Characterisation and judgement (decision in meat inspection) of diseases including in the OIE list and occurring in several
animal species
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Anthrax
 It appears in peracute, acute
septicaemic forms with rapid
 Bacillus anthracis
mortality in herbivorous
animals;
 All mammals including
 It is confined usually to the
humans are susceptible
to the causative, birds are throat or intestines in pigs,
less susceptible;
accompanied with vomiting,
bloody diarrhoea, apnoe and
 Meat inspection
dysphagy.
importance: mainly in
grazing ruminants;
 Resistance: vegetative
forms are killed at 60oCduring 15 min, spores are
very resistant (may be
survived for decades in
soil);
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Findings indicating
asphyxia in herbivorous
animals, hyperaemic
splenitis, haemorrhages
(subserously, in the
mucosa and
subcutaneously),
haemorrhagic enteritis,
carbunculi (bloody jelly
like appaerance);
 In pigs: lymph nodes of
the throat-region, tonsills
and head are enlarged,
oedematous,
haemorrhagic,
occasionally
haemorrhagic
pneumonia.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health
importance
 Diseased or suspect for
diseased animals must not be
salughtered (they must be
treated or vaccinated);
 In case of any diagnosed
form in the slaughterhouse,
the judgement is total
condemnation
 Zoonosis;
 It mainly is a
professional affection
(slaughterhouse
personnel), buti t may
also be mediated by
flesh;
 Majority of human cases
are the skin form;
 Following the
consumption of infected
meat, the intestinal
anthrax is developpning
accompanied with
feverish general
symptoms, diarrhoea,
intestinal haemorhhages;
 By inhaling the spores,
pulmonary anthrax may
be developed
(bioterrorism).
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Leptospirosis
 Following the septicaemic
phase accompanied with
 Leptospira-serotypes
fever and general symptoms,
(L. pomona, L. tarassovi, the causatives are found in
L. icterohaemorrhagiae, the kidney, liver, spleen,
L. hardjo, etc.);
meninges and in other organs
(organ localisation);
 All warm blooded
 Especially in ruminants, due
animal species and
humans are susceptible, to the damage of erythrocytes
and liver, frequent findings
 The leptospirosis of
may be haemoglobinuria,
pigs and ruminants are
are the most important in hepatotoxic icterus and
anaemia;
meat inspection,
 In young and adult animals
 The resistance of the
(mainly in pigs) feverish
causative is low.
general, flue-like symptoms
are developping but the
symptomless carrier condition
is also frequent,
 Abortion may occur.
Disease, causative
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 In ruminants: anaemia,
subcutaneous and subserous
haemorrhages, icterus can be
found and the spleen is
blackish-red and soft;
 In pigs: non-purrulent, focal,
interstitial nephritis.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
 Animal, diseased in
leptospirosis must not
salughtered for human
consumption;
 any diagnosed form of the
disease at the
slaughterhouse is unfit for
human consumption.
Public health
importance
 Zoonosis,
 It mainly is a
professional disease
(man is infected directly
from the infected
animals’ urine), but it
may be mediated also
by meat;
 In the early phase of
the disease, general,
flue-like symptoms are
developping and it may
be continued by the
appearance of
symptoms indicating
organ localisations (
icterus, uremia,
meningitis).
Disease, causative
Paratuberculosis
 Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis;
 Sheep, cattle, goats,
wild ruminants and
humans are susceptible;
 In meat inspection the
paratuberculosis of cattle
is the most important;
 Resistance: it is high
(similarly to the
mycobacteria)
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
 Symptoms are chronically
developping enteritis,
diarrhoea and ematiataion;
 Most characteristic is the
steady diarrhoea (loose,
mucous faeces with bubbles
and it is evely smelling).
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection)
 Ematiation, edema due  Paratuberculotic animal must
to hypoalbuminaemia,
not be slaughtered for human
thickeness of the small
consumption;
intestinal wall giving
 Any identified form of the
oesophageal like
disease at the slaughterhouse
palpation (Picture 13).
requires total condemnation
for human consumption.
Public health
importance
 Zoonosis;
 It may play a role in the
pathogeneiss of Crohndisease in humans;
 The infenction of
humans mediated chiefly
by fresh milk.
Q-fever
 Coxiella burnetii;
 Susceptible species:
humans and all the other
mammals and birds,
valamint a madarak is,
 In meat inspection the
cattle is the most
important,
 Resistance: high, it can
survive at least for 30 min
at 60oC.
 Q-fever typically is the
infectious disease of man
accompanied by feverish
general and respiratory tract
symptoms;
 In animals the infection
mostly is symptomless (in
ruminants abortion may
aoccur);
 Animals usually are
symptomless or slightly
elevated temperature,
inappetance, reduced milk
yeald, rarely conjuctivits can be
observed during septicaemia.
 Slaughter animals are
without characteristic
pathological findings at
meat inspection.
 Any form of the disease
identified at the
slaughterhouse requires total
condemnation for human
consumption.
 Important zoonosis that
practically is
undetectable by meat
inspection;
 Human infections are
mediated mostly by fresh
milk and milk products
manufactured from fresh
milk, transfer by meat is
rare;
 The infection in humans
usually is symptomless
but sometimes it may
induce pneumonia.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Aujeszky-disease
 Following viraemia, the virus
is multiplicating mainly in the
 Porcine herpesvirus-1
respiratory tracts and lungs,
(PHV-1);
inducing feverish general and
 Suseptible species: az all pulmonary symptoms,
sometimes abortion;
mammalian animals and
birds (humans are not
 In other animal species
susceptible);
encepahlitis and myelitis with
consequent CNS symptoms
 Earlier the pig was
important in meat inspection and death may appear.
(eradicated);
 resistance: the virus may
be infective up to 3 months.
Disease, causative
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 It usually is without
macroscopic abnormality
post mortem, occasionally
rhinitis, tonsillitis and
pulmonary edema may be
present.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
 Animal with Aujeszkydisease must not be
slaughtered for human
consumption;
 Any form of the disease
makes the meat unfit for
human consumption.
Public health importance
 Humans are not
susceptible.
Characterisation and judgement (decision in meat inspection) of diseases including in the OIE list and occurring in several
animal species
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
Pathological findings
(ante mortem meat
(post mortem meat
inspection)
inspection)
Foot and mouth disease
 Following viraemia, vesicle  Vesicle at the predilection
formation at the predilection
sites characteristic for the
 RNS virus belonging to the sites (mucosa of the mouth,
given species.
Aphtovirus genus;
proventricles, skin of feet and
udder/teats);
 Susceptible species:
ruminants, pigs (also wild
 In cattle: fever, drop in milk
species), humans (mildly
production, salivation, vesicle
affected);
formation in the mucosa of
mouth, and skin of feet
 From part of meat
(lameness, lifting/shaking of
inspection all the
feet)
susceptible species are
important;
 Mild symptoms in sheep,
most characteristic is the
 Resistance to
lameness (smaller vesicles in
environment: sensitive to
feet skin);
acidity (<pH 6.5), meat
ageing kills the virus but
 In goats, vesicles mainly in
survives in hidden sites,
the mouth without salivation;
blood, lymph nodes, internal  In pigs: painful feet
organs, and e.g in frozen
(coronets) vesicles may be
meat for months.
present also in the snout and
mouth, abortion.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement/decision
Public health importance
 According to Decree
23/2005 (III.23.) FVM;
 Diseased or suspect for
diseases animals must not be
slaughtered;
 Susceptible animals with
negative clinical and
serological results originating
from closed districts may be
closed slaughtered, the fresh
meat must not be marketed, it
only may serve as raw
material for heat treated meat
products, (Decree 19/2005.
(III.22.) FVM);
 If diseased animal identified
in a slaughterhouse, it must
be killed at the
slaughterhouse altogether
with all the susceptible ones
and their cadaver and all the
other animal wastes must be
destroyed;
 In spread of the diseases,
slaughterhouses may play an
outstanding role.
