Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine
Evaluation for the Americas
Dr E. A. Lautner
National Veterinary Services Laboratories, VS, APHIS, USDA
P.O. Box 844, 1800 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States of America
Tel.: (515) 663-7266, Fax: (515) 663-7397
elizabeth.a.lautner@aphis.usda.gov; www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nvsl/
Dr R. E. Hill, Jr.
Center for Veterinary Biologics, VS, APHIS, USDA
P.O. Box 844, 1800 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States of America
Tel.: (515) 663-7266, Fax: (515) 663-7397
rick.e.hill@aphis.usda.gov; www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/cvb/
Summary of activities specifically related to the mandate of
OIE Collaborating Centres
1.
Activities as a centre of research, expertise, standardisation and dissemination of techniques
within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE

Worked with the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV) to contribute to the
annual Rabies Compendium posted at http://www.nasphv.org.
The NASPHV Compendia provide
standardized national recommendations for key zoonotic disease issues involving rabies.

Worked with the Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics (IICAB), the USDA Foreign
Agricultural Service, and the OIE to develop a series of presentations that contain detailed information on the
factors to consider in making a decision on whether or not to vaccinate for high pathogenic avian influenza.
The presentations can be viewed at www.cfsph.iastate.edu/hpai and DVDs containing the same information
will be available in 2008.

Provided funding for the IICAB to develop the Compendium of Vaccines for Transboundary Animal Diseases.
A total of 412 vaccines for 65 transboundary diseases, manufactured in 56 countries, are listed. Continue to
provide IICAB information to improve this website and to work to contact veterinary vaccine manufacturers to
add additional information. The new website was launched in January 2007.

Provided reagents for the evaluation of biologics to Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, and Ecuador.

Provided diagnostic reagents to member countries (Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland,
France, Germany, Guatemala, Haiti, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia,
Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Singapore,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United
States of America, Uruguay).

Shared diagnostic information with visitors and trainees from Argentina, Bahrain, Indonesia, Korea, Mexico,
and New Zealand.

Met with government and biologics industry personnel from Brazil, India, Japan, Norway and Spain to provide
information on the U.S. inspection, testing, review and approval processes for biologics.

Inspection personnel accompanied Brazilian government officials while they audited two U.S. biologics
manufacturing facilities. The Brazilian officials were evaluating the manufacturing process of biologics to
assist them in their risk analysis to determine if they will allow US veterinary biologics to be sold in Brazil.

Serve on the tripartite (US-Canada-Mexico) North American Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Vaccine Bank
Technical Committee (NAFMDVB TC). The NAFMDVB TC meets to address preparedness issues related to
vaccine availability and use in the event of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Canada, Mexico, or the
United States.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007
1
Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation for the Americas
2.
2

Conducted an inspection of a biologics manufacturer in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for the purpose of
determining the fitness of the supplies, the premises, and the personnel used to prepare FMD vaccines intended
for stockpiling by the tripartite North American FMD Vaccine Bank, and to ensure that such vaccine is
prepared in compliance with all contracted conditions. The inspection was co-conducted with tripartite
representation from Canada and Mexico.

Participated as members of the U.S. team for the Laboratory Procedures Harmonization between U.S.-CanadaMexico.

Participated in the National Veterinary Stockpile (NVS) Foot-and-Mouth Disease countermeasures working
group, held in Buenos Ares, Argentina, April 11-12, 2007, to assess countermeasures to effectively control and
mitigate the impact of an outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the United States.

Operation of the North American Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Bank (NAFMDVB), including the testing
of FMD vaccines for safety, potency, purity and stability according to the established agreement between
Canada, Mexico and the USA.

Invited speaker at the 5th scientific session on animal health held in Cairo, Egypt, November 6-9, 2007, and
presented “Rift Valley Fever disease overview” covering disease epidemics, diagnostics, the US assistance
during RVF outbreak in Kenya 2007 and control measures in endemic countries.

