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Chapter 11—The New Deal—(pp. 458-491)
Section 1—Franklin D. Roosevelt Launched the New Deal-- ID’s and Questions: (pp 458-469)
1. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (461) a New Deal agency that paid farmers to not grow crops on
¼ to ½ of their farm land (in order to keep production lower and raise prices)
2. Tennessee Valley Authority (461) a New Deal project in which the government would go into the
business of producing cheap electricity for the rural people of the Tennessee Valley—a series of dams
were built and electricity was sold at affordable rates
3. National Industrial Recovery Act –NIRA (464) an act designed in 1933 to join the federal government
with business and labor to fight the Depression so that wages might be increased, the jobless might be
employed, and production might balance consumption; surpluses, which lowered prices, could be avoided
4. National Recovery Administration –NRA (464) government agency established by FDR to write,
coordinate, and implement codes of fair competition set up by NARA; codes were detailed and
complicated; problems arose in their administration
5. Public Works Administration –PWA (465) a New Deal agency established by Congress in June 1933 to
administer spending of government funds for major public works such as bridges, municipal water and
sewer systems, school, parks, auditoriums, public swimming pools, and even two naval aircraft carriers.
6. pump priming (465) pouring small amount of water down pump shaft so pump washer will seal and
bring water from the well; FDR applied idea to economy in 1933 when hoped that a small amount of
government spending would create additional spending in private industry
7. Securities and Exchange Commission -SEC (466) commission created by Congress in 1934 to administer
Securities Act that required any company selling stock to fully inform investors of all company financial
information, to regulate buying on margin, and to prevent unfair manipulation of stock exchanges
throughout the U.S.
8. Harry L. Hopkins (467) headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) which made
federal money available to state and local government for relief—also headed two agencies that employed
persons in public works projects…the Civil Works Administration (CWA) and the Works Progress
Administration (WPA).
9. Eleanor Roosevelt (468) humanitarian and wife of FDR—helped establish policies for New Deal
programs such as the CWA, WPA, and NYA—
10. Civilian Conservation Corps –CCC (468) a New Deal agency employing men between ages of 18 and 25
to replant forests, stock lakes and streams with fish, restore historic battlefields, build parks, and fight
forest fires.
11. In which seven states does the Tennessee Valley lie? Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi
12. How did President Franklin Roosevelt work to calm public fear caused by the Depression? Roosevelt
established communication with the public and press, and he declared a bank holiday to put the U.S.
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banking system in order.
13. Why did early New Deal programs such as the AAA and the TVA have only limited success? The AAA
helped to raise farm prices but failed to help the struggling tenant farmers and sharecroppers who were
most in need. The TVA ended flooding and improved transportation, but it did not substantially
improve regional social conditions.
14. How did New Deal programs plan to reform and stimulate American industry? The NIRA established
codes of fair competition, administered by the NRA, to aid workers. Agencies such as the PWA used
pump priming to stimulate growth.
15. How were banks and financial markets regulated during the New Deal? The FICA cut down on
irresponsible banking practices—the SEC supervised activity in the market. Roosevelt also took the U.S.
off a set gold standard.
16. Why did many unemployed Americans favor work relief programs over other relief programs? Many
unemployed people preferred to work for their money rather than to accept handout from the
government.
Section 2—New Federal Programs Helped Many Americans-- ID’s and Questions: (pp. 469-473)
1. American Liberty League ((470) a political organization formed in August 1934 by a group of powerful
industrialists to oppose the New Deal policies of FDR—League sought to maintain personal and property
rights of individuals and the right of private enterprise to function without government interference
2. Francis E. Townsend (470) U.S. physician critical of the New Deal—proposed the Townsend Plan in
1934 which called for monthly pensions of $200 to every American over 60—developed a following that
supported his idea
3. Charles E. Coughlin (470) U.S. religious leader/Catholic priest who attracted a large following through
his weekly radio broadcast—extremely anti-Semitic—blamed bankers, particularly Jewish bankers for
the Depression
4. Huey P. Long (471) U.S. Senator from Louisiana—organized the “Share Our Wealth” program which
promised every American family a minimum annual income (1935) –very opposed to the New Deal
programs—claimed that the U.S. was in danger of becoming a socialist state with all the restrictions
being placed on businesses—he was assassinated in Louisiana after he announced his candidacy for
president in 1936.
5. Social Security Act of 1935 (472) a law to provide old-age assistance to American workers in the form
of a monthly pension for those over 65—to establish an unemployment insurance system to help
unemployed workers for a limited amount of time as they looked for jobs; to aid dependent children and
the handicapped; programs funded by tax on worker salaries on payrolls of employers
6. Works Progress Administration –WPA (472) government agency of the New Deal; put unemployed
people to work building playgrounds, schools, hospitals, bridges, and repairing airports and highways;
white-collar workers, including artists and writers, also found work with this agency which spent $11
billion on 250, 000 projects and employed over two million people
7. Why did conservatives view the New Deal as a step toward socialism? Conservatives contended that any
government interference in private enterprise was a dangerous step toward socialism. They were
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angered by the New Deal’s spending and monetary policies, and were dissatisfied with the
administration’s support of labor unions.
