Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Questionnaire
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Questionnaire for Research Project: Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids All the following questions apply to the animals kept in your animal institution only. Ideally only one questionnaire should be completed per institution, and where possible data verified by record searches. Completion and return of the questionnaire will be considered consent for the use of the information provided for the purposes of this research study only. QUESTION 1: OPTIONAL QUESTION: Please provide either: a) The City and Country of your institution ……………………………………………………………………………….. OR b) Indicate the approximate location of your institution: Northern or Southern Hemisphere QUESTION 2: Please indicate the number of enclosures that contain macropodids: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QUESTION 3: 10 > 10 Please indicate the species of macropodids, colony characteristics (size/single or mixed macropodid species), and occurrence of dermatophytosis within approximately the last 10 years for each species? Macropodid species KANGAROOS Eastern Grey Macropus giganteus Western Grey M. fuliginosus Red M. rufus Antilopine M. antilopinus OTHER (Please specify) WALLABIES Agile M. agilis Tammar M. eugenii Enclosure characteristics *Select all applicable to each macropodid species # Information source: *Indicate occurrence in colonies rather than individuals (select all applicable) Colony Size * (no. macropodids) Enclosure Size <10 10-20 >20 <100m2 Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids 100-500m2 >500m2 Mixed macropodid species? * Y N Dermatophytosis occurrence Nonmacropodid species? * Y N No Page 1 Confirmed Suspected Recurrent Zoo Records Zoo Staff Macropodid species Parma (M. parma) Pretty-faced M. parry) Red-necked (Bennetts) M. rufogriseus Bridled nail-tailed Enclosure characteristics *Select all applicable to each macropodid species # Enclosure Size <10 10-20 >20 <100m2 >500m2 Information source: *Indicate occurrence in colonies rather than individuals (select all applicable) Colony Size * (no. macropodids) 100-500m2 Mixed macropodid species? * Y N Dermatophytosis occurrence Nonmacropodid species? * Y N No Confirmed Suspected Recurrent Zoo Records Zoo Staff Onychogalea fraenata Brush-tailed rock Petrogale penicillata Yellow-footed rock P. xanthopus Quokka Setonix brachyurus Swamp Wallabia bicolour OTHER (Please specify) TREE KANGAROOS Goodfellows Dendrolagus goodfellowi OTHER (Please specify) PADEMELONS Tasmanian Thylogale billardierii Red-legged T. stigmatica Red-necked T. theti OTHER (Please specify) Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 2 QUESTION 4: Please indicate the location of macropodid enclosures relative to each other (select all applicable): Immediately adjacent Within 50m but no direct contact 50-100m apart > 100m apart Please add any comments you may have on the occurrence of dermatophytosis and any apparent associations between different macropodid enclosures? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 5: Has dermatophytosis been confirmed or suspected in any of your macropodid colonies in approximately the last 10 years? No YOU HAVE NOW COMPLETED THIS QUESTIONNAIRE. THANK YOU SINCERELY FOR YOUR TIME. IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO RECEIVE A COPY OR SUMMARY OF THE STUDY RESULTS, PLEASE SEE INSTRUCTIONS AT THE END OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE Yes Please indicate the approximate frequency of occurrence of dermatophytosis in macropodids at your institution, then proceed to Question 6. Always present More than 3 times a year 2-3 times a year Approximately once a year Once every 2-3 years Less than once every 3 years QUESTION 6: What percentage of each macropodid species do you estimate are typically affected during an outbreak of dermatophytosis within an enclosure? Macropodid species KANGAROOS Eastern Grey Macropus giganteus Western Grey M. fuliginosus Red M. rufus Antilopine M. antilopinus OTHER (Please specify) WALLABIES Agile M. agilis Tammar M. eugenii Percentage of macropodid species within a colony typically affected during an outbreak of dermatophytosis < 10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-75% >75% 100% Information source: Zoo Records Zoo Staff Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 3 Macropodid species Parma (M. parma) Pretty-faced M. parry) Red-necked (Bennetts) M. rufogriseus Bridled nail-tailed Onychogalea fraenata Brush-tailed rock Petrogale penicillata Yellow-footed rock P. xanthopus Quokka Setonix brachyurus Swamp Wallabia bicolour OTHER (Please specify) TREE KANGAROOS Goodfellows Dendrolagus goodfellowi