 Humans are slightly also
susceptible to the virus;
 Typically the disease in
humans is a professional
affection, but exceptionally it
may be milkborne
(consuming fresh milk
originating from infected
animals);
 The disease in humans is
gentle with a mild fever
accompanied with small
sized vesicle formation in
the mouth, lips, tongue or in
the fingers at base of nails.
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
Pathological findings
(ante mortem meat
(post mortem meat
inspection)
inspection)
Rabies
 The virus is entering the  It is without characteristic
body by saliva at biting site findings.
 Rabies virus is belonging into the tissues;
to the Lyssavirus genus;
 In the first 2/3 of
 Susceptible species: all
incubation period, the virus
the warm blooded animals remains at site of entry
and humans, birds are less (multiplicating in the
susceptible,
muscle cells) then, it
reaches the CNS along
 Meat inspection
with the nerve tracts and
importance: in case of
from the CNS, it migrates
ruminants bitten by rabid
to the other organs
animal;
(including salivary gland);
 Low resistance.
 The disease is
characterized by a variety
of CNS symptoms with
different patterns according
to species and it is lethal
 with a few exceptions.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement/decision
Public health importance
 Symptomless animals
 Zoonosis, not mediated
bitten by rabid or suscpect by food.
for rabid animal, may be
slaughtered in a
slaughterhouse; within 48
hours after the attack.
The meat of these animals
is fit for human
consumption (the biting site
and and the brain plus
spinal cord are
condemned).
Trichinellosis
 Trichinella spiralis,
T. britovi;
 Susceptible species: pig,
boar, carnivores, solipeds,
humans,
 In meat inspection pig,
horse and boars are
important;
 resistance: az muscletrichinella is killed by
freezingl (e.g. at -15oC for
20-30 days), or by heat
treatment e.g. 60oC for 10
min).
 the adult worm and the
larval forma re
occurring in the
same host;
 predilection sites of the
muscle-trichinella:
diaphragm, intercostal
musculature, tounge,
pharyngeal and masseter
muscles;
 in practice, no clinical
symptoms can be detected
in infected animals.
 No macroscopic finding
 All pigs, boars and horse
present;
intended for human
consumption must be
 The capsule of the
examined for trichinella
trichinella is 0.4-0.5 mm
long, and 0.2-0.3 mm wide, (except if are derived
from certificatedly free
inside the spirally formed
stock or region);
larva is approximately is 1
mm long and 0.04 mm
 The examination is
wide.
acoording to Regulation
2075/2005/EC;
 In case of positive (even
if died parasites are
present) the judgement is
total condemnation.
 Zoonosis;
 The source of human
infection is the raw or not
well done meat or non heat
treated meat products (e.g.
boar sausage);
 The enteral form in
humans is accompanied by
vomiting, diarrhoea, during
the larval migration
headache, fever, muscle
pain may be present,
intensive infection may
induce lethal myocarditis.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Echinococcosis
 From eggs taken up by
(hydatidosis, alveolaris
the intermediate host the
echinococcosis)
larvae are formed which
penetrating the intestinal
 Echinococcus granulosus wall are migrating to
E. multilocularis;
miscellenous organs and
are developping into cystic
 The definite host:
forms;
carnivores (dog, fox);
 Intermediate host: swine,  Predilection sites are the
ruminants, humans (larval liver, the lungs (rarely the
myocardium);
echinococcosis);
 Heavy infestation may
 Meat inspection
induce local symptoms but
importance: swine,
usually not in slaughter
ruminants;
 Humans may be infested animals.
by eggs released from
dogs (foxes), the
larval/cystic forms in
mammalian slaughter
animals are not infective.
Disease, causative
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection))
 The double-walled, lucid,
whitish-greyish, hazel-hen
egg sized cystae filled with
liquid and with thousands
of 250-500 m brood
capsules are located in the
liver, less frequently in the
lungs (Figure 28);
 Alveolar echinococcosis:
invasive, malignant,
disseminating, tumour-like
formations.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health importance
 Concerning that larvae do
not infest humans,
following the partial
condemnation of affected
organs, the rest of body
may be fit for human
consumption.
 It is a zoonosis but
humans may be infested
only by eggs released from
carnivores.
Characterisation and judgement (decision in meat inspection) of cattle, sheep and goat diseases included in the OIE list
Clinical forms, symptoms
Pathological findings
(ante mortem meat
(post mortem meat
inspection)
inspection)
Brucellosis (cattle, sheep,  It is a chronic
 No characteristic finding
goat)
inflammatory-necrotc
in post mortem meat
disease;
inspection.
 Cattle: B. abortus (B.
 Following transient
melitensis);
septicaemia (2-3 weeks),
 Sheep, goat: B.
inflammatory-necrotic
melitensis, B. abortus, B.
processes in the
ovis;
predilection sites/organs
(pregnant uterus, fetus,
 Hungary is free since
fetal membranes,
1985 from cattle
milking/secreting udder,
brucellosis;
testes, epididymis),
 resistance: low against
abortion;
heat and acid; the
 Following the
causative is killed during
development of local
the ageing of meat in
muscle but in lymph nodes immunity, sustained
inflammatory processes int
and parenchymal organs
he udder, lymph nodes and
they survive for up to 3
weeks at chill temperature. joints, bursae;
 Notifiable disease.
Disease, causative
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
 Separated slaughter in
case of positive or
inconclusive serological
result or on suspect of
infection on any reason;
 Findings indicating acute
brucellosis in meat
inspection requires total
condemnation for human
consumption;
 In case of positive or
incocnclusive serological
result, the udder and sex
organs and the blood are
unfit for human
consumption, also if those
are without visible findings.
 Zoonosis,
 Humans are also
diseased: B. melitensis, B.
abortus;
 It is mainly a professional
affection;
 First of all the fresh milk
and milk products may
mediate the disease, the
meat rarely (the causative
is died during meat
ageing);
 In humans undulating
fever, tiredness, muscle
and joint pains are
developing, occasionally
with chronic organ
localisations (e.g. testitis,
meningitis).
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection))
Tuberculosis (cattle,
 Chronic, infectious disease
 Early generalization:
sheep, goat)
acompanied by specific inflammatory mainly in the lungs and int
processes, exsudation or proliferation he peribronchial lymph
 Cattle: Mycobacterium
(pig) and tissue necrosis/caseation;
nodes miliar tubercules;
bovis (M. tuberculosis, M.  In the pathogenesis primer,
 Chronic organ
avium);
postprimer and late generalization
tuberculosis: caseated,
 Sheep, goat: M. bovis;
phases can be distinguished;
necrotized tubercules int
he parenchymal organs
 Hungary is free of cattle
 Primary phase: primary complex
and caseated cavernae in
tuberculosis since 1980;
(perfect, imperfect), early
the lungs without acute
 resistance: high, freezing, generalization;
lesions in the lymph nodes;
salting, smoking are
 postprimer phase: chronic organ
 Break down phase:
without effect, resistant to
tuberculosis;
exsudative processes,
acid.
 break down phase: late
fresh miliary tubercules or
generalisation;
primary caseations (Picture
 cattle tuberculosis is a notifiable
15).
disease.
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection))
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health importance
 Separated slaughter in
case of positive or
inconclusive tuberculin test
or suspect of infection on
other reason;
 In ncase of tuberculosis
in several organs and
lymph nodes (primary
phase, break down phase)
total condamnetion for
human consumption;
 The presence of chronic
tuberculosis confined to
one organ (in the post
primary phase) only the
affected organ and its
lymph nodes are unfit for
human consumption
(partial condemnation).
 Zoonosis: M.
tuberculosis, M. bovis (M.
avium);
 M. tuberculosis: the
source of infection is the
men (pig, dog);
 M. bovis: extrapulmonary
affections (kidney
tuberculosis);
 M. avium: children, HIVinfected
(immunocompressed)
individuals.