Invited speakers at the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians held in Melbourne,
Australia, November 11-14, 2007 and presented talks entitled “Diagnostic Technologies for Veterinary
Laboratories of the Future” and “Diagnostics of Emerging Infectious Diseases by Microarray.”

Provided SOPs to Mexico for Brucellosis Proficiency Testing.
Proposal or development of any procedure that will facilitate harmonisation of international
regulations applicable to the surveillance and control of animal diseases, food safety and animal
welfare

The International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Veterinary
Medicinal Products (VICH) is a unique project that brings together the regulatory authorities of the European
Union, Japan, and the United States and representatives from the animal health industry in the three regions to
harmonize technical requirements for the registration of veterinary products (both drugs and biologics). Serve
on the VICH Steering Committee as the U.S. representative for veterinary biological products. The primary
"products" of the VICH are harmonized Guidelines which represent scientific consensus regarding regulatory
requirements for the three regions.

Provided personnel to VICH Expert Working Groups created to draft and recommend the harmonized
biologics guidelines for Quality Monitoring, Pharmacovigilance, and Target Animal Safety.

Attended 20th Steering Committee Meeting of the International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical
Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) held in Washington, DC.

Provided personnel to the Vesicular Diseases Working Group of the North American Animal Health
Laboratory Network, created to share diagnostic procedures for International Harmonization of the Diagnostic
Techniques. Worked with the North American laboratory network to improve harmonization and
standardization of vesicular diseases diagnosis for Canada, Mexico and the US, under the umbrella of the US,
Mexico and Canada security and prosperity agreement. First meeting held in Winnipeg, Canada February 16,
2007, and second meeting in Mexico City, Mexico May 2-3, 2007.

Development of a visual DNA chip in collaboration with the Animal Health Institute and DR. Chip
Biotechnology Inc. of Taiwan. The DNA chip can identify different genotypes of foot-and-mouth disease
virus and no cross-reaction with other viral agents causing vesicular diseases such as vesicular stomatitis virus
and swine vesicular disease virus. It is simple and rapid. No sophisticated equipment is needed.

Provided proficiency test panels for Johne’s disease to laboratories in Canada, the Netherlands, Chile,
Argentina, and South Korea.

Collaborated with US, Canada, Mexico, and New Zealand to conduct an evaluation of each countries
Mycobacterium bovis PPD in naturally infected cattle to develop a North American Reference Tuberculin
Product. Project conducted in Mexico. Arrangements are underway to conduct the negative cohort portion of
the above study. Project will be conducted in the US.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007
Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation for the Americas
3.

Participated in Canadian Food Inspection Agency-United States Department of Agriculture Meeting on
Bluetongue. 12 June 2007. Ottawa, Canada. This meeting was held to discuss the identification of new U.S.
serotypes of bluetongue virus and the possible impact to Canada, in particular, risk to livestock, trade issues,
and bluetongue-free status.

Participating in the development of a North American Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAAHLN)
(Canada, Mexico, United States), initially focusing on diagnostic procedures for avian influenza, vesicular
diseases and tuberculosis. The goal of the network is to identify gaps in diagnostic testing, harmonize testing
protocols, share reagents, provide training where and when necessary, and exchange proficiency test samples
to ensure reliability of diagnostic testing between the network laboratories. Participating laboratories have had
one face-to-face meeting to establish timelines and identify needs of the network.
Placement of expert consultants at the disposal of the Office International des Epizooties

Participated in the Global Animal Health Conference in London, England, at the European Medicines
Evaluation Agency. The CVB representative chaired the session entitled “Positive Environment for Veterinary
Medicines.” The primary objective of the conference was to promote a dialogue among key stakeholders in
global animal health in the field of veterinary medicines. Approximately 140 representatives and officials
from regulatory agencies, industry, international organizations, academia, and research from over 20 countries
attended.