8. What tactics did the three major protest movements of the 1930s use to push for support for the needy
Americans? Francis Townsend gained widespread support for his plan to pump money into the economy
by giving aid to the elderly. Father Coughlin broadcast anti-business and anti-Semitic sermons to a radio
audience of millions. Senator Huey Long Created the Share-Our-Wealth Society.
9. In what ways was the Second New Deal a reaction to dissident challenges? FDR was forced by the
popularity of Townsend, Coughlin, and Long to seize the lead in the area of reform. To accomplish his
task, he proposed reforms in the tax codes that would shift the tax burden to the wealthy.
10. In what ways did the Social Security Act create a social insurance system? It created a system that
included pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to the elderly poor, dependent children, and the
disabled.
11. What lasting contributions did such work relief programs as the Works Progress Administration and the
Federal Writers Project make? These new programs resulted in many public buildings and structures as
well as written histories of people and places across America.
Section 3—Organized Labor Grew More Powerful During the 1930s-- ID’s and Questions: (pp. 474-476)
1. Congress of Industrial Organizations -CIO (475) union established in 1937 by John L. Lewis to create
industrial unions principally among the unskilled workers not represented by craft unions; originally
established as a committee within the American Federation of Labor in 1935; became a direct rival of the
AFL until the two reunited in 1955
2. Wagner Act (475) an act passed by Congress in 1935 after the National Industrial Recovery Act had
been found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court; revived many pro-labor provisions of NIRA; also
known as the National Labor Relations Act
3. National Labor Relations Board -NLRB (475) government board created by the Wagner Act in 1935;
board works to prevent unfair labor practices such as coercion of employees and dismissal of employee
merely for belonging to a union; and to prevent the establishment of company unions that are dominated
by management
4. Who was Alfred Landon and of what state was he governor? The Republican candidate for president in
the 1936 election (governor of Kansas).
5. How did the issue of unskilled workers divide the AFL into two separate organizations? The AFL
supported craft unionism and objected to unionizing unskilled workers. The CIO formed to support
industrial unions, which included many unskilled workers.
6. How did the Wagner Act guarantee the right of recognition for labor unions? It reinstated the provision of
NIRA’s section 7a and created the NLRB to enforce the law.
7. Why did the working class support Roosevelt for president in 1936? They realized that the president’s
New Deal programs had supported them during the Depression and that the president continued to be
sensitive to their needs.
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Section 4—Tne New Deal Changed the Role of Government—ID’s and Questions: (pp. 477-483)
1. court-packing plan (477) FDR’s plan to appoint members to the Supreme Court who would support
certain of his New Deal programs
2. John Maynard Keynes (478) British economist who believed that government deficit spending
(government borrowing money to fund government programs that put people to work) in a recession
could help the economy recover
3. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (478) a law passed by Congress providing for a minimum wage of 40
cents an hour, and a maximum work week of 40 hours, with overtime rates paid for work after 40 hours,
and forbidding labor by children under 16
4. Mary McLeod Bethune (479) African American educator appointed by FDR to be the director of the
Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration in 1936
5. Frances Perkins (481) U.S. social worker appointed by FDR to serve on his cabinet as secretary of
labor—first woman ever appointed to the cabinet
6. How did various decisions by the Supreme Court disturb Roosevelt? The Supreme Court, a conservative
body in the 1930s, had declared unconstitutional several key pieces of New Deal legislation and
threatened to invalidate others.
7. How did the president try to outmaneuver the Court? FDR tried to increase the number of judges in the
Supreme Court, intending to fill the positions with his supporters (the court-packing plan).
8. What caused New Deal activity to slow down after 1937? A recession in the fall of that year, the Supreme
Court fight, a resurgence of conservative opposition, and an apparent lack of new ideas within the
administration.
9. Why did the New Deal have a limited impact on minorities and women? FDR appointed African
Americans to federal office, but he was afraid of antagonizing southerners in Congress by going too far in
his actions. Women, too, joined the federal government, but most women were not feminists and did not
fight for equal rights. Many New Deal relief agencies also excluded women altogether.
10. What lasting contributions did the New Deal make to American life? The New Deal established the trade
union movement as an important and powerful part of the industrial economy. Its farm subsidies
became the basis of permanent federal involvement in agricultural pricing and production. The Social
Security program formed the foundation of the modern welfare system. In addition, the New Deal helped
to break down traditional ideas about the role of government.
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