China Energy Databook
User Guide and Documentation
Access 2003 Standalone Version
Version 7.0
October 2008
Editors:
David Fridley and Nathaniel Aden
Associate Editors:
Hongyou Lu and Nina Zheng
*Energy Analysis Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
This work was supported by the US Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231.
China Energy Databook 7.0
First release, seventh revised edition: October 2008
DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY: Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, including the warranties of fitness for a
particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information disclosed herein.
Published in the United States by
China Energy Group
Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
One Cyclotron Road
Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
http://china.lbl.gov
No portion of this work, including all contents of this CD-ROM, may be reproduced or distributed without
proper acknowledgment. No portion of the database may be altered and distributed without written
permission of the authors.
Foreword to the Seventh Edition
Since 2001, China’s energy consumption has grown more quickly than expected by
Chinese or international observers. This edition of the China Energy Databook traces
the growth of the energy system through 2006. As with version six, the Databook
covers a wide range of energy-related information, including resources and reserves,
production, consumption, investment, equipment, prices, trade, environment, economy,
and demographic data. These data provide an extensive quantitative foundation for
understanding China’s growing energy system.
In addition to providing updated data through 2006, version seven includes revised
energy and GDP data back to the 1990s. In the 2005 China Energy Statistical Yearbook,
China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) published revised energy production,
consumption, and usage data covering the years 1998 to 2003. Most of these revisions
related to coal production and consumption, though natural gas data were also adjusted.
In order to accommodate underestimated service sector growth, the NBS also released
revised GDP data in 2005. Beyond the inclusion of historical revisions in the seventh
edition, no attempt has been made to rectify known or suspected issues in the official
data. The purpose of this volume is to provide a common basis for understanding
China’s energy system.
In order to broaden understanding of China’s energy system, the Databook includes
information from industry yearbooks, periodicals, and government websites in addition
to data published by NBS. Rather than discarding discontinued data series, information
that is no longer possible to update has been placed in “C section” tables and figures in
each chapter. As with previous versions, the data are presented in digital database and
tabular formats. The compilation of updated data is the result of tireless work by Lu
Hongyou and Nina Zheng.
The China Energy Databook v.7.0 owes its existence to the support of the Dow
Chemical Company. We are grateful for Dow’s support and patience.
Finally, we would like to thank our many colleagues here at LBNL and in China who
have, over the years, collaborated on and contributed to various editions of the
Databook, as well as the many users who have continued to offer comments,
corrections, and advice.
Nathaniel Aden
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
NTAden@lbl.gov
David Fridley
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
DGFridley@lbl.gov
October 2008
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Foreword to the Sixth Edition
As this version of the China Energy Databook is released, China’s role in the global
energy system is receiving a great deal of attention around the world. China recently
surpassed Japan to become the second-largest consumer of oil, and its demand for oil is
anticipated to rise significantly, drawing attention to its growing impact on international
oil markets. Its national policy calls for expanding supplies of imported natural gas, a
strategy that has raised concerns about apparent competition with other consumers.
Ambitious plans for exploiting China’s extensive hydropower resources have intensified
calls to mitigate environmental and social costs, as well as impacts to countries
downstream. Intensifying regional and global attention to the impacts of fossil fuel use
have kept China, already the world’s second-largest energy user, in the spotlight.
If anything, this Databook is more relevant today than when it was first published over
ten years ago. The amount and variety of statistical materials pertaining to China’s
energy system that have been publicly released in China continue to increase, and as
new categories of information are published others are discontinued. Provincial energy
balances have been published, providing an important view of changes in demand and
supply in China’s widely divergent regions. While a great deal of information is available
in widely circulated bilingual (Chinese and English) sources like the National Bureau of
Statistics’ China Statistical Yearbook, much of it is only published in Chinese and not
easily obtained outside the country. Sometimes the form of published data make them
difficult to use, and often statistical categories are unclear.
As with past editions, this volume represents an attempt to bring together important,
publicly available statistical information and present it in a clear and consistent format
to an international audience that is keen to understand how China has reached its
current state. In addition to bringing hard-to-find information to a wider audience, the
electronic database that has been built from national and provincial energy balances
puts over 95,000 data points into a form that allows users with some facility with Excel
to quickly perform a wide variety of analytic tasks.
No attempt has been made to rectify known or suspected issues in official data; there are
no alternate systems that collect statistical information in parallel to those already in
place in China. While adjustments based on careful analysis are often needed in order to
come to informed judgments, it is not the aim of this publication to second-guess
China’s sources of statistical information. Rather, we aim to provide a common basis on
which interested parties can form their own views. We hope that wider understanding of
the issues in existing statistics will give rise to greater support for improving collection
and compilation of energy data in China and elsewhere.
We would like to thank our many colleagues here at LBNL and in China who have, over
the years, collaborated on and contributed to various editions of the Databook, as well
as the many users who have continued to offer comments, corrections, and advice.
Jonathan Sinton and David Fridley
16 June 2004
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Foreword to the Fifth Edition
Like the first four editions