Participated in the US Agency for International Development (USAID) Avian Influenza Commodity Review
Workshop in Arlington, VA. Workshop objectives included identification of improvements for AID
commodities; specifications for personal protective equipment, decontamination kits, and specimen collection
kits; and additional commodities to improve the US response to avian influenza globally.

Met with authorities and technical personnel at CPA-SAGARPA-Mexico for conducting theoretical and
practical course in rapid diagnostic of CSFV and FMDV using ABI 7500, real time RT-PCR.

Participated in the OIE/FAO FMD reference laboratories network meeting held in Gaborone, Botswana June
20-21, 2007.

Provided disease experts to lecture on bluetongue and avian influenza for the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency course of Foreign Animal Diseases.
Other activities related to the mandate
of OIE Collaborating Centres
4.
Provision of scientific and technical training, within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE, to
personnel from Member Countries of the Office

The 2007 Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics (IICAB) Veterinary Biologics Training
Program (VBTP) was held in Ames, Iowa. A total of 141 attendees, including 47 international government,
education and industry representatives from 19 countries, and 94 U.S. industry and government representatives
participated in the program cosponsored by the Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB), the National
Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), the Agricultural Research Services’ National Animal Disease
Center, and the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine. The program included lectures,
laboratories, and site visits in four blocks. The IICAB VBTP represents a major effort in the international
harmonization of requirements for veterinary biologics, in that regulatory authorities from around the world are
instructed in the U.S. method of assuring quality of veterinary vaccines, diagnostics, and immunotherapeutics.
Over 50 CVB personnel participated as faculty.

Provided training in a program co-sponsored by the Nicaragua Ministry for Farm and Forestry (MAGFOR),
Directorate for Animal Protection and Health (DGPSA) and the USDA, Foreign Agricultural Services , Swine
Surveillance Workshop, “Strategies for Eradication of Classical Swine Fever” in Managua, Nicaragua. CVB
personnel provided a lecture and led discussion on classical swine fever virus vaccine characteristics, including
onset and duration of immunity, efficacy, safety, and impact of vaccination on diagnostic procedures.
Attendees and presenters included approximately 60 managers, veterinarians, and animal health technicians
from MAGFOR-DGPSA.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007
3
Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation for the Americas
5.

Participated in the Veterinary Services OIE Collaborating Centres meeting, Directors from the Center for
Veterinary Biologics, Centers for Epidemiology, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, and National
Center for Import and Export met with the Director, Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of
Minnesota and the Director and Program Coordinator, Institute for International Cooperation in Animal
Biologics, to discuss common interests as OIE Collaborating Centres.

Provided 1 week training at CPA-SAGARPA-Mexico in real time RT-PCR for identification of CSFV and
FMDV using ABI 7500, 96 well plates platform.

Real-Time RT-PCR and Antigen ELISA training for FMD diagnostics in Kabul, Afghanistan June 2007.

Assessment and laboratory training for optimizing real-time PCR diagnostics for African swine fever virus in
the Republic of Georgia, August 2007.

Provided Brucellosis training to the Republics of Georgia and Kazakhstan.

Performance of diagnostic testing on behalf of the Country of Nicaragua to help diagnose the presence or
absence of Classical Swine Fever Virus in submitted samples.

Performance of diagnostic testing on behalf of the Country of Vietnam to help diagnose the presence or
absence of ASFV, CSFV, FMDV, PEV, and PCV in submitted samples.

Performance of diagnostic testing on behalf of the Country of Uganda to help diagnose the presence or absence
of African Swine Fever or Lumpy Skin Disease in submitted samples.

In September 2007, the NVLS provided one-week training on real time RT-PCR procedures and the
neuraminidase-inhibition assay to four SENASA laboratory diagnosticians in Mexico City, Mexico.

In April, 2007 the NVSL, in cooperation with International Services and Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), conducted a one-week training course for 16 laboratory diagnosticians in Campinas, Brazil. The
participating countries included Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The training covered both
classical and molecular techniques used in the diagnosis of avian influenza.