Disease, causative
Clinical forms,symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection)
 It is a slowly developing
infectious non-inflammatory
degenerative disease of the
 BSE-prions;
CNS;
 Susceptible species: cattle;  Behavioural abnormalities
 The disease has not been („Mad cow syndrome”), nonfebrile condition, abnormal
identified yet in Hungary;
posture, high stepping of the
 Resistance: very high to
inactivate the infective prion forelegs, hind quarter
a heat treatment at 133oC, 3 incoordination, ataxia, milk yeald
bar pressure for 20 minutes reduction, emaciation,
hyperesthesia, agression ;
is necessary.
 Long disease process (weeks,
months);
 Notifiable disease.
Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE)
Pathological findings
(post-mortem meat
inspectiont)
 It is without macroscopic
pathological findings.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement/decision
Public health importance
 The diseased, suscpect for
disease/infection animals
must not be slaughtered. They
must be killed at a
slaughterhouse and are
destroyed (incinerated) as
SRM;
 During slaughter the rules
for preventing TSE and the
prevention of potential crosscontamination must be
observed;
 The removal, separated
collection and transport of
SRM must be controlled by an
official veterinarian
 Zoonosis;
 In humans the
corresponding diseases is
the new variant of
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
(nvCJD);
 The infection of man is by
consumption of meat
contaminated by SRM
originated from an infected
cattle.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Bovine cysticercosis
 From part of meat
inspection, it is an
important parasitozoonosis;
 Cysticercus bovis (cystic  Cattle is the intermediate
form of Taenia saginata );
host of the adult tapeworm
 Final host: humans
living in the small intestine
(taeniosis);
of humans (T. saginata);
 Intermediate host: cattle
 In cattle the larval form
(cysticercosis);
are the cysticerci;
 Resistance: cysticerci can  The infestation of the
be killed by freezing e.g. at animal is usually without
18oC for 3 days).
symptoms.
Disease, causative
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection))
 One or more rice-shaped
cysticerci (8-12 mm) at the
predilection sites
(masticatory muscles,
tounge, cardiac muscle and
in the main predilection site
is the shoulder);
 The living cysticerci are
surrounded by a nontransparent capsule;
 The dead cysticerci are
millet-seed sized, yellowish,
caseating or calcified
formations;
 mostly „unilocular” cases
are identified.
Rules of slaughter, judgement
 On course of post mortem meat
inspection of cattle over 6 weeks (also
in swine), the incisions at the
predilection sites must be carried out;
 If the animals are originating from
officially certfied cysticercosis-free
herd or serologically are negative, the
mentioned incisions are not obligatory
to do;
 If the musculature is severely
infested by cysticerc (more than one
per a fist-sized section), the meat is
totally condemned for human
consumption;
 The one cysticercus per section
cases are approved for human
consumption following cold-treatment
(e.g. -18oC, 3 days or -10oC, 10 days)
and only the affected part are
condemned.
Public health importance
 Zoonosis;
 After ingesting the viable
cysticerci, taeniosis
occasionally cysticercosis
may be developed;
 Taeniasis clinically is
characterized by nausea
and abdominal symptoms.
17.5. táblázat
Characterisation and judgement (decision in meat inspection) of swine diseases included in the OIE list
Disease, causative
Brucellosis (swine)
 B. suis (1,2,3 biotypes,
biotype 2 may induce
disease also in hares);
 Resistance: see
description at ruminants.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
 The pathogenesis is
similar as described for
cattle but in pigs the testitis
and abcesses (e.g. in
vertebrae)
 It is a notifiable disease;
 Hungary is free also of
swine brucellosis since
1985.
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection)
 In testes of males, pea The same as described
sized or greater
for ruminants
injflammatory-necrotic,
often softening foci are
found;
 Similar finding can be
seen also in the corpus of
spinal bones;
 In hares, inflammatorynecrotic foci can be
observed, and brucellomas
in the parenchymal organs
(Picture 19).
Public health importance
 zoonosis,
 mainly is a professional
affection,
 meat may serve as
source of infection very
rarely.
Characterisation and judgement (decision in meat inspection) of swine diseases included in the OIE list
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Classic swine fever
 Highly contagious disease
with special animal-health
 The virus is belonging to the importance;
genus of Pestivirus;
 Viraemia accompanied
 Both domesticated and wild with high titre values in
pigs are susceptible;
spleen, lymph nodes,
muscle and in the endothel
 Relatively resistant to
of the smaller vessels
environmental influences;
 It remains infective in blood (organ abnormalities and
and meat at chill tempertaure haemorrhages);
 Fever (40.5-41 oC), point
for at least 30 days and in
haemorrhages on ears,
internal organs for months;
 It preserves its infectivity for belly, internal surface of
a half year in frozen, smoked, thighs, perineal sites and
mucosa,
cured meat;

 The virus is killed by alkaline Unsteady steps,
 Blood in the faeces, urine,
pH;
nasal excreta,
 Fresh meat (also frozen)
 Notifiable disease.
meat preparations,
slaughterhouse wastes are
playing an outstanding
importance in spreading the
virus.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Peracute cases: negative,
or tiny haemorrhages
subserously and in the
renal cortex;
 Acute cases: definite
petechiae on skin,
haemorrhages (endarteritis)
all over the body (Figure
20), infarcts in the spleen,
the section of lymph nodes
are cherry or black red
(bleedings in the drained
areas);
 Chronic cases:
diphtheroid button-like
ulcers in the large intestines
(Salmonella cholera suis) ,
occasionally fibrinous
pneumonia with
haemorrhages (Pasteurella
multocida.) (Figure 21).
Rules of slaughter,
judgement/decision
Public helath
importance
 Procedure according to Decree
 Humans are non75/2002. (VIII.16.) FVM;
susceptibles.
 The diseased or suspect for disease
animals must not be slaughtered but
must be killed and destroyed;
 The suspect for infection animals,
on the permission of the competent
Animal Health Authorities, may be
transported from the closed areas to
a designated slaughterhouse for
closed slaughter;
 The fresh meat must specifically be
health marked;
 The meat of slaughtered animal,
being without any abnormalities that
would indicate swine fever, may be
distributed following one of the
treatment listed below:
- Heat treatment carried out in
hermatically closed container, with
≥3,00 Fo value,
- Heat treatment at ≥80oC core
temperature for 10 minutes,
- Boiling for ≥150 minutes, in ≤10 cm
pieces,
- Rendering of fat at 100oC;
 Treatments must be carried out
under the surveillance of an official
veterianarian.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Viral encephalomyelitis of  Infectious diseasae
pigs (Porcine
manifested in CNS
poliomyelitis, teschen
symptoms (paralysis of hind
disease, Talfan disease)
legs);
 Characteristic symptoms:
 Teschovirus genus (PTV); skin sensitivity, nystagmus,
 Susceptible animal
brygmus, facial twitch,
species: swine;
respiratory disturbances,
 Resistance: high, survive paresis, paralysis;
and may remain infective
 Notifiable disease.
for several months and
years in meat at chill and
freezing tempreratures,
respectively;
 Preserves infectivity for at
least a month in pickled,
smoked meat products.
Disease, causative
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 No post mortem
detectablemacroscopic
finding (meningitis,
encephalitis, myelitis).
Rules of slaughter, judgement
Public health importance
 Procedure is according to Decree
 Humans are not
41/1997 (V.28.) FM,
susceptible.
 Diseased or suspect for disease
pigs must not be slaughtered;
 Suspect for disease but
symptomless pigs may be closed
slaughtered on official order;
 At slaughter, following the ligation
of the oesophagus and rectum, the
whole gastrointestinal tract must be
removed in one piece;
 Splitting of the head and spinal cord
in prohibited, the spinal cord must be
left intact while splitted parallel;
 Skinning or dehiding is prohibited;
 The meat and fat must be heattreated at ≥70oC core temperature for
≥20 minutes;
 The spinal cord or if it is injured, the
whole gastrointestinal tract must be
destroyed the same way as the total
body/carcase;
 The fresh meat must not be
transported (exceptionally, on official
permit, it is possible within the closed
area in order for submitting it for
heat-treatment).
