ENERGY FLOW AND MATTER CYCLES CHAPTER 3
NAME _____________________________________ DATE _________________ PERIOD _______
WHERE DO MOST ORGANISMS GET THEIR ENERGY?
 The ___________!
 Plants, algae and some kinds of bacteria capture the sun light and produce ________________, an
energy rich food.
 This process is called ________________________________________.
 6_________ + 6_________+ _________
→ C6H12O6 + 6___________
 C6H12O6 is the _____________________________ which supplies the _______________ when bonds
are broken during respiration.
 ___________________________ (autotroph)- an organism that gets its energy from the sun.
Examples are grass, clover, trees
 ___________________________ (heterotroph)- organisms that eat other organisms. Examples are
rabbits, lions and spiders
 Consumers get their energy indirectly from the ___________ by eating producers or other organisms
that eat producers.
 _____________________________ eat only producers such as cows, sheep, deer and grasshoppers
 _____________________________ eat only other consumers such as hawks and lions
 Omnivores- eat both plants and animals such as humans, pigs and bears
 Scavengers- eat remains of dead animals such as vultures and _______________.
 Decomposers- get their food by breaking down dead organisms such as _____________________
and __________________
WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
________________________
C6H12O6+ 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H20 + energy
It is the process of breaking down food to get
Is an aerobic process
ENERGY TRANSFER
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Each time an organism eats another, a transfer of ___________________ occurs.
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We use food chains, food webs and trophic levels to follow the flow of food energy.
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Trophic= feeding level
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A simple representation of how energy is transferred. Food _____________
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A food _______ is a more accurate representation of what is really happening when organisms eat.
ENERGY PYRAMIDS
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Each layer is a _____________________ (feeding) layer Producers form the base level.
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Heterotrophs make up the second level and carnivores are on the rest of the levels
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As you go up the side of the pyramid, the amount of energy __________________________ and the
number of organisms also _____________________________.
HOW DOES ENERGY LOSS AFFECT AN ECOSYSTEM?
1. There are _____________ organisms at the higher trophic levels.
2. The loss of energy to each trophic level ___________________the number of levels in an ecosystem.
3. There are usually no more than 4-5 levels because there is not enough __________________ left to
support higher trophic levels.
This is an energy pyramid. Notice there is a ______% loss of energy as you go up the pyramid. What do you
notice about the number of organisms present at each trophic level?
3.2 RESOURCE RECYCLING IN NATURE: THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
There are 4 major cycles:
•
Hydrologic (water)
Mineral/nutrient
___________________
Nitrogen
THE NUTRIENT/MINERAL CYCLE
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Includes all the nutrients needed by organisms.
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Minerals originate in ____________and are released when rocks _____________________.
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Eventually these minerals end up in the _____________________ and soil.
THE CARBON CYCLE
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A key element in _______________________ molecules.
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Plants take in CO2 during photosynthesis and all organisms release it during
_________________________ (returned to the air).
•
Stored as a _________________________ (C6H12O6)
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Returned to air when organisms die and decompose.
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Can be stored for long periods of time in ____________________, ____________________, shells and
skeletons of marine organisms (CaCO3)
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Carbon is __________________ in fossil fuels and released when they ____________________.
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Fossil fuels = oil, coal, natural gas, ____________________________ and ______________________.
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CO2 is a __________________________________ and is believed to contribute to global warming.
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Carbon sinks= ocean and _________________
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
 Organisms need nitrogen to make _______________________.
 Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up _________% of the atmosphere.
 Plants need nitrogen to _____________, but cannot use it directly from the atmosphere.
 Nitrogen-fixing ______________________ convert the N2 into a useable form. This is called nitrogen
fixation.
 Some plants have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in __________________ on their roots which house the
bacteria- a mutualistic relationship. These plants are legumes such as peas, soy beans and alfalfa.
 Other bacteria live in the _______________ and add the nitrogen to the soil.
 How does nitrogen get “fixed”?
 Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by ________________________ into ammonia (NH3). Ammonia is
then converted into nitrite and then nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. Plants then take in the fixed
nitrogen.
 Animals get their needed nitrogen by ______________________________________.
 Not a lot of nitrogen in the soil, so it is added to the soil as animal manure and fertilizer.
3.3 MATTER AND ENERGY 3.4 KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY
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Mass, matter and energy
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Potential and kinetic energy
GIVE EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY
3.5 CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMS
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All cycling occurs in a ______________________.
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A system is a designated area, space or region under study.
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Earth is a ____________________ system as far as matter goes.
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Earth is an __________________ system as far as energy goes.
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Closed system: nothing enters or leaves. Everything is ____________________________________.
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Open system: things both enter and leave.
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Steady state: properties are constant because substances enter and leave at the ____________
_____________.
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Using figure 3.15, answer question 1 on page 85.
3.6 CONSERVATION LAWS
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Law Of Conservation Of Matter – total mass on earth is _______________________.
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Law of Conservation of Energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be
_______________________from one form to another ( mechanical → heat i.e. rubbing hands
together ).
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This law is also known as the First Law Of Thermodynamics.
WHY ARE THESE LAWS IMPORTANT IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?
6 FORMS OF ENERGY
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Mechanical
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Electrical
Heat (thermal)
Radiant (including light)
___________________
____________________
ENERGY SOURCES
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The Sun
– Energy drives the __________________, waves, and climate.
– Provides energy for photosynthesis.
– Fuels all life processes!
– Only _______% of sun’s radiation reaches Earth, and only ________% of that reaches the
atmosphere and surface.
Solar energy is stored in living __________________. These plants can form oil, coal, natural gas, oil shale,
tar sands
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Tides
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Earth’s Heat
– Geothermal energy
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Fission Fuels
– Energy stored in unstable uranium and thorium _______________
– Nuclear energy
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Fusion Fuels
– Involves combining small nuclei into larger nuclei. By combining nuclei (deuterium and
tritium), energy is released. (the sun)
3 PARTS TO THE 2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
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1. In any transformation of energy from one form to another, there is always a __________________
in the amount of useful energy.
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2. Heat cannot, by itself, flow from cold to hot. It spontaneously flows from ____________________.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwrel&v=C0NBosKaznA&NR=1
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3. In any closed system, disorder has a natural tendency to _______________________. (chaos,
randomness, entropy)
THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER:
THE KINETIC THEORY IS BASED ON 3 ASSUMPTIONS.
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1. All matter is made of ______________________________ or ions.
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2. Atoms, molecules and ions are in constant _________________. The greater the motion of the
particles, the warmer the object.
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3. Moving particles do not lose energy when they collide with each other or with a rigid container.
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Efficiency = useful energy or work x 100%
energy or work in
OR
Efficiency = work output
work input
x 100%
No efficiency can be greater than ________%
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You can’t get ___________work out of any process than what you put in.
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Energy is often lost to _________________ (heat) so industry tries to reduce friction by using
lubricants, making machines smooth…. Heat engines and lighting are very inefficient.
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See figures 3.39 and 3.40
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Study figures 3.41 and 3.42
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Complete the Questions/Tasks on pages 112 and 113 of your text.
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Net Energy - _______________ of total energy produced over the lifetime of the system to the total
energy, direct and indirect, used to produce that energy.
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Energy Quality – how ___________________ is the energy?
___________________________ energy can be used to move things or generate electricity. It
is organized and concentrated.
__________________ temperature heat is low quality. It is heat at a temperature near that
of the surroundings. It cannot be used to produce mechanical or electrical energy.
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE ENERGY DEPENDENT
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Therefore, energy quality is important.
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Most activities result in matter becoming more ___________________________ and as energy is
transformed, it goes to ___________________________ forms. Our energy supply is continuously
losing its ability to move objects and produce electricity.
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What can be done to improve our use of energy?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOQSAjc37Y