In June 2007, the NVSL, in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and United States Agency for
International Development, conducted a two-week training course for 12 laboratory diagnosticians in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania. The training covered both classical and molecular techniques used in the diagnosis of avian
influenza.

The NVSL (USDA-APHIS-NVSL), in cooperation with the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory (USDAARS-SEPRL), Athens, GA, the Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics (IICAB), Ames,
Iowa, and the Foreign Agriculture Service (FAS), conducted three 5-day training courses on diagnosis of avian
influenza and Newcastle disease on the campus of Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. The courses, held in
February and May, were a combination of lectures and hands-on training in classical and molecular diagnostic
techniques for the two diseases. The course was attended by a total of 47 diagnosticians from 26 countries
(Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burundi, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Mali, Mexico,
Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey,
Venezuela, and Yemen).
Organisation of scientific meetings on behalf of the Office
None
6.
Coordination of scientific and technical studies in collaboration with other laboratories or
organisations

4
Attended and participated in the scientific conference entitled, “Vaccination: A Tool for the Control of Avian
Influenza,” in Verona, Italy. The conference was co-organized by the OIE, the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, and the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie and supported
by the European Commission. Topics of the conference include review of experiences, socio-economical
effect of vaccination, the application of vaccination, vaccines and research, regulatory and trade aspects, and an
integrated approach to vaccination. The CVB representative discussed licensing of avian influenza vaccines
and the USDA licensing process of veterinary biologics in general.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007
Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation for the Americas
7.

Met with the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright to initiate the process and collaboration for harmonizing
full-length genome sequencing methods to analyze FMDV, March 2007.

Coordinating FMDV and Seneca Valley virus sequencing efforts with the National Centre for Foreign Animal
Disease (NCFAD) at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, October 2007.

Collaboration with Canada, Mexico, and New Zealand on an international project entitled: “Comparison of
North American Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium tuberculin PPDs in vivo (comparative
cervical testing) and validation of additional diagnostics for tuberculosis in cattle.”

Collaboration with CENASA-INIFAP-SAGARPA, Mexico on the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium
bovis from Mexico and the United States.

Collaborated with the Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, UK, in the molecular serotype identification of
recent North American bluetongue isolates. Reference North American isolates were also submitted to the
IAH for their international repository.
Publication and dissemination of any information within the remit of the mandate given by the
OIE that may be useful to Member Countries of the Office

OIE/IICAB 2006 Veterinary Biologics Training Program, Block 2 and Block 3 lecture notes and reference
materials. Available through the IICAB office.

Attended a meeting of the United States Pharmacopoeia ad hoc Committee on Fetal Bovine Serum to provide
input on the testing of serum according to Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations, to assist in the preparation of
a chapter in the USP, and to assist in the preparation of a monograph on fetal bovine serum.

Represented the United States at the OIE XIII Seminar on Harmonization and Control of Veterinary
Medicines Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. This Seminar is the extension of the cooperation program
developed by OIE within the Americas since 1992 with the objective of further harmonizing veterinary
medicine registration and control. Many of the countries from the Americas were represented by both
government officials and industry associations. In addition, the seventh meeting of the Committee of
Veterinary Medicines for the Americas (CAMEVET) was held. The objectives of the Committee include
information sharing, trade facilitation, and harmonization of registration of veterinary medicine products in
North, Central, and South America. Also on the agenda were topics such as updates on application of
approved guidelines, OIE standards, criteria for the development of stability testing in veterinary medicines,
use of veterinary products in aquaculture, and Good Manufacturing Practices in pharmacological and
biological production.

USDA 2007 Dossier Reports
Comparison of Different Sample Types for the Diagnosis of Low, Moderate, and Highly Virulent Isolates
of Classical Swine Fever Virus Using an rRT-PCR Assay.
Development, Optimization, Validation, and Equivalency of a CSF Real-Time RT-PCR Assay.
Comparison of Two RNA Extraction Methods for the Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus.
Development, Optimization, Validation, and Equivalency of an FMD Real-Time RT-PCR Assay.
Transfer of the Tetracore USDA Agriculture Research Service Classical Swine Fever Real-Time Reverse
Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction to the ABI 7500: A Demonstration of Equivalency to the
Cepheid SmartCycler® Platform.