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Swine cysticercosis
 This parasitozoonosis is
very rarely occurring in
 Cysticercus cellulosae (It Hungary;
is the larval stage of Taenia  It characteristically is
solium);
without symptoms in pigs.
 The utmost host is the
man;
 Intermediate host: pig;
 Resistance: it can be
killed by freezing.
Disease, causative
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
Public health importance
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection)
 Post mortem, it may be
 See description at bovine  Zoonosis, see description
detected at incisions of the cysticercosis.
of bovine cysticercosis.
accessory muscle of
 Taeniasis clinically is
tounge (the main
characterized by nausea,
predilection site is the
abdominal symptoms while
thigh);
the swine cysticercosis in
 In contrast to cattle, in
humans is accompanied by
case of iinfestation, the
organic symptoms (the
cysticerci are present in
CNS, cardiac or ophtalmic
high number.
forms may be lethal).
17.6. táblázat
The judgement (decision in meat inspection) of poultry and lagomorph diseases included in the OIE list
Disease, causative
Poultry-chlamydiosis
(chlamydophilosis,
ornithosis)
 Chlamydia
(Chlamydophila) psittaci;
 The causative remains
infective in dried excreta
and faeces for a long
time.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection))
 It is a worldwide occurring
infectious disease of birds;
 Clinical symptoms may develop
mainly in turkeys of any age,
ducks and geese (in youngs)
jelentkezik;
 The infection is imediated by
inhaling of dried feces or
discharge of the respiratory tract;
 The clinical pattern, may be
wide: respiratory symptoms,
diarrhoea, CNS symptoms;
 Hens often are symptomless
carrierers.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection))
 Ematiation, pericarditis,
perihepatitis, airsacculits,
rhinitis, conjuctivitis;
 Safron yellow liver with
tiny greyish-yellow
necrtotic foci,
splenomegalia.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health
importance
 If the disease is
 Zoonosis, it is a
diagnosed, the
profesional affection,
judgement is total
humans usually are
condemnation for human infected by inhaling the
consumption.
causative carried by the
feathers (at suspending,
scalding);
 In humans flue-like
symptoms are followed
by pneumonia (atypical
pneumonia).
Disease, causative
Poultry tuberculosis
 Mycobacterium avium;
 Its resistance int he
environment is high.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection))
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection)
 It is the chronic infectious disease  Tubercule formation mainly  Diagnosed cases are
of primarily older poultry (nonin the liver, spleen, int he
condemned for human
domesticated, pets, living in zoo)
inetstines and in tubular
consumption.
bones (Picture 31..
 The process is always
generalized accompanied with
tubercule formation in the internal
organs;
 ematiation and local symptoms
indicating the disease of a given
organ.
Public health
importance
 Zoonosis,
 M. avium infects
principally children and
HIV-infected,
immunosuppressed
individuals.
Fowl cholera
 Pasteurella multocida;
 resistance: low, it is
sensitive to heat and
drying.
 It appears mainly in acute,
septicaemic form, rarely in chronic
manifestations;
 It is frequent in water-fowl, in
intensive-closed chick and turkey
flocks is rare;
 The susceptibility in hens is lower
by age, buti t may occur in broiler
flocks, if simultaneously bursitis is
also present.
 n acute cases, the
haemorrhagic form is the
dominant (in the
myocardium, subserously, in
muscles, in the intestinal
mucosa), in the liver tiny
necrotic foci are developing
(Picture 32);
 chronic: greater, even lentil
sized necrotic foci in the
liver, the peritoneum is
covered by fbrinous layer,
pneumnia.
 Birds, suspect for disease
or infection (except clinically
manifested individuals) may
be transported to a poultry
plant for immediate,
separated slaughter on
official permit;
 The slaughterhouse must
be disinfected carefully;
 Diagnosed cases are unfit
for human consumption.
 Metazoonosis
(slaughterhouse
personnel);
 In humans, local
purrulent inflammatory
processes may
developed.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
Poultry
 It occurs mainly in chickens and  M. gallisepticum: opacity of
mycoplasmoses
turkeys, and is manifested in
the wall of airsacks, fibrinous
respiratory symptoms and in
layer on their surface and
 Mycoplasma
arthritis;
yellow, crambled egg-like
gallisepticum; M.
excreta in the lumen,
 M. gallisepticum: chronic
synoviae, M. meleagridis respiratory disease (airsacculitis), fibrinous peritonitis,
 Resistance is low.
often associated with bacterial co- pericarditis (Picture 33);
infection (E. coli);
 M. synoviae: ematiation,
serous-fibrinous arthritis,
 M. synoviae: arthritis,
splenomegaly, slight
occasionally upper respiratory
airsacculitis;
symptoms;
 M. meleagridis: growth
 M. meleagridis: airsacculitis in
disturbances in the tubular
turkeys, occasionally CNS
symptoms (neck-torsion, weakness bones, spinal deformation,
airsacculitis, pneumonia.
in feet).
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection))
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health
importance
 In case of good body
 Humans are not
condition and slight
susceptible.
opacity only in the
airsacs, the affected
parts are removed and
condemned, the
remainder parts are fit for
human consumption;
 In all other cases. total
condemnation
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Newcastle-disease
 Infectious disease of poultry
species manifested in acute
 Bird paramyxovirus
septicaemia or in respiratory
serotype 1;
and nervous system
symptoms;
 The resistance of the
virus in the environment (in  velogen-viscerotrop strains:
meat) is medium, it is
severe systemic symptoms,
inactivated within minutes with loose, greenish,
at 60oC.
occasionally bloody diarrhoea,
sneezing, cyanotic combs,
wattles, forced movements
and paralyses (mainly at the
end of epidemics);
 pneumoencephalitic (mild)
form: slight respiratory
symptoms, head shaking;
 Notifiable disease.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Velogen strains:
Haemorrhages all over the
body: in stomachs (Figure
35), in the epithel of the
small intestines and
appendix-circumscribed,
diphteroid crusts belonging
to groups of the
lymphatics. (Figure 36),
occasionally serous
exsudate in the body
cavities and in the
pericardium
 Pneumoencephalitic form
(velogen neurotrop): it is
without haemorrhages,
shows mild respiratory
abnormalities.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement/decision
Public health importance
 Procedure according to the
Decree 44/2002. (V.17.)
FVM;
 Clinically symptomless,
suspect for infection
individuals, on permission of
the competent Authorities,
must be transported to a
designated
slaughterhouse/processing
plant for closed slaughter;
 The slaughter must be
carried out under the
surveillance of the official
veterinarian;
 In case of identified New
Castle disease or its
suscpect, the meat of poultry
is unfit for human
consumption;
 The meat that is fit for
human consumption must
specifically be health marked
and must be heat treated
according to the indication of
Decree 19/2005. (III.22.)
FVM.
 Humans are also
susceptible to the virus that
may cause mild
abnormalities (e.g.
conjunctivitis, palpebral
oedema). The infection is
not mediated by food.
Disease, causative
Avian influenza (Classic
fowl plague)
 Type-A influenza viruses;
 Several haemagglutinin
(HA) and neuraminidase
(NA) combinations (e.g.
H5N1);
 Their resistance is low,
they are heat and acid
sensitives.
Duck plague
 Duck herpes virus
belonging to the alpha
herpes viruses;
 Less resistant, heatsensitive (as the herpes
viruses in general).
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
 Domestic and wild bird
species are affected. They
are often symptomless or
diseased showing high
fever and prostration,
diarhhoea, upper
respiratory and neural
systemic symptoms;
 It is a notifiable disease.
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement/decision
inspection)
 A varied pathological
 The infected flocks must be closed
pattern;
and killed.
 Point haemorrhages
subserously and on the
mucosa;
 Tiny necroses in the liver,
spleen, pancreas and in the
myocardium;
 Serous-mucinous excreta
in the sinuses and in the
trachea.
