating verbalizing vacated vaccinated vacillated validated vaporized vaunted veered vegetated venerated ventilated verbalized Past Participle vacated vaccinated vacillated validated vaporized vaunted veered vegetated venerated ventilated verbalized vex vibrate violate visit vitiate vexes vibrates violates visits vitiates vexing vibrating violating visiting vitiating vexed / vext vibrated violated visited vitiated vexed / vext vibrated violated visited vitiated 70 W Spanish Equivalent esperar walking wandering wanting waited waked / woke walked wandered wanted Past participle waited woken / waked walked wandered wanted wait waits waiting despertar wake wakes waking andar vagar desear advertir, amonestar lavar desperdiciar observer asaltar usar (en el cuerpo) walk wander want walks wanders wants warn warns warning warned warned wash waste watch waylay washes wastes watches waylays washing wasting watching waylaying washed wasted watched waylaid washed wasted watched waylaid wear wears wearing wore worn hilar, tejer weave weaves weaving casarse desahogarse pesar soldar mojar sacar algo con halagos afilar blanquear tallar ensanchar ganar dar cuerda guiñar enjugar limpiar borrar desear retirar retener soportar maravillarse cortejar wed weep weigh weld wet weds weeps weighs welds wets wedding weeping weighing welding wetting wove / weaved wedded wept weighed welded wet woven / weaved wedded wept weighed welded wet wheedle wheedles wheedling wheedled wheedled whet whiten whittle widen win wind wink wipe away wipe down wipe out wish withdraw withhold withstand wonder woo whets whitens whittles widens wins winds winks wipes away wipes down wipes out wishes withdraws withholds withstands wonders woes whetting whitening whittling widening winning winding winking wiping away wiping down wiping down wishing withdrawing withholding withstanding wondering wooing whetted whitened whittled widened won wound winked wiped away wiped down wiped down wished withdrew withheld withstood wondered wooed whetted whitened whittled widened won wound winked wiped away wiped down wiped out wished Withdrawn withheld withstood wondered wooed Basic form -s form -ing form Past form 71 trabajar preocupar (se) envolver luchar escurrir escribir work worry wrap wrestle wring write works worries wraps wrestles wrings writes working worrying wrapping wrestling wringing writing worked worried wrapped wrestled wringed wrote worked worried wrapped wrestled wrung written 72 X Spanish Equivalent radiografiar Basic Form x-ray -s form x-rays -ing form x-raying Past form x-rayed Past Participle x-rayed 73 Y Spanish Equivalent bostezar gritar aullar, gañir anhelar,ansiar producir, rendir, dar aullar,gritar Basic Form yawn yell yelp yen -s form -ing form Past form yawns yells yelps yens yawning yelling yelping yenning yawned yelled yelped yenned Past Participle yawned yelled yelped yenned yield yowl yields yowls yielding yowling yielded yowled yielded yowled 74 Z Spanish Equivalent zigzaguear elevarse rápido zigzag zigzags zigzagging zigzagged Past Participle zigzagged zoom zooms zooming zoomed zoomed Basic Form -s form -ing form Past form 75 CHART OF VERB TENSES AND THEIR USES Tense and/or Verb form 1. Simple past Example Jim was sick yesterday 2. Habitual action in past (simple past) Jim ate lunch at the cafeteria every day last year 3. Habitual action Jim used to eat in past(used to + lunch at the basic form) cafeteria every day last year 4. Past progressive The boys were or continuing action playing ball last in past (past of be + Saturday. -ing form) The boys were playing ball when it began to rain. 5. Intended action John was going in the past (past of to buy a car but be + going to + he decided not to basic form) 6. Future (present Joe is going to of be + going + to enter the U. next basic form) week. 7. Future Henry will be progressive coming back (will be + ing form) soon. 8. Future (will + basic form) The President will address the convention next week. To express When used Action occurred in Past Clue or signal past time frame such as: yesterday,last year, a month ago Habitual action in time points such as: the past everyday, always,usually, and frequently,within a past time frame. Habitual action in same as 2. the past Action going on in past. past time frame such as yesterday. Action going on when another action took place. included sentence with when and while. Intended action which was not carried out. included sentence with but or an equivalent of it. Action in the future future time frame such as: next week, tomorrow, a week from now. future time frame such as: tomorrow, next week. Temporary activities which will be in progress in the future Action in the future same as 6. 