Fales, W.H., T.J. Reilly, J.B. Payeur, N.B. Harris, C.M. Loiacono and C.A. Adams. 2006. Use of the Trek
ESP® Liquid Culture System for the rapid detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and
other acid-fast bacilli. 110th Annual USAHA Meetings, Oct. 12-18, 2006. Minneapolis, MN.

Stabel, J.R., M.V. Palmer, S. Robbe-Austerman, and B. Harris. 2007. Pathogenesis of M. avium subsp.
paratuberculosis in neonatal calves after oral or intraperitoneal infection. 9 th International Colloquium on
Paratuberculosis. Oct 29 – Nov 2, 2007, Tsukuba, Ibakari, Japan.

Payeur, J.B. and R.T. Capsel. 2007. Evaluation of Different Organism Based Methods for the Detection and
Identification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from Bovine Feces. 9th International
Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Oct 29 – Nov 2, 2007, Tsukuba, Ibakari, Japan.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007
5
Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation for the Americas
6

Dykema, P.E., P.M. Camp and R.T. Capsel. 2007. Establishing Internal Standards and Controls for Johne’s
Direct Fecal PCR. 42nd Meeting of the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources, Panel
of Animal and Avian Health. Dec 3, 2007. Tsukuba, Ibakari, Japan.

Capsel, R.T., P.M. Camp, M. Jondle and G. Wilson. 2007. Evaluation of Herrold’s egg yolk media in flasks
versus tubes for isolation and recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine fecal
samples. 42nd Meeting of the United States-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources, Panel of
Animal and Avian Health. Dec 3, 2007. Tsukuba, Ibakari, Japan.

Harris, N.B., B.J. Bricker, J.B. Payeur, C.R. Quance and T.S. Stuber. 2006. Evaluation of the HOOF-Print
assay for genotyping Brucella suis strains isolated from the United States. 110th Annual USAHA Meetings,
Oct. 12-18, 2006. Minneapolis, MN.

Bricker, B.J., D.R. Ewalt, C.R. Quance, R.A. Wilson, and A.O. King. The molecular epidemiology of
sporadic bovine brucellosis in a regional area of southwestern Missouri over an eleven year period. 60 th
Annual Brucellosis Research Conference, December 1-2, 2007, Chicago, Illinois

OIE Ad Hoc Group on Bluetongue. 12 – 14 March 2007. Teramo, Italy. This meeting concerned the
establishment of a network of bluetongue reference laboratories.

Johnson DJ, Mertens PPC, Maan S, Ostlund EN. Exotic bluetongue viruses identified from ruminants in the
southeastern USA from 1999-2006.
Proceedings of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians, 50th Annual Conference Reno, NV, October 2007.

Mertens PPC, Maan NS, Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Maan S: Sequencing and RT-PCR assays for genome
segment 2 of the 24 bluetongue virus serotypes: Identification of exotic serotypes in the Southeastern USA
(1999-2006).
Proceedings of the 13th International World Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians Melbourne, Australia, November 2007.

Exotic bluetongue viruses identified from ruminants in the southeastern U.S. from 1999-2006. United StatesJapan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources, Panel of Animal and Avian Health. 5 December 2007.
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Alvarez I, Gutierrez G, Vissani A, Ostlund E, Barrandeguy M, Trono K: Validation of an agar gel
immunodiffusion and Western blot assays for diagnosis of equine infectious anemia using a recombinant p26
protein. Proceedings of the 13th International World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians
Melbourne, Australia, November, 2007.

