HSS 306: Human Physiology
Exam 1
ANSWER KEY
Name______________________________
For each question, select the correct answer(s) by circling the letter number(s).
Incorrect answers have a strike-through. ANSWER EXPLANATION IN CAPS. O.K.
EITHER WAY IS JUST THAT – YOU GET CREDIT NO MATTER WHAT.
1. The act of lifting the bar in a biceps curl exercise:
a. Is a concentric biceps movement P.409, CLASS NOTES
b. Is an eccentric triceps movement 0K EITHER WAY BECAUSE TRICEPS
STILL CONTRACTS AND LENGTHENS
c. Moves the biceps insertion point closer to the elbow joint CLASS NOTES
d. Could activate golgi tendon organs in the biceps if the weight is too heavy P.435
2. Skeletal muscle fiber:
a. Generally contains muscles spindles and golgi tendon organs P.432, 436 BUT
OK EITHER WAY, ALTHOUGH MUSCLE FIBER DOES NOT
CONTAIN THEM; MUSCLES DO
b. Is innervated by only one neuron CLASS NOTES, P.408,P.382
c. Contains a ready supply of ATP P.401
d. Is capable of concentric or eccentric movement CLASS NOTES
3. Troponin:
a. Contains binding sites for calcium and ATP P. 399, NOT AN ATP SITE
b. Is considered a contractile protein P.394, IT’S A REGULATORY, NOT
CONTRACTILE PROTEIN (IT DOESN’T CONTRACT)
c. Supplies the energy needed to return calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic
reticulum CD – ATP SUPPLIES THE ENERGY, NOT TROPONIN
d. Controls tropomyosin’s position with respect to myosin P.399, THAT’S ITS
ROLE
4. ATP:
a. Can be found in the mitochondria of muscle fibers CD – THAT’S WHERE
MOST OF THE FIBER’S ATP IS MADE
b. Is necessary to break the myosin/actin bond CD AND P.397
c. Can be produced via oxygen and glucose in the OK EITHER WAY
d. Contains a high energy bond between an inorganic phosphate and ADP CD AND
P.397
5. Amine-based hormones:
a. Include epinephrine, an excitatory hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
P.210-11
b. Include epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which serve not only as
hormones but neurotransmitters as well EPINEPHRINE IS NOT A
NEUROTRANSMITTER; NOREPI IS. P.865 (TEXT GLOSSARY)
c. Are released from the parent cell by either exocytosis or simple diffusion P.214
d. Bind to receptors located on cell membranes or the nucleus P.214
6. The posterior pituitary gland, like the anterior pituitary gland:
a. Secretes trophic hormones SECRETES OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN,
NEITHER OF WHICH CONTROL THE SECRETION OF ANOTHER
HORMONE (THE DEFINITION OF TROPHIC, P.223).
b. Secretes its hormones into the portal system ONLY THE ANTERIOR
PITUITARY GLAND DOES THIS P.225. THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
SECRETES STRAIGHT INTO THE BLOOD P.224.
c. Receives its signal to secrete hormones from the hypothalamus’s releasing
hormones RELEASING HORMONES ONLY WORK FOR THE
ANTERIOR PITUITARY P.223.
d. Secretes neurohormones P.222
7. The adrenal gland:
a. Secretes catecholamines due to neural stimulation of it medulla P.380
b. Secretes the steroid cortisol due to hormonal stimulation from an anterior
pituitary hormone P.223
c. Can be considered a type of sympathetic ganglion because it contains a synapse
in its medulla between a preganglionic neuron and a specialized cell body with
no axons P.377
d. Secretes both catecholamines and cortisol in the fight-or-flight response CLASS
NOTES, AND P.377
8. Steroid hormones:
a. Tend to bind to protein carrier molecules due to insolubility in plasma P.217
b. Diffuse through target cell membranes readily only if unbound to carrier
molecules P.217
c. Have longer half-life than peptides because their associated receptors are in the
target cell nucleus P.217, HALF-LIFE HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH
WHERE THE RECEPTORS ARE. IT’S BECAUSE THEY ARE BOUND
TO PROTEIN CARRIERS.
d. Include some that are trophic THERE ARE NO TROPHIC STEROIDS,
DERIVED FROM P.223 AND P.210-11
9. The pancreas:
a. Can be an integrating center for incoming neural signals P.220 FIG 7-9
b. Can receive a neural signal from the CNS that stretch receptors in digestive tract
have been stimulated SAME FIG 7-9
c. Contains endocrine cells P.219
d. Is part of a negative feedback loop controlling hormone release SAME FIG 7-9
10. A primary sensory neuron:
a. Has only one receptor field P.324
b. Often diverges to many other neurons OK EITHER WAY
c. For somatic senses, always synapses with the secondary neuron in the CNS P.