76 Tense and/or Verb form 9. Simple present (basic form,-s form) Example Many crops grow in P.R. Coffee grows in the mountain regions. “Just as John turns the corner a big truck runs into his brand new sport car”. Your subscription expires next month. We will see Mary when she returns. John goes to Ponce every Saturday. This smells good. 10. Present progressive or continuing action in the present, (present of be +ing form) John is working with his father this summer. John is leaving tomorrow To express When used To express general truths or facts Clue or signal usually no time clue is expressed. To express what actually belongs the past but is told by the speaker as though it belonged to the present (historical present) To express a future action, scheduled or planned. future time frame such as: tomorrow, next year. included sentences with In a clause to state the time of a as soon as, future action when, until, by the time that To express habitual action in the time points such present as every day, every other With certain verbs of sense, Sunday wanting,liking, usually no time appearing,knowing,having, clue is given. being. To express an action going on in time frames such the present as: this year, this summer,now, at present To express a future action future time frames such as tomorrow, next year. 77 Tense and/or verb form 11. Present perfect (have or has + past participle) Example When used to express Clue or signal John has gone to the movies twice this week. To express the idea of completeness or repetition of an action begun in the past and extended up to the present. To express duration or continuity of an action begun in the past and extended up to or into the present To express a past action that occurred before another past action time spans with since or for within a present time frame (such as this week, this month) 12. Present perfect progressive (have been or has been + ing form) 13. Past perfect (had + past participle) She has been reading for two hours this evening. 14. Past perfect progressive had been + ing form Martin had been waiting an hour when we saw him. P.R. was discovered by Columbus. 15. Be + past participle Mary had already left by the time we called for her Betty is discouraged because she got poor grades. The troops were disorganized. To express duration of an action not completed at the time of another past time spans with since or for within a present time frame (such as: this evening, today) past time frame, included sentence which begins with when or by the time or their equivalent the real clue lies in the relation of one action to another, both in the past. same as above time span To express an action in which the subject is not the performer of the action. The agent is expressed in a phrase with by. When the past participle comes after the verb be and is used to describe the subject. 78 ORAL PRACTICE The –ed Suffix of Regular Verbs I. Description The written past and past participial forms of regular verbs are formed by adding the suffix –ed to the basic form of the verbs. If the basic form ends in silent e, only d is added. If the basic form ends in a y which is preceded by a consonant, then change the y to i before adding the –ed suffix. The –ed suffix is pronounced in three different ways, depending on the sound preceding it. The three pronunciations are [t], [d] and [id] (or its variant [ed] ). II. Words illustrating the sounds A. -ed is pronounced [d] after all the vowels and the following voiced consonants: [b], [g], [v], [ ], [d],[ ],[ ],[m],[n],[y],[l],[r] 1. After vowel sounds, -ed=[d] agreed disagreed buried intermarried married studied worried betrayed laid paid neighed weighed x-rayed said borrowed followed showed sewed chewed applied cried denied died lied replied tied tried allowed bowed annoyed destroyed employed enjoyed reviewed valued 2. After voiced consonant sounds, -ed=[d] robbed snubbed approved believed deceived received saved rouged damaged encourages bombed combed dreamed burned frightened earned threatened turned warned longed bragged bathed sailed spoiled bored dared discovered flattered occurred required shared tired wandered wondered advised amused opposed praised surprised used B. –ed is pronounced [t] after the following voiceless consonants: [p] [t] [k] [f] [ ] [s] 79 clapped dropped eloped equipped wiped wrapped asked liked locked looked risked walked worked coughed laughed addressed chased danced embarrassed fixed increased mixed progressed promised raced taxed astonished blushed established pushed washed wished searched touched watched C. –ed is pronounced [id] or [әd] after the final [t] or [d] sound of the basic form of the verb. 1. After [t] admitted attempted batted complimented created devoted disappointed 2. attended avoided breaded crowded decided educated fasted graduated halted hunted illustrated inhabited interested instructed jotted knitted lasted melted mounted narrated omitted pointed profited promoted quilted regretted started sweated tasted trusted united waited wanted hounded intended landed mended needed offended preceded proceeded refunded retarded sounded succeeded traded waded yielded After [d] evaded extended founded graded headed 80 ORAL PRACTICE The pronunciation of the –s/-es Suffix I. Description The written –s form of verbs is made by adding –s or –es to the basic form of the verbs. The written plural of most nouns is also made by adding –s or –es to the stem (singular form) of the nouns. If the basic form of the stem ends in a silent