 Acute diseases of ducks,
geese (swan), accompanied
by the damage of blood
vessels and mucosal
pseudomembraneous
inflammation;
 It is a notifiable disease.
 Haemorrhages (cardiac,
subserously, in the epithel
of disgestive and respiratory
tracts);
 myocardium: „as if it were
painted by a bloody paintbrush”;
 enlargment of lymphatic
tissues of the small
intestines, ring-shaped
necrosis;
 pseudomembranaceous
oseophagitis and cloacal
inflammation;
 haemorrhages in the liver,
greyish, mosaic
discolouration (Picture 38).
 Accoording to Decree 41/1997.
(V.28.) FM;
 Infected or suspect for infection
stock – except those with clinical
signs – may be transported on
official permit to a slaughterhouse
for closed slaughter;
 The slaughter must be carried out
under the contol o fan offcial vet;
 The slaughterhouse must be
carefully disinfected after slaughter;
 The meat and offals are distributed
only in form of heat-treated meat
products (Decree 19/2005.
(III.22.FVM).
Public health importance
 Humans may be diseased
by inhalation a high number
of the virus (e.g. from
poultry faeces);
 potentially, it may be
transferred by meat,
therefore in areas of
epidemics the consumption
of raw poultry meat
products should be avoided,
poultry meat heat treated in
the regular way (roasted,
boiled) is safe also under
this condition.
 Humans are not
susceptible.
Disease, causative
Infectious bronchitis (IB)
 Coronavirus (IBV1-10);
 Sensitive to heat.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)
 Alphaherpesvirus
(GHV-1);
 Less resistant, heat
sensitive.
Infectious bursitis
(Gumboro disease)
 Birnavirus (IBVD 1-2);
 The resistance of virus is
high, it survives at 56oC for
30 min, at pH 3-9, it
preserves infectivity.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
 A viral disease that
causes severe respiratory
symptoms and often
nephritis in young chicks
while in hens it induces
drop of egg yield and
abnormalities of egg shell.
 Viral disease of hens
accompanied with upper
respiratory symptoms and
conjuctivitis. The virus is
multiplicating only int he
respiratory tract, viraemia
never develping;
 Clinical symptoms may
appear mainly in the
growing and adult hens.
 It is a viral disease of
mainly 3-6 weeks old
chicks, accompanied by
acute inflammation of the
bursa Fabricius and by
marked
immunosuppression;
 The immunosuppression
greatly increases the
probability of co-infections
(e.g. E. coli, Ornitobacterium
rhinotracheale, P. multocida).
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter, judgement
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Necrosis in the trachea
 Concerning the presence of
and bronchi, the lumen is
viraemia: total condemnation.
filled with yellow, caseus
fibrin, the mucosa is serous,
inflammated (Picture 39);
 In case of
nephropathogen microbes,
the kidneys are enlarged,
and fade (Picture 40).
 The epithel of larynx and  Total condemnation.
trachea is reddish and
haemorrhagic;
 Sometimes blood-cylinder
int he lumen of trachea;
 In chronic, long-lasting
cases, the mucosa is
covered by fibrinous-caseus
pseudomembrane (Picture
41).
 The Bursa Fabricii is enlarged,
 Due to the presence of viraemia:
oedematic with haemorrhagic
total condemnation.
mucosa and with jelly-likehaemorrhagic contents in the
lumen (Picture 42.);
 Haemorrhages subcutaneously,
in muscles, in the glandular
stomach (Picture 43);
 Kidneys are fade-yellow, the
liver is enlarged with tiny necrotic
foci at the edges of the lobi.
Public health
importance
 Humans are not
susceptible.
 Humans are not
susceptible.
 Humans are not
susceptible.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Marek’s-disease
 Less frequently, chronic
viral disease of chickens
 Alphaherpesvirus (GHV
accompanied with the
2-3);
inflammation of pripheral
nerves. Typically, however, it
 The resistance of the
is manifested in acute
virus is relatively high.
lymphoreticular proliferation;
 The incubation period is
long: in the acute tunmorous
form, it mostly is 7-16 weeks,
in the chronic nerval form, it
is 6-12 months.
Poultry pox
 It is a disease several
poultry species (also wilds)
 Pox viruses belonging to characterized by typical skin
genus Avipoxvirus;
and mucosal eruptions;
 They are sensitive to heat  Skin form: it is usual
(60oC for 1 min).
benign, and measles
appear at the non-feathered
parts of the head;
 Mucosal form: it appears in
the mucosa of the conjuctiva,
nose, mouth, pharynx and
larynx and is accompanied
with ematiation and high
mortality;
 The acute septicaemic form
is rare, death after a few
days of fever and birds are
without skin/mucosal lesions.
Disease, causative
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection))
 Acute, tumorous form:
 Total condemnation.
enlargment of the liver,
spleen, kidneys, ovarium
and testes and tumorous
nodules are developing
within these organs
(Picture 44);
 Nerval form: thickening of
the lumbo-sacral and other
nerves (Picture 45).
 Typical skin and mucosal
abnormalities (Picture 46);
 The mucosal form may
characterized by the
development of yellowishwhite „plug” positioned at
the gate of larynx, ring-like
fibrinous deposition and the
strong-red colouration of
the laryngheal mucosa,
covered by mucus and a
sticky pseudomembrane.
 If the abnormalities are
confined to a small area
and can be removed
completely, then, partial
condemnation and the
remainder is fit for human
consumption;
 If extended skin/mucosal
abnormalities are present
or the septicaemic form is
diagnosed, the judgement
is total condemnation.
Public health importance
 Humans are not
susceptible.
 Humans are not
susceptible.
Disease, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection))
 Peracute, acute, highly infectious
disease;
 The virus is damaging of the
 Calicivirus;
capillaries, inducing thrombus
 Susceptible species:
formation, haemorrhages mainly in
rabbit;
the respiratory tract and lungs;
 resistance: medium, the  Difficult breathing, bloody, foamy
virus is stabile between pH nose excreta and fast death.
3-8, it survives 15 min
56oC-heat treatment;
 notifiable disease.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection))
 Haemorrhages all parts of
the body but mainly in the
respiratory tract and lungs
(Picture 47);
 The liver is enlarged and
fade, fragile.
Rules of slaughter, judgement
 Procedure according to Decree
41/1997. (V.28.) FVM;
 Diseased, suspect for disease
individuals must not be
slaughtered;
 Suspect for infection but clinically
healthy animals may be
slaughtered and, depending on the
result of post mortem inspection,
may be fit for human consumption;
 Diseased or suscpect for disease
individuals are unfit for human
consumption.
 The virus is ditributed (spread) by blood
Myxomatosis
 Classic form: conjuctivitis,  Total condemnation for human
sucking insects, mainly by mosquitoes;
jelly-like swelling on the
consumption.
 The virus (Myxoma virus)  The virus is multiplicating in the skin and head, ears, finally around
;is belonging to the genus causes viraemia;
the anus
 Clinical pattern may be different according
Leporipox;
 Nodular form: smaller,
to the different virulence of viruses;
 Susceptible species:
compact swellings at the
 Classic form: conjuctivits, respiratory
rabbit and hares;
same sites;
disturbances and oedematic enlargment of
 Reistance is low,

atypical form:
the head;
sensitive to heat, it may
heamorrhagic-necrotic
 Nodular form: smaller, compact nodules
survive for months on dried on the head;
inflammation in the skin,
skin.
lungs and lymphoid organs.
 Atypical form: spread aerogenically and
Rabbit haemorrhagic
disease
induced by pneumotrop viral strains,
causing difficult breathing, palpebral
oedema, haemorrhagic-necrotic
inflammation in the skin.
Public health
importance
 Humans are
not susceptible
 Humans are
not susceptible.