Pedersen DD, Albers SJ, Lake KR, Klein SM, Ostlund EN. Comparison of 4 serological methods for the
diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis. (Poster)
Proceedings of the American Association of
Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, 50th Annual Conference Reno, NV, October, 2007

Pedersen, J. C., D. A. Senne, M. L. Killian, N. Hines, B. Panigrahy, S. Swafford, T. Deliberto, H. Ip. 2007.
Results of 2006 wild bird surveillance for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the United
States. International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Nov
11-14, 2007, Melbourne, Australia.

Elsken, LA, MY Carr, TS Frana, DA Brake, T Garland, K Smith and PL Foley. Regulations for vaccines
against emerging infections and agroterrorism. Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 26(2):429-441, 2007.

Siev D. Letter to the Editor. Reply to “Nauta JJP, Eliminating bias in the estimation of the geometric mean of
HI titers.” Biologicals, 35: 149–151, 2007.

Robert F. Silva, Aly M. Fadly and Scott P. Taylor. Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction to
Differentiate Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV) Subgroups: Detection of an ALV Contaminant in Commercial
Marek's Disease Vaccines. Avian Diseases: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 663–667, 2007.

Diagnostics of Emerging Infectious Diseases by Microarray. R. Barrette, S. Metwally, M. McIntosh. Invited
by the 13th International Symposium for the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians.
Melbourne, Australia. Nov 2007.

Diagnostic Technologies for Veterinary Laboratories of the Future. T. Beckham. Invited by the 13th
International Symposium for the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians. Melbourne,
Australia. Nov 2007.

A Pandemic Strain of Calicivirus Threatens Rabbit Industries in the Americas. Michael T. McIntosh*, Shawn
C. Behan, Fawzi M. Mohamed, Karen E. Moran, and Samia A. Metwally. The United States Animal Health
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007
Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation for the Americas
Associations 110th Annual Meeting and the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians
49th Annual Conference, USAHA AAVLD, Reno, NV November 2007.

Vesicular Disease in Swine of Unknown Etiology. S. Metwally, G. Mayr, M. McIntosh, M. Haley, R.
Barrette, H. Lomaga1. L. Koster, L. Xu, G. Ward, J. Rowland, John Landgraf, Eileen Ostlund, S. Swenson, T.
Beckham1, E. Lautner. The United States Animal Health Associations 110th Annual Meeting and the
American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 49 th Annual Conference, USAHA AAVLD,
Reno, NV November 2007.

Development, Optimization, and Validation of a Classical Swine Fever Real-Time RT-PCR Assay. J.
Bieker,1 A. Eberling, B. Martin, and T. Beckham. The United States Animal Health Associations 110th
Annual Meeting and the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 49th Annual
Conference, USAHA AAVLD, Reno, NV November 2007.

Comparison of Two RNA Extraction Methods for Classical Swine Fever and Foot and Mouth Disease Virus.
J. M. Rowland1, K. R. Schumann, B. Martin, T. Beckham. The United States Animal Health Associations
110th Annual Meeting and the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 49 th Annual
Conference, USAHA AAVLD, Reno, NV November 2007.

S. Metwally, H. Lomaga1, B. Donahue, F. Mohamed, Lizhe Xu, M. Williams, T. Beckham, T. McKenna.
Leukopenia: Virus and Antibody Profile to Infection with CSF Group 1 Strains. EU CSF annual Meeting,
Hannover, Germany June 2007.

S. Metwally, Eric Bush, John Korslund, David Pyburn. New Approaches to Surveillance of Classical Swine
Fever in the United States. EU CSF annual Meeting, Hannover, Germany June 2007.

McIntosh MT*, Behan SC, Mohamed FM, Lu Z, Moran KE, Burrage TG, Neilan JG, Ward GB, Botti G,
Capucci L, Metwally SA. A pandemic strain of calicivirus threatens rabbit industries in the Americas. Virol J.
2007 Oct 2; 4: 96.

