A Robotics Platform for Automated Batch Fabrication of High Density, Microfluidics-Based
DNA Microarrays, with Applications to Single Cell, Multiplex Assays of Secreted Proteins.
A. Habib Ahmad 1 , B. Alex Sutherland 1 , C. Young Shik Shin 1 , D. Kiwook Hwang 1 , E. Lidong
Qin 2 , F. Russell-John Krom 1 , and G. James R. Heath 1,b *
1 NanoSystems Biology Cancer Center and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, MC 127-72, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
2 Current address: Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering
The University of Texas at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Suite 537, Houston, Texas, 77030 (USA)
Table S1: Oligonucleotide reagents used in assays
Figure S1. Calibration Curves for Multiplex Protein Assays
Figure S2. THP-1 cells exhibit distinct morphological changes following exposure to PMA/LPS stimulation
Figure S3. Scatter plots for proteins MMP9 and TNF extracted from two separate secretion chips.
Supplementary Experimental Methods

G
G'
H
H'
E
E'
F
F'
C
C'
D
D'
A
A'
B
B'
I
I'
J
J'
K
K'
M
M'
Table S1. Oligonucleotide reagents used for microarray barcode patterning
Name Sequence
5'- AAA AAA AAA AAA AAT CCT GGA GCT AAG TCC GTA-3'
5' NH3- AAA AAA AAA ATA CGG ACT TAG CTC CAG GAT-3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA AAA AGC CTC ATT GAA TCA TGC CTA -3'
5' NH3AAA AAA AAA ATA GGC ATG ATT CAA TGA GGC -3'
5'- AAA AAA AAA AAA AGC ACT CGT CTA CTA TCG CTA -3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ATA GCG ATA GTA GAC GAG TGC -3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA AAA AAT GGT CGA GAT GTC AGA GTA -3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ATA CTC TGA CAT CTC GAC CAT -3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA AAA AAT GTG AAG TGG CAG TAT CTA -3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ATA GAT ACT GCC ACT TCA CAT -3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA AAA AAT CAG GTA AGG TTC ACG GTA -3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ATA CCG TGA ACC TTA CCT GAT -3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA AAA TGC TCG GGA AGG CTA CTC-3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA AAT TGA CCA AAC TGC GGT GCG-3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ACG CAC CGC AGT TTG GTC AAT-3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA ATG CCC TAT TGT TGC GTC GGA-3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ATC CGA CGC AAC AAT AGG GCA-3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA ATC TTC TAG TTG TCG AGC AGG-3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ACC TGC TCG ACA ACT AGA AGA-3'
5'-AAA AAA AAA ATA ATC TAA TTC TGG TCG CGG-3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA ACC GCG ACC AGA ATT AGA TTA-3'
5'-Cy3-AAA AAA AAA AGT CGA GGA TTC TGA ACC TGT-3'
5' NH3-AAA AAA AAA AAC AGG TTC AGA ATC CTC GAC-3'
56.5
55.7
55.7
54.7
56.9
56.1
59.3
58.6
T m
57.9
57.2
57.4
55.9
57.6
56.2
59.9
60.8
60.1
60.1
56.5
57.5
55.4
56.3
57.6
56.9

Figure S1. Calibration Curves for Multiplex Protein Assays. Calibration curves for the proteins detected in single cell secretion experiments, generated from recombinant proteins detected on antibody barcodes. Lower detection limits for most proteins are within an order of magnitude of the limits expected from commercial ELISA kits.
Figure S2. THP-1 cells exhibit distinct morphological changes following exposure to PMA/LPS stimulation. Native cells (a) are distinctly spherical while their stimulated counterparts (b) are more spread out.

Figure S3. Scatter plots for proteins MMP9 and TNF extracted from two separate secretion chips demonstrate strong similarities in the aggregate expression profiles. The similarity is verified by calculated p-values of 0.640 and 0.435, respectively.
Supplementary Experimental Methods
1. Microfluidic Chip Fabrication for DNA patterning
Barcode microfluidic substrates were fabricated using standard soft lithography protocols. The master mold, consisting of long meandering channels with a 20×20
 m cross section, was generated by deep reactive ion (DRIE) etching. It was then clamped between a pair of
Aluminum plates bearing cutouts corresponding to the mold pattern. Sylgard PDMS (Corning) prepolymer and curing agent were mixed in a 10:1 ratio (w/w) and poured into the cutouts, which are then sealed with a special acrylic plate. The plate contains a set of embedded 24 gauge wires (New England Small Tube) which extend below into the PDMS and define locations and dimensions of the access holes. After curing at 80°C for 1 hour, the plates are disassembled and the PDMS slab is released from its mold. A thin membrane of PDMS still separates each access hole from its corresponding microfluidic channel; these membranes are punctured in parallel by pressing the slab onto the backside of our acrylic plate. For substrates with on-chip metering, only the input side membranes were punctured. Finally, the PDMS chip was bonded to a poly-L-Lysine coated glass slide (Thermo Scientific) to form the final substrate.
2. Microfluidic chip fabrication for the multi-protein detection
The PDMS microfluidic chip for the cell experiment was fabricated by two-layer soft lithography. A push-down valve configuration was utilized with a thick control layer bonded to a thin flow layer underneath. The molds for the control layer were fabricated with SU8 2010 negative photoresist (~20  m thickness), while the flow layer was fabricated with SPR 220-7 positive photoresist (~18  m), respectively; the latter patterns were rounded via thermal treatment to allow complete valve closure. The thick control layer was made by pouring a 5:1 mixture of GE RTV 615 PDMS prepolymer part A/B (w/w) over the mold. A 20:1 mixture of GE
RTV 615 part A/B (w/w) was spin coated onto the flow layer mold at 2000 rpm for 60 sec, and