Disease, causative
Tularemia
 Francisella tularensis;
 Resistance usually is
low, sensitive to heat.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection))
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection))
 It is the bacterial disease of mainly  Hyperplasic
 Total condemnation.
rodents and hares living on the wild, splenomegaly, greyishless frequently of ruminants (sheep, yellow foci int he
cattle). It is accompanied with
parenchymal organs and in
septicaemia in acute cases, and in the lungs (Picture 48);
longer lasting cases,
 In chronic cases, necrotic,
inflammmatory-necrotic nodules
granuloma-like foci in the
appear in the parenchymal organs; parenchymal organs.
 Chickens and rabbit is not
susceptible;
 Occasionally the infected
individuals are symptomless (mainly
in domestic animals).
Public health
importance
 Zoonosis, but it mainly
is a professional
affection (skining of
hares, preparing of
hare meat,
metazoonosis);
 In humans, at sites of
entry, inflammation with
ulceration, enlargment
of the regional lymph
nodes and feverish
symptoms may be
developed.
Table 17.7.
The judgement (decision in meat inspection) of other animal diseases/infections which are important from part of animal
and/or public health and not included in the OIE list
Disease/infection, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection)
Salmonellosis of mammalian  It is distributed worldwide,
slaughter animals
manifested in diseases with
septicaemia and general symptoms
 Serotypes belonging to
or with diarrhoeic enteritis;
subtype of S. enterica subsp.
 The symptomless carriage is
enterica;
frequent;
 Swine typhus: S. typhisuis;
 All are zoonoses, except swine
 Piglet paratyphus: S.
typhus;
choleraesuis, S. typhimurium;  Piglet paratyphus: In 2-5 months
 Cattle salmonellosis: S.
old piglets following septicaemia,
typhimurium, S. dublin (less
acute enteritis accompanied by high
frequently other serotypes);
fever, bluish-red discoloration of
skin and diarrhoea;
 Salmonellosis of small
ruminants: S. typhimurium, S.  Salmonellosis of calves:
dublin, S. enteritidis, S.
gastroenteritis with diarrhoea,
abortusovis;
occasionally along with septicaemia
fever and general symptoms;
 Symptomless carriage: any
 Salmonellosis of sheep and goats:
other serotype;
A form with fever and general
 Resistance: D60oC=0.1-2 min,
o
Tmin=5-6 C, pHmin=3.8, awmin=0.94 symptoms, diarrhoea, arthritis,
In salted, cured, and frozen
occasionally with abortion;
products are viable for months;
 Symptomless carriage: usually
 The penetrating ability of
confined to the intestinal tract, the
bacteria from the surface into the causative is shed/released by the
deep of meat is significant (it is
faeces (secondary contamination).
24-48 hours at room temperature).
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Piglet paratyphus: cyanotic
skin, small haemorrhages in
the kidney (Figure 23) in the
heart, hyperplasic
inflammation in the spleen
(Figure 22), small
inflammatory-necrotic foci in
the liver, gastroenteritis
(under chronic conditions the
surface of small intestinal
mucosa is necrotised),
shallow ulcers;
 Salmonellosis of calves:
necrotic-haemorrhagic
enteritis of the small
intestines, inflammatorynecrotic foci in the liverparatyphomas (in chronic
cases also in other
parenchymal organs), arthritis
(e.g. knee);
 Salmonellosis of small
ruminants: mucosal
haemorrhages,
gastroenteritis, enlargement
of the spleen and lymph
nodes.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health
importance
 Animals diseased in
salmonellosis must not be
slaughtered for human
consumption;
 Suspect for symptomless
carriage, the animals must
be slaughtered separately
(by the end of normal
slaughter) and all the
necessary measures must
be taken to prevent the
cross contamination of
other meats;
 If salmonellosis is
identified in a slaughtered
animal (by pathological
findings or by
supplementary
bacteriological means), it
must be totally
condemned.
 Though majority of
human diseases are
caused by egg-containing
meals, the infective role of
raw, not well-roasted meat
is also important;
 In practice, the
symptomless carriage and
the secondary fecal cross
contamination during
slaughter are the most
important (Se also in
Chapter 9);
 Manifestation in humans:
gastroenteritis with
diarrhoea or septicaemia
with fever and severe
general symptoms.
Disease/infections, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat inspection)
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
Poultry-salmonellosis
 Poultry typhus: septicaemic
 Poultry typhus and
disease mainly of chicks, in adults it paratyphus: inflammatory Poultry typhus: S. gallinarum, is manifested in chronic form with
necrotic foci in the liver,
S. pullorum (only bird species
necrotic foci;
myocardium, spleen and in
are diseased),
the wall of gizzard,
 Poultry paratyphus: primarily in
hyperplasic splenomegalia,
 Bird paratyphus: additional
birds younger than 2 weeks in a
Salmonella-serotypes (humans septicaemic form, in olders it usually focal enlargement of the
intestinal mucosa and its
may also be diseased),
symptomless and confined to the
ulceration.
intestinal tract (symptomless
 Symptomless carriage: any
paratyphus inducing serotype, carriage).
Most frequently: S. infantis, S.
enteritidis, S. typhimurium.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement/decision
Public health
importance
 Animals diseased in
salmonellosis must not be
slaughtered for human
consumption;
 On suspect for
symptomless carriage, the
animals must be
slaughtered separately
after the normal slaughter
period and all the
necessary measures must
be taken to prevent the
cross-contamination of
other meats;
 If salmonellosis is
identified by any means
(pathological or
supplementary
bacteriological
examination) in
slaughtered animals, the
whole animal is
condemned.
 Though, majority of
human salmonella
diseases are caused by
egg-containing meals, the
role of raw, not wellroasted meat is also an
important mediator of
infections;
 In practice, the most
important is the
symptomless carriage and
the potential crosscontaminations during
slaughter (See also in
Chapter 9);
 Manifestation in humans:
gastroenteritis with
diarrhoea or septicaemia
with fever and severe
general symptoms
Disease/infections,
causative
Clinical forms,
symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Campylobacteriosis
 Symptoms caused by C.
jejuni, C. coli: sporadically
 Campylobacter jejuni
abortion in ruminants, less
and C. coli are the normal frequently diarrhoea in
components of intestinal
newborne calves,
flora in birds, pigs and
hepatitis in young layer
also in other animal
hens, but in majority of
species;
cases, the infection is
symptomless;
 C. fetus subs. fetus is
also can be found in the
 C. fetus subs. fetus, C.
intestines of miscellenous fetus subsp. venerealis:
animal species but mainly abortion in sheep and
of sheep;
cattle.
 C. fetus subs. venerealis
occurs only in cattle;
 C. jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus
subs. fetus: may induce
diseases also in humans;
 resistance: D60oC=0,10,2 min, Tmin=32oC,
pHmin=4,9, awmin=0,99.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Layer hens: inflammatorynecrotic foci in the liver;
 Ruminants: usually abortion is
the only symptom with fetal
abnormalities.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
 Animals diseased in
campylobacteriosis must
not be slaughtered for
human consumption;
 Post mortem diagnosed
cases are total
condemned for human
consumption.
Public health
importance
 Important zoonosis;
 Majority of human cases
may be caused by the
consumption of raw or not
well-done poultry meat;
 Symptoms in humans are
enteritis with slight
diarrhoea, less frequently
bloody diarrhoea, fever,
occasionally
extraintestinal
complications (See also in
Chapter 9).
Disease/infections,
causative
Listeriosis
 Listeria monocytogenes
(L. ivanovii);
 The natural reservoir of
L. monocytogenes is the
soil, but it often can also
be found in the intestinal
tract of miscellenous
animal species;
 Resistance: D60oC=1-5
min, Tmin=0oC, pHmin=4,4,
awmin=0,92, it is
halotolerant.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
 The infectious diseae is
sporadically manifested in
sheep, rarely in cattle,
rabbits and birds;
 Mostly, the infection
remains symptomless;
 Following septicaemia,
listeria induces purulent
inflammation in the brain,
pregnant uterus, udder and
in other organs
 Getting into the fetus, it
causes sepicaemia, death
and abortion.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection))
 The encephalitic form is
without macroscopic finding;
 In septicaemic cases
splenomegaly, and in
septicaemic forms, tiny
subserosal haemorrhages, and
greyish-white inflammatorynecrotic foci (listerioms) in the
liver and other organs.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
 Diseased animals must
not be slaughtered for
human consumption;
 Post mortem diagnosed
cases are total
condemned for human
consumption.