OTHER (Please specify) PADEMELONS Tasmanian Thylogale billardierii Red-legged T. stigmatica Red-necked T. theti OTHER (Please specify) QUESTION 7: Percentage of macropodid species within a colony typically affected during an outbreak of dermatophytosis < 10% 10-25% 25-50% 50-75% >75% 100% Information source: Zoo Records Zoo Staff Are multiple enclosures containing macropodids typically affected during an outbreak of dermatophytosis? No Yes Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 4 QUESTION 8: Are more than one species of macropodids housed in some enclosures? No Please proceed to question 10. Yes Please proceed to Question 9. QUESTION 9: Designate one enclosure no. for each mixed macropodid group, and indicate which macropodid species occur in that group, any other mammalian species within the group; and whether dermatophytosis has occurred (confirmed or suspected) in each species within that enclosure. Please indicate source of information for completing this table: Zoo Records: Zoo Staff: Macropodid species kept in mixed enclosures Enclosure No. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 KANGAROOS Eastern Grey (Macropus giganteus) Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Western Grey (M. fuliginosus) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N OTHER (Please specify): Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Antilopine (M. antilopinus) Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Red (M. rufus) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N WALLABIES Agile (M. agilis) Y N Tammar (M. eugenii) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Page 5 Y N Macropodid species kept in mixed enclosures Parma (M. parma) Enclosure No. No. 1 No. 10 Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N OTHER (Please specify): No. 9 Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Swamp (Wallabia bicolour) No. 8 Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) No. 7 Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Yellow-footed rock (P. xanthopus) No. 6 Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Brush-tailed rock (Petrogale penicillata) No. 5 Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Bridled nail-tailed (Onychogalea fraenata) No. 4 Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Red-necked (Bennetts) ( M. rufogriseus) No. 3 Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Pretty-faced (M. parryi) No. 2 Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N TREE KANGAROOS Goodfellows (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Page 6 Macropodid species kept in mixed enclosures Enclosure No. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N PADEMELONS Tasmanian (Thylogale billardierii) Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Red-legged (T. stigmatica) Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Red-necked (T. thetis) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Others (please specify) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Other mammals (please specify) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Other mammals (please specify) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Dermatophytosis Occurrence Y N Y N Y N QUESTION 10: Is there any apparent seasonality to the occurrence of macropodid dermatophytosis in your institution? No Yes If yes, dermatophytosis most typically occurs in (select all applicable): Summer/warm weather Winter/cool weather Humid weather Wet weather Comments: _______________________________________________________________________________________ Please proceed to Question 11 over the page: Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 7 QUESTION 11: In your experience, what is the typical profile of a dermatophyte-infected macropodid at your institution? (Mark the most applicable answer from each selection) Sex: Female Male No apparent sex predisposition Comments: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Age: Young Adult Aged adult No apparent age predisposition Comments: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Health-status: Healthy Immunocompromised No apparent health-status predisposition Comments: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ History of Concurrent Skin Disease: Yes Skin trauma No Ectoparasites Other Details: _ _________________________________________________ New colony member (< 3 months) Established colony member (> 3 months) Comments: ________________________________________________________________________________ Length of time in the colony: No apparent predisposition Reared by: Parent Hand No apparent predisposition Comments: __________________________________________________________________________________ No Yes Please state macropodid