both layers were cured at 80°C for 1 hour. The control layer was then cut from its mold and aligned to the flow layer. An additional 60 min of thermal treatment at 80°C ensured that the two layers bonded into a monolithic device, which was then peeled from its mold and punched to create appropriate access holes. Finally, the PDMS chip was thermally bonded to a microarray-patterned glass slide to form the working device.
3. Barcode validation
1% BSA/PBS blocking buffer was applied along the length of the barcode microarray via micropipette. Two stripes of ~3mm width are applied on opposite sides of the slide, and allowed to block the array for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the blocking buffer is replaced with 30  l of a cocktail containing Cy3-tagged complementary DNAs at 20 ng/ml; one side of the array is assayed with strands A’ and C’, while the other is assayed with strands B’ and D’. After 30 minutes of incubation, the DNA cocktails are rinsed away with 1% BSA/PBS. The entire slide is then rinsed with 1xPBS, then 0.1xPBS, and finally spin-dried.
4. Cell culture and stimulation of THP-1 cells
We cultured human monocyte THP-1 cells (clone TIB 202) in RPMI-1640 (ATCC) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 10 μM 2-mercaptoethanol. Cells grown close to the maximum density (0.8×10 6
cells/mL) were chosen for the experiment in order to minimize variation of cell cycles. Cells were first treated with 100 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
( PMA) for 12 hours, during which a characteristic morphological change was noticed as an indication of the induction to macrophages. Cells were washed with fresh media and resuspended in media with PMA (100 ng/mL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200 ng/mL) at 0.5×10
6
cells/mL for further differentiation and TLR-4 activation.
5. Multi-protein detection
Protein detection assays were initiated by blocking the chip with 1% bovine serum albumin
(BSA) in PBS to prevent non-specific binding. This 1% BSA/PBS solution was used as a working buffer for most subsequent steps. After blocking, a 200  l cocktail containing all 11 DNAantibody conjugates at 250 ng/ml in working buffer was flowed through the micro channels for
1 hour. Unbound DNA-antibody conjugates were washed away with 100  l of fresh buffer. A dilute suspension of THP-1 cells stimulated with PMA and LPS was flowed into the channels and a control valve was activated at 20psi to partition the channel into multiple discrete chambers.
The device is then placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours to allow cellular secretions to accumulate. Afterwards, the control valve is released and the cells flushed from their chambers with fresh buffer. A 200  l cocktail containing biotin-labeled detection antibodies (~500 ng/ml) in working buffer was then flowed through the microchannels, followed by a 200
 l mixture of
100 ng/ml Cy5-labeled straptavidin and 25 ng/ml Cy3-labeled M’ ssDNA in working buffer to complete the immune sandwich assay. Finally, the microchannels were rinsed with working buffer, the PDMS chip was removed, and the bare microarray slide was rinsed sequentially with
1

PBS, 0.5

PBS, and DI water before spin-drying.
6. Data analysis

The microarray slide was scanned with a GenePix 4400A (Axon Instruments) to obtain a fluorescence image for both Cy3 and Cy5 dyes. Complementary DNA validation scans were performed in the 532 nm channel with 15% laser power and 600 optical gain. Secretion study scans were performed with 50% (635 nm) and 15% (532 nm) laser power, 500 (635 nm) and
450 (532 nm) optical gain. The averaged fluorescence intensities for all barcodes were obtained by custom-developed Matlab and Excel code.
7. Equipment
The mechanical components of our design were chosen to provide the maximum accuracy and precision available. To that end, x- and y-axis motion is accomplished by Parker 404LXR linear motor stages with 400mm travel and 1µm encoder resolution. θ motion is accomplished by a simple stepper motor (Parker HV Series) coupled with a planetary gearhead reducer (Alpha
TP004) which provides fine control via a 100:1 reducing ratio. Finally, z-axis motion utilizes a ballscrew positioner (Parker 404XR) with 200mm travel. The elastomeric nature of PDMS allows some limited mismatch between injector pins and their target holes, and indeed we observed substrates shifting slightly within their holding tray positions to accommodate small mismatches. However, excessive mismatches cause pins to simply compress the PDMS without mating their target holes; we estimate up to ~300µm misalignment may be tolerated using the outlined injector design. As such, lower precision stages can be substituted for those employed in our initial design. Likewise, the travel requirements of our x- and y-stages are significantly less than the capabilities of the models employed; as such, our current equipment is able to address a significantly larger slide stage if increased substrate capacity is desired.
The pressure plate’s mechanical motion is driven by a set of four double-acting pneumatic injectors (McMaster Carr) that provide 1 inch of travel and up to 6lbs of force each. Control is achieved by a pair of solenoids (Gems Sensors M-series) that alternately vent or pressurize the injectors using a 30psi compressed air input. A proportional valve (Burkert) is employed to ramp the pressure gently and thereby avoid violent motion.
The instrument presented here requires ~$40,000 in materials and equipment costs, which is roughly in line with low throughput commercial microarray tools. Incidental components and custom-fabricated structural pieces represent a small portion of that budget; e.g. custom laserdrilled pieces (injector-, pressure-, mold-plates) were fabricated for just a few dollars each
( www.bclaserworks.com
). The bulk of the budget, ~$35,000, was spent on Parker positioning and vision equipment, and this represents an obvious target for cost reduction. In addition to using off-brand positioners, the requirements for the x- and y-axis units may be significantly relaxed as indicated above. Together we estimate a ~$10,000 reduction in build cost to be easily at hand, which would bring the instrument costs closer to popular “homebrew” microarray solutions (~$25,000).