Public health
importance
 Important zoonosis;
 Though majority of
human cases are caused
by the consumption of
fresh milk and milk
products, and vegetables
contaminated by soil, the
role of fresh meat and
meat products are also
important in mediating the
infection;
 In humans, flue-like
symptoms and diarrhoea
or meningoencephalitis,
abortion, still birth may
develop (See also in
Chapter 9).
Disease/infections,
causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Yersiniosis
 Y. enterocolitica: most
frequent is the smyptomless
 Yersinia enterocolitica,
carrier condition principally in
Y. pseudotuberculosis;
pigs, in pigs and rabbits
(rarely also in other animal
 Natural inhabitatnts of
species) it may cause
the intestinal tract of
diseases with enteritis and
several mammallian
the inflammation of the
animals and in birds;
 The main reservoir of Y. mesenterial lymph nodes;
 Y. pseudotuberculosis:
enterocolitica is the
chiefly in rodents and birds, it
intestines of pig, Y.
may induce acute,
pseudotuberculosis is
more frequent in wild-living feverish/diarrhoeic general
symptoms, septicaemia or
rodents, hares and in
more frequently, chronic
birds;
diseases characterized by
 resistance: D60oC=0,1-1
o
min, Tmin=-1 C, pHmin=4,2, tuberculosis-like
inflammatory-necrotic foci in
awmin=0,96.
the intestines, mesenterial
lymph nodes and in several
internal organs (rodentiosis,
yersiniosis).
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Y. enterocolitica: enteritis
with fibrin formation,
inflammartory-necrotic foci
in thmesenterial lymph
nodes and in the
parenchymal organs;
 Y. pseudotuberculosis: in
acute cases inflammation
int he large intestines,
splenomegaly, subserosal
haemorrhages, tiny
inflammatory-necrotic foci
in the liver, in chronic
cases, tuberculosis-like
granulomas in the
intsetines, in the
mesenterial lymph nodes,
in the liver and also in
other organs.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health importance
 Diseased animals must not
be slaughtered for human
consumption;
 In case of post mortem
diagnosis of the disease:
total condemnation.
 Important zoonosis;
 In majority of cases, the
infection is madiated by
raw, not well-done porkmeat;
 In humans it is
manifested in abdominal
pain, diarrhoea (children),
appendicitis-like symptoms
in adults.
Disease/infections,
causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Diseases caused by
 The E. coli caused diseases
Escherichia coli
of domestic animals mostly
are diarrhoeic affections, the
 Escherichia coli;
most importants are the
 They may be present in piglet and calf coli-diarhhoea,
but septicaemia may be
the gastrointestinal tract
developed with fever and
also of healthy animals
general symptoms (coliand are facultative
septicaemia of calves);
pathogens;
 In adults, the affection
 They may induce
disease in any mammalian usually is confined to an
animal species, birds and organ (e.g. mastitis, urinary
tract inflammation);
humans;
 The pathogenicity of the  A special clinical form is the
oedema disease of pigs
strains are different,
(enterotoxaemia);
accordingly they are
classified into 4 groups
 The EHEC strains may
(EPEC, EIEC, ETEC,
cause haemorrhagic enteritis
EHEC);
in the large intestines of
calves but regularly they may
 Only the EHEC strains
be present symptomless
are zoonotics (e.g.
chiefly in the intestines of
O157:H7);
o
 Resistance: D60 C=0.1-1 cattle but also of other animal
min, Tmin=7oC, pHmin=4.4, species.
awmin=0.95, but the EHEC
strains may be more
thermo- and- acidresistant.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 The diarhhoeic clinical
forms are not
characteristic in the age of
animals appropriate for
slaughter (typical in newborne, and weaned
piglets, new-borne calves,
lambs, kids);
 The septicaemic form
appears mainly in young
animals (calves, chicks);
 In young and adult
slaughter animals mostly
local inflammatory
processes are developing
(mastitis, metritis,
nephritis, air-sacculitis);
 In poultry species, mainly
secondary to
mycoplasmosis
(occasionally to viruses),
chronic respiratory
diseases are appearing in
forms of air-sacculitis and
peritonitis, fibrinous
pericarditis and
perihepatitis.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement/decision
Public health importance
 If the disease is
 Humans are diseased
accompanied by ematiation only by the
and/or septicaemia, the
enterohaemorrhagic
whole animal is unfit for
strains;
human consumption;
 In humans, the EHEC
 The decision on local
strains cause
inflammatory processes
haemorrhagic
depends upon the result of
enterocolitis, occasionally
the supplementary
haemolysis, uraemia
bacteriological examination, (HUS).
the body condition, and the
results of possible
organoleptic examinations.
Disease/infections,
causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Erysipelas (erysipelas
 It appears mostly in form of
suis) and diseases caused acute septicaemia, rarely as a
by Erysipelothrix
feverish condition with skin
rhusiopathiae in other
lesions (oedematic) or in
animal species
chronic form;
 The acute septicaemic form is
 Erysipelothrix
characterized by feverish
rhusiopathiae;
general symptoms, redish skin
 Facultative pathogen
and cyanotic mucosa;
bacterium found often also  The feverish erysipelic form
in the intestinal tract,
accompanied with characteristic
occasionally in tonsils of
skin-lesions, maily in the back
healthy animals;
and on 2 sides of the body;
 It may cause disease in  The chronic erysipelas mostly
pigs, less frequently in
is manifested in endocarditis,
sheep, cattle (sporadically arthritis or dermatitis;
in other mammals) and in  In birds (turkeys, geese,
birds;
ducks) it appears as feverish,
 Humans are also
septicaemic process
susceptible;
accompanied by arthritis.
 resistance: it is relatively
high, the causative
survives for months in
slaughterhouse waste, and
remains infective for 2
weeks in pickled, smoked
meat, and is sensitive to
heat
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Acutem, septicaemic
erysipela: the spleen is
hyperaemic, enlarged, tiny.
Point-haemorrhages can
be found subserously and
in the intestinal muscosa;
 The feverish-skin form is
characterized by square or
rhomboid, 3-5 cm skin
lesions (Pictures 25 and
26);
 Chronic erysipelas:
cauliform depositions on
the cardiac valves,
pulmonary oedema,
ischaemic infarcts in the
kidneys, arthritis and
extended skin necroses
may be developed,
 Bird erysipelas: overall
haemorrhages,
splenomegaly and the liver
enlarged, peritonitis,
occasionally inflammatorynecrotic foci in the liver.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
 Diseased animal must not
be slaughtered for human
consumption;
 If it is identified at the
slaughterhouse, the
judgement is total
condemnation;
 Other animal species
diseased by E.
rhusopathiae are also totally
condemned.
Public health importance
 It is a zoonosis that can
be diagnosed by classic
meat inspection;
 Humans mostly infected
during their professional
activity (slaughterhouse
personnel), but man can
be infected by affected
fresh meat;
 The human cases are
mostly coupled to skin
injury (erysipeloid);
 The disease usually
remains local, but rarely
septicaemia, endocarditis
and arthritis may be
formed.
Disease/infections,
causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Swine vesicular disease  The virus following its
 Serotype 9 of pig
multiplication in tissues of
enteroviruses („SVD
the throat and intestinal
vírus”);
canal, induce viraemia and
vesicle formation at the
 Susceptible species:
predilection sites of mouth
swine (mice, humans);
and feet;
 resistance: high, the
 Lameness, inappetency,
virus, especially under
transient fever, vesicle
acidic conditions, is
infective for several weeks formation at the predilection
sites.