Rhyan, J. M. Y. Deng, H. Wang, G. Ward, T. Gidlewski, M. McCollum, S. Metwally, T. McKenna, S.
Wainwright, A. Ramirez, C. Mebus, and M. Salman. 2007. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in North American
Bison (Bison Bison) and Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni): Susceptibility, Intra- and Inter-Species Transmission,
Clinical Signs, and Lesions. J. Wildlife Dis. (in press).

Schumann, K.R., N.J. Knowles, P.R. Davies, R.J. Midgley, J.-F. Valarcher, A.Q. Raoufi, T.S. McKenna, W.
Hurtle, J. P. Burans, B.M. Martin, L.L. Rodriguez. And T.R. Beckham. Genetic Characterization and
Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Isolated from Afghanistan in 2003-2005. Virus
Genes (Submitted with revisions)

Lombard J.E., Wagner, B.A., Smith, R.L., McCluskey, B.J., Harris, B., Payeur, J.B., Garry, F.B., Salman,
M.D. 2006. Evaluation of environmental sampling and culture to determine Mycobacterium avium subspecies
paratuberculosis distribution and herd infection status on U.S. dairy operations. J. Dairy Sci., 89(11):416371.

Kinde, H., A. Mikolon, A. Rodriguez-Lainz, C. Adams, R.L. Walker, S. Cernek-Hoskins, S. Treviso, M.
Ginsberg, R. Rast, B. Harris, J.B. Payeur, S. Waterman, and A. Ardans. 2007. Recovery of Salmonella,
Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium bovis from cheese entering the United States through a
noncomnmercial land port of entry. J. Food Protect., 70:47-52.

W. R. Waters, M. V. Palmer, T. C. Thacker, J. B. Payeur, N. B. Harris, F. C. Minion, R. Greenwald, J.
Esfandiari, P. Andersen, J. McNair, J. M. Pollock, and K. P. Lyashchenko. 2006. Immune responses to
defined antigens of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium kansasii.
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 13(6): 611-619.

Alvarez I, Guiterrez G, Ostlund E, Barrandeguy M, Trono K. 2007. Western blot assay using recombinant
p26 antigen for detection of equine infectious anemia virus-specific antibodies. Clinical and Vaccine
Immunology, 14: 1646-1648.

Elvinger, F., B. L. Akey, D. A. Senne, F. W. Pierson, B. A. Porter-Spalding, E. Spackman, and D. L. Suarez.
2007. Characteristics of diagnostic tests used in the 2002 low-pathogenicity avian influenza H7N2 outbreak
in Virginia. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 19(4):341-8.

Senne, D. A. 2007. Avian influenza in North and South America, 2002-2005. Avian Dis., 51(1 Suppl):16773.
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007
7
Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation for the Americas

Trock, S. C., M. Gaeta, A. Gonzalez, J. C. Pedersen, and D. A. Senne. 2007. Evaluation of routine
depopulation, cleaning and disinfection procedures in the live bird markets, New York. Avian Dis. (accepted)

Spackman, E., D. E. Swayne, D. L. Suarez, D. A. Senne, J. C. Pedersen, M. L. Killian, J. Pasick, K. Handel,
S. P. Somanathan Pillai, C. W. Lee, D. E. Stallknecht, and R. Slemons. 2007. Characterization of low
pathogenicity H5N1 avian influenza viruses from North America. J. Virol. Aug 29 Epub.

Tewari, D., C. Zellers, H. Acland, and J. C. Pedersen. 2007. Automated extraction of avian influenza virus
for rapid detection using real-time RT-PCR. J. Clin. Virol., 40(2):142-5. Sept 17 Epub.

Kim, L. M., D. J. King, P. E. Curry, D. L. Suarez, D. E. Swayne, D. E. Stallknecht, R. D. Slemons, J. C.
Pedersen, D. A. Senne, K. Winker, and C. L. Afonso. 2007. Phylogenetic diversity among low virulence
Newcastle disease viruses from waterfowl and shorebirds and comparison of genotype distribution to poultryorigin isolates. J. Virol. epub.
_______________
8
Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2007