species most commonly affected by dermatophytosis: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Is there an apparent species predisposition? QUESTION 12: What dermatophyte genus and species have you isolated on fungal culture of macropodid skin lesions (select all applicable)? Macropodid species KANGAROOS Eastern Grey Macropus giganteus Western Grey M. fuliginosus Red M. rufus Dermatophyte species cultured: Trichophyton (Enter Subspecies mentagrophytes name if known) Microsporum canis M. gypseum M. cookei Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 8 Other – give details Macropodid species Antilopine M. antilopinus OTHER -Please specify WALLABIES Agile M. agilis Tammar M. eugenii Parma M. parma Pretty-faced M. parry Red-necked (Bennetts) M. rufogriseus Bridled nail-tailed Onychogalea fraenata Yellow-footed rock P. xanthopus Quokka Setonix brachyurus Swamp Wallabia bicolour OTHER Wallabies Please specify TREE KANGAROOS Goodfellows Dendrolagus. goodfellowi OTHER -Please specify Dermatophyte species cultured: Trichophyton (Enter Subspecies mentagrophytes name if known) Microsporum canis M. gypseum M. cookei PADEMELONS Tasmanian Thylogale billardierii Red-legged T. stigmatica Red-necked T. theti OTHER -Please specify Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 9 Other – give details QUESTION 13: Please indicate suspected sources of infection, and any known episodes of contagion to humans, for confirmed dermatophytosis outbreaks that have occurred in your macropodid colonies (select all applicable)? Contagion to staff? Dermatophytes genus & Source of Infection species Humans Environment Fomites Rodents New animal Uncertain Yes No Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton other – please specify: Trichophyton other – please specify: Microsporum canis Microsporum gypseum Microsporum cookei Other: Other: Please add any comments you may have on sources of infection of dermatophytosis or apparent risk of zoonosis in macropodids at your institution: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 14: Please indicate the relative frequency of occurrence of skin lesions associated with macropodid dermatophytosis at your institution (leave blank if uncertain). Skin Lesion Alopecia: well-demarcated Alopecia: patchy, poorly demarcated Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Frequency of occurrence Never Rarely Often Always Page 10 Skin Lesion Alopecia: circular lesions 1-2cm diameter Alopecia: circular lesions 3-5cm diameter Alopecia: circular lesions >5cm diameter Erythema (redness) Scaling Crusting Lichenification Hyperpigmentation Nodule Papules Pustules Other (give details): Other (give details): Frequency of occurrence Never Rarely Often Always QUESTION 15: Please indicate the relative frequency that specific body sites are affected in macropodid dermatophytosis at your institution (leave blank if uncertain). Body Site Face Pinnae Trunk: ventral Trunk: dorsal Fore legs Hind feet Hocks Tail Other (please specify) Frequency of lesions Never Rarely Often Always Comment on any apparent macropodid species variations in affected sites: ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 11 QUESTION 16: Pruritus in association with macropodid dermatophytosis at this institution is typically: Absent Present in some cases Present in most cases Always present When present, the degree of pruritus is typically: Mild Moderate Severe QUESTION 17: Please indicate the relative importance of macropodid dermatophytosis within your institution in relation to the following parameters: Patient discomfort: No concern Minimal concern Major importance Cosmetic appearance: No concern Minimal concern Major importance Risks of contagion to other animals: No concern Minimal concern Major importance Risks of contagion to humans: No concern Minimal concern Major importance Need for contagion measures: No impact Minimal Impact Major impact QUESTION 18: Please indicate the frequency of use of diagnostic testing (any tests) in comparison to presumed diagnosis based on typical lesional appearance for suspected macropodid dermatophytosis during: a) An initial outbreak: Diagnostic Testing is used: Never Rarely Often Always Typical lesion appearance is used alone (without fungal testing): Never Rarely Often Always b) Subsequent outbreaks of disease: Diagnostic Testing is used: Never Rarely Typical lesion appearance is used alone (without fungal testing): Never Often Always Rarely Often QUESTION 19: Please indicate the frequency of use of the following tests for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis in macropodids in your institution: Frequency of use Fungal Test During an initial outbreak During subsequent outbreaks Never Rarely Often Always Never Rarely Often Always Fungal culture from plucked hairs Fungal culture from hairs AND scale Trichogram (hairs) Skin scraping (scale/hairs) Tape impression smear (scale/hairs) Other (please specify) Please proceed to Question 20 over the page. Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 12 Always QUESTION 20: Please indicate the apparent value of the following tests (if used at your institution) for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis in macropodids: Fungal Test Poor Fair Fungal culture from plucked hairs Fungal culture from hairs AND scale Trichogram (hairs) Skin scraping (scale/hairs) Tape impression smear (scale/hairs) Skin biopsies Other (please specify) Sensitivity of diagnostic tests Good Excellent QUESTION 21: When fungal culture is performed, samples are processed at an: External laboratory In-house laboratory Please indicate when known: Media Used: DTM (Dermatophyte test medium) Seborauds Agar Other Media (please specify) ___________________________________ Incubation temperature Incubation period Do you have any other comments on fungal culture for macropodid dermatophytosis? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 22: Please indicate the frequency of use, ease of use, and dose rates used, for the following treatments for dermatophytosis in macropodids in your institution. Dermatophytosis Frequency of Use Ease of Use Dose Rates & Frequency of Admin Treatment Never Rarely Often Always Poor Fair Good Excellent Systemic medication Griseofulvin Itraconazole Terbinafine Fluconazole Ketoconazole Other (give details) Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 13 Dermatophytosis Treatment Topical medication Enilconazole rinse Iodine Clipping/cleaning Other (give details) Never Frequency of Use Rarely Often Always Poor Ease of Use Fair Good Excellent Other (give details) Other (give details) Dose Rates & Frequency of Admin Do you have any other comments on treatment? Is there macropod species variation? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 23: Please indicate the apparent efficacy and frequency of side effects for treatments used for dermatophytosis in macropodids in your institution. Dermatophytosis Treatment Apparent Efficacy Poor Fair Good Excellent Frequency of Side Effects Variable Never Rarely Often Comments Always Systemic medication Griseofulvin Itraconazole Terbinafine Fluconazole Ketoconazole Other (give details) Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 14 Dermatophytosis Treatment Apparent Efficacy Excellent Frequency of Side Effects Poor Fair Good Variable Enilconazole rinse Iodine Clipping/cleaning Other (give details) Other (give details) Other (give details) Never Comments Rarely Often Always Topical medication QUESTION 24: Please indicate the frequency of use of treatment/contagion principles in relation to dermatophytosis outbreaks in macropodids in your institution. Treatment Frequency of Use Principles Never Rarely Often Always No treatment of macropods implemented Treat all in-contact macropods Treat affected animals only Duration of treatment based on clinical lesions Duration of treatment guided by fungal cultures Clinically affected animals isolated Quarantine measures enforced for affected enclosures Environmental disinfection used: Vircon Environmental disinfection used: Bleach Environmental disinfection used: Other (give details) Other (give details) Please proceed to Question 25 over the page. Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 15 QUESTION 25: Please indicate the estimated time taken to achieve clinical resolution of macropodid dermatophytosis in your institution: a) With treatment: Less than 1 month 1-2 months 3-4 months Greater than 4 months b) Without treatment: Less than 1 month 1-2 months 3-4 months Greater than 4 months Please add any additional comments you may have on dermatophytosis in macropodids. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ OPTIONAL: Provide relevant contact details below if you would like to receive a copy of the study findings: Name: Postal Address: Email Address: I would like to receive a summary or full copy of the research project. THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE. THANK YOU SINCERELY FOR TAKING THE TIME TO COMPLETE THIS QUESTIONNAIRE. Dr Larry Vogelnest Taronga Zoo Dr Linda Vogelnest University of Sydney Katie Boulton (Yr 5 BVSc undergraduate student) University of Sydney Please return completed questionnaires via mail, fax or email to: Dr Linda Vogelnest Email: linda.vogelnest@sydney.edu.au Fax: +61 2 46551212 Mailing address: Dr Linda Vogelnest University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Camden Mail Bag 4004, Narellan, NSW, 2567 Australia Dermatophytosis in Zoo Macropodids Page 16