e, only –s is added. If the basic form or the stem ends in the consonants s, x, z, sh, or ch, then –es is added. If the basic form of the stem ends in a y preceded by a consonant, then change the y to i before adding –es. The –s/-es suffix is pronounced in three different ways, depending on the sound preceding it. The three pronunciations are [s],[z], and [iz](or its variant [ez]. A. The –s suffix is pronounced [z] when it follows a vowel sound or any of the following voiced consonants: [b], [d], [g], [v], [ adds bids sheds friends bids leads ], [m], [n], [ ], [l], [r] crabs clubs burns spans sings teachings aims farms wives leaves eggs brags deals falls bores agrees betrays draws clothes buries employs values flies shoes B. The –s suffix is pronounced [s] when the final sound of the word to which it is added is any of the followings voiceless consonants: [p] [t] [k] [f] aunts beats parents cigarettes complements bolts statements beasts sleeps stops caps slips cups groups hopes mops stops sleeps trucks breaks drinks thanks cakes books truths deaths faiths months laughs coughs 81 C. The –es suffix is pronounced as a separate syllable, [iz] or [ez], when the final sound of the word to which it is added is one of the following sibilants: [e], [ z],[s], [ts], [sz]. addresses misses prices nieces races glances taxes waxes fixes advises seizes diseases chesses sneezes quizzes astonishes establishes washes flashes catches itches scratches sandwiches patches garages passages badges bridges edges pledges NOTE: The same principles of pronunciations apply to the genitive when it is formed by adding an apostrophe and s; such as. Ed’s, Mary’s, May’s, women’s, girl’s, boy’s, chief’s, Ike’s, Ruth’s, Alice’s, etc. 82 SOME SPELLING RULES FOR ADDING SUFFIXES. I. Pattern for the addition of inflectional suffixes in English. A. Words can be changed or modified in form and meaning by the addition of suffixes. The following are come common ones. 1. The suffix –ing is added to the basic form of verbs to make the –ing form. EXAMPLES: add try adding trying 2. The suffix –ed is added to the basic form of regular verbs to make the past and past principial forms. EXAMPLES: aim ask guard part aimed asked guarded parted 3. a. The –s/-es suffix is added to the basic form of verbs to make the –s form. EXAMPLES: add regret wash adds regrets washes b. The –s/-es suffix is added to the stem (singular form) of nouns to make the plural. EXAMPLES: question mistake box questions mistakes boxes 83 4. a. The suffix –er is added to some modifiers to make the comparative form. b. The suffix –est is added to some modifiers to make the superlative form. EXAMPLES: fast long faster fastest longer longest B. Changes in spelling when the suffix is added Although in most cases the above suffixes are merely added to the basic form or to the stem of the word, in some cases certain spelling changes (modifications) must be made before the suffix is added. The following apply in most of the cases. 1. Words ending in silent e drop the silent e before adding a suffix which begins with a vowel. EXAMPLES: advise erase grade taste -es advises erases grades tastes -ed advised erased graded tasted -ing advising erasing grading tasting free loose true wise -er freer looser truer wiser -est freest loosest truest wisest 2. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y to i before adding the suffixes –es, -ed, -er, -est. EXAMPLES: try cry worry -es tries cries worries -ed tried cried worried angry costly noisy -er angrier costlier noisier -est angriest costliest noisiest 84 NOTES: a Y is retained when adding the suffix –ing . EXAMPLES: try cry worry trying crying worrying b. Observe the change from ie to y in the following verbs. EXAMPLES: die lie tie dying lying tying 3. Words ending in y preceded by a vowel retain the y when adding the suffixes –s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est. EXAMPLES:. annoy delay employ -s annoys delays employs -ed annoyed delayed employed -ing annoying gay delaying gray employing -er gayer grayer -est gayest grayest Note: Exceptions to the above are: lay pay say laid paid said Many nouns ending in f or fe change the f to v and add –es to form the plural. leaf loaf thief EXAMPLES: leaves loaves thieves calf half self calves halves selves knife life wife knives lives wives 85 5. Some words ending in o add –es to form either the noun plural or the -s form of the verb. EXAMPLES: does go echoes hero do echo goes heroes potato tomato potatoes tomatoes 6. Words ending in a single consonant preceded by a single stressed vowel double the final consonant before adding the suffixes –ed, -ing, -er, -est. admit begin occur rub stop EXAMPLES: -ed admitted ………… occurred rubbed stopped -ing admitting beginning occurring rubbing stopping big dim glad hot thin -er bigger dimmer gladder hotter thinner -est biggest dimmest gladdest hottest thinnest NOTE: Apparent exceptions to the above are: acquit equip quit quiz acquitted equipped quitted quizzed acquitting equipping quitting quizzing ………. ………. ………. quizzes 86

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