(e.g. pl. slaughterhouse
o
waste, at 60 C, it is killed
within 30;
 It is eradicated in
Hungary and majority of
Europe;
 Its similarity to FMD,
makes it important in meat
inspection;
 Notifiable disease.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 Vesicles, after their
rupture, erosions in the
skin of the edge of coronet
and inter-hoofs, in the
footpad, less frequently in
the mucosa of the snout
and mouth (Picture 24.).
Rules of slaughter, judgement Public health importance
 Procedure to be followed
according to Decree 14/2003.
(II.14.) FVM (Hungarian);
 Diseased, suspect for disease
and infected animals must be
killed;
 Suspect for inspection animals
may be closed slaughtered on
decision of the official chief
veterinarian;
 The meat must be boned and
it may be marketed as heat
treated meat product (minimum
70oC core temperature) or after
boiling or roasting;
 The gastro-intestinal tract,
ligated at the begining of
oesophagus and anus, must be
removed in one piece and
altogether with the spleen,
bones, skin and feet they must
be destroyed;
 If the disease is detected at a
slughterhouse, all animals
present in the slaughterhouse
must be slaughtered and the
infected or suspect for infection
animals’ carcasses and viscera
must also be destroyed.
 Humans are slightly
susceptible.
 In laboratory workers,
serological affection might
be present, but in practice,
the virus does not induce
clinical symptoms in
humans.
Disease/infections,
causative
Clinical forms,
symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
Swine mycobacteriosis
 Due to their weak
(Atypical tuberculosis,
invasive ability, the atypical
Lymphadenitis)
mycobacteria cause
lymphadenitis only in the
 Mycobacterium avium and lymph nodes at site of
other facultative pathogen
entry (imperfect primary
mycobacteria;
complex);
 resistance: See
 The affection is without
descriptions at Tuberculosis. clinical symptoms,
therefore, it cannot be
diagnosed at ante mortem
inspection.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
 In lymph nodes
 If tuberculosis is identified
(submandibular, parotid,
in lymph nodes of only one
retropharyngeal,
organ (head or digestive
mediastinal, peribronchial, system or lungs), the
mesenterial) pea-sized
affected organ and
white or yellowish
belonging lymph nodea are
tubercules, caseatedcondemned („one entry
calcificated occasionally
site”);
plaster-like foci may
 If more than one organ is
appear (Picture 18);
affected, the judgement is
 The lymp nodal lesions
total condemnation.
cannot be distinguished
from the M. bovis caused
tuberculosis (not
distinguishable even by
Ziehl-Neelsen staining or
histologically);
 M. bovis in pigs and
boars causes miliar foci
and caseation in the liver,
sometimes in the lungs
(Pictures 16 and 17)
Public health importance
 Zoonosis;
 M. avium mainly in
children and in
immunosuppressed
individuals may cause
disease.
Disease/infections,
causative
Swine mycoplasmic
pneumonia
 M. hyopneumoniae
(bacterial co-infections);
 The resistance of M.
hyopneumoniae is low.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
 It is a chronic infectious
diseases accompanied by
the serous-cellular infiltration
of tissues around the
vessels and bronchi, later by
the proliferation of
pulmonary epithelial cells.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 In non-complicated cases
(rare): the anterior lobes of
lung show atelectasia and
are bluish-red, later greyish,
the pulmonary lymph nodes
are enlarged;
 Complicted cases: lesions
characteristic for the coinfections mostly are the
catharal bronchopneumonia
(Picture 27), occasionally it
is combined with fibrous
islets (pasteurella) or with
purrulent processes (A.
pyogenes).
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health importance
 Slight interstitial pneumonia  M. hyopneumoniae does
without complication in
not cause disease in
animals with good body
humans.
condition results in partial
condemnation of affceted
parts and the remainder is fit
for human consumption,
 In complicated cases,
supplementary
bacteriological examination
is necessary (potentially
salmonellas might be
present). Without
bacteriology, the animal is
unfit for human
consumption.
Disease/infections,
causative
Swine Actinobacilluspleuropneumonia
 A. pleuropneumoniae
(Biotype 1 or 2);
 resistance: low.
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection))
 Acute, rarely chronic
disease of swine,
manifested in fever and
general symptoms,
asphyxia, haemorrhagicnecrotic pneumonia and
peritonitis;
 The acute cases are
characterized by high fever
and asphyxia, depresssion
and lethality (shock);
 In chronic cases
respiratory symptoms are
developing, with retarded
growthl;
 The infection sometimes is
symptomless.
Pathological findings
(post mortem meat
inspection)
 The inhaled causative
induces acute, seroushaemorrhagic, later necrotic
pneumonia, and serousfibrogen peritonitis. In the
whole lungs, sometimes only
in the phrenic lobes,
blackish-red, haemorrhagicnecrotic foci are found and
and in the chest cavity
pinkish serous fluid is
present;
 In chronic cases, the foci
are demarkated by
connective tissue, and
interpleural adhesions are
developping;
 In symptomless cases of
normal slaughtered animals,
in the phrenic lobe of the
lungs only a single
inflammed-necrotized focus
can be found.
Rules of slaughter,
judgement
Public health importance
 The acute cases must not  Humans are not
be slaughtered for human
susceptible
consumption
 In animals with chronic
pulmonary lesions, including
the symptomless infected
cases, the affected parts are
removed and condemned,
the remainder of body is fit
for human consumption.
Disease/infections, causative
Toxoplasmosis
 Toxoplasma gondii;
 intracellular protozoon;
 development forms:
trophozoita, cysts (in slaughter
animals), oocysts (in cats);
 importance in meat inspection:
in pigs (and in other slaughter
animals) following symptomless
infection, the development of
cysts in tissues (meat) can infect
humans after consumption of
meat;
 meat stored at +4oC is infective
for 3 weeks;
 the causative can be killed by
freezing (-18oC, 3 days) and by
heat-treatment (roasting, boiling).
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
 It causes disease in
rabbits, similar to
yersiniosis and tularaemia;
 In pigs and in other
slaughter animals (cattle,
sheep) the infection mostly
remains symptomless.
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection))
 In rabbits the spleen and
 Total condemnation.
mesenterial lymph nodes are
enlarged and in the lungs,
liver and spleen
inflammatory-necrotic foci
can be observed;
 I pigs (and i other slaughter
animals) the pathology is
poor/non-characteristic.
Public health importance
 Important parasitozoonosis, not detectable by
meat inspection
 In humans, the causative
induces lymphadenitis,
meningoencephalitis, and
severe fetal development
abnormalities.
Disease/infections, causative
Clinical forms, symptoms
(ante mortem meat
inspection)
Sarcocystiosis
 The infection of slaughter
animals usually is
 Among Sarcocystis species,
symptomless;
the zoonotics are S. bovihominis  In sheep, the presence of
and S. suihominis;
high number of
 Development forms: cysts in
sarcosporidia can induce
the skeletal muscle of slaughter ematiation and cachexy.
animals and in the definite host
(humans , carnivores) intestinal
sarcosporidium;
 Importance in meat inspection:
meat infected by the cysts of the
zoonotic species can disease
humans;
 Sarcocysts can be killed by
freezing (-20oC, 1 day), and by
heat treatment (70oC, 15 min).
Pathological findings
Rules of slaughter,
(post mortem meat
judgement
inspection))
 Macroscopic findings are
 Sarcocystic animals are
developing mostly in sheep
totally unfit for human
(Picture 30), where 3-4 mm
consumption.
wide, greyish-white cysts
may occur in the muscles of
oesophagus, diaphragm and
in the inercostal and
masticatory muscles
(Miescher-tubes);
 In cattle sarcosporidia are,
but these can be seen only
microscopically;
 The very rare infection in
pigs results in high number of
spindle shaped formations in
the muscle postioned along
the muscle fibres.
Public health importance
 The zoonotic
sarcocystiosis in cattle and
pig is hardly detectable
during meat inspection;
 The intestinalsarcosporidiosis in humans
is manifested in vomiting,
diarrhoea, abdominal pain,
but frequently remains
symptomless.