330, FIG 10-9
d. In the olfactory sense, contains non-neural receptors P.337 RECEPTORS ARE
NEURAL CELLS, NOT NON-NEURAL LIKE OTHER SPECIAL SENSE
RECEPTORS
11. A single taste cell:
a. Can sense up to five different types of ligands P.339 AND CLASS NOTES –
ONE TASTE CELL SENSES ONLY ONE LIGAND TYPE
b. Releases neurotransmitter to the primary sensory neuron upon the influx of
calcium into its cytoplasm P.339
c. Uses receptor-mediated transduction for all five tastes SEE A. ABOVE
d. Is considered a neural cell P.338 – IT’S A NON-NEURAL POLARIZED
EPITHELIAL CELL
12. A very loud high-pitched sound:
a. At 30 decibels is twice as loud as a sound at 15 decibels P.342 – THIS WOULD
BE MORE THAN 10 TIMES LOUDER
b. Emits a sound wave of high frequency P.341
c. Emits a sound wave of low amplitude P.341 HIGH AMPLITUDE = LOUD
d. Triggers displacement of the basilar membrane in a section closer to the round
window P.346
13. The vestibular apparatus:
a. Contains receptors that sense dynamic and static equilibrium P.347
b. Can be the site of abnormalities leading to difficulties with posture and body
position balance CLASS NOTES AND P.349
c. Contain only one type of receptors: mechanoreceptors P.347 AND P.323,
TABLE 10-2
d. Sends neural signals to eye muscles to coordinate eye movement P.349
14. In the sense of vision:
a. Depth of field is primarily determined by pupil size P.352
b. Pupil size is primarily determined by the amount of light P.352
c. The amount of light determines where the light rays will converge on the retina
P.353 – LIGHT RAY CONVERGENCE DEPENDS ON THE MEDIUM
THROUGH WHICH THEY PASS (CORNEA, LENS, EYEGLASSES)
d. Light rays will converge in front of the retina if the lens is too convex CLASS
NOTES AND P.355
15. Depth perception:
a. Is not possible with blindness in one eye P.361 – ONLY OCCURS IN
BINOCULAR ZONE OF VISION WHICH REQUIRES TWO EYES
b. Occurs only in a portion of the visual field P.361 – BINOCULAR ZONE IS A
PORTION OF THE VISUAL FIELD
c. Assures that everything within the visual field is in focus P.361, HAS LITTLE
TO DO WITH FOCUS
d. Has its boundaries prescribed by each eye’s blind spot P.355 – BLIND SPOT IS
WHERE OPTIC NERVE EXITS RETINA. IT HAS NOTHING TO DO
WITH DEPTH PERCEPTION
16. The autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, unlike the somatic motor
division:
a. Does not include skeletal muscle as its target cells P.370 AND P. 373, FIG 11-5
b. Is involuntary BOTH HAVE VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY
COMPONENTS BUT OK EITHER WAY
c. Contains reflex pathways P.370 - BOTH DO
d. Contains sensory pathways P. 370 - BOTH DO (OR, ACCORDING THE
CLASSIC DEFINITION, NEITHER DO SINCE THEY ARE
TECHNICALLY EFFERENT)
17. Ganglia:
a. Location helps distinguish parasympathetic from sympathetic pathways P.372
b. Are the sites of synapses in the CNS P.372 – GANGLIA LIE OUTSIDE CNS
c. Can be integrating centers for reflex pathways P.372
d. Contain the axon terminals of preganglionic neurons for both the sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions P.373 – SHOWN IN FIG 11-5
18. The monosynaptic reflex:
a. Does not have a synapse in the CNS P.429 – IT MUST
b. Does not involve interneurons P.429 AND CLASS NOTES – IT CAN’T
BECAUSE IT WOULD THEN BE POLYSYNAPTIC
c. Is an example of an autonomic reflex P.429, TABLE 13-1
d. Is integrated only in the spinal cord P.429
19. The golgi tendon organ:
a. Protects skeletal muscle from too much force generation P.436
b. Unlike the muscle spindle, is part of a polysynaptic reflex P.435 FIG 13-6 –
GOLGI IS POLYSYNAPTIC, SPINDLE IS MONO
c. Generates a response opposite to that of the muscle spindle P.435
d. Generates an inhibitory response P.435 FIG 13-6 AND P.436
20. The crossed extensor reflex:
a. Helps the body adjust posturally to a reflex pathway that requires flexion of
another body part CLASS NOTES AND P.437
b. Is a monosynaptic pathway P. 438 FIG 13-8 – MANY SYNAPSES, NOT ONE
IS MONOSYNAPTIC
c. Does not involve an inhibitory interneuron P.438 FIG 13-8, IT CLEARLY
DOES
d. Can also be considered an eccentric reflex P.437 AND 438 – NO SUCH
THING AND NOTHING ECCENTRIC IS HAPPENING IN CROSS
EXTENSOR REFLEX. ECCENTRIC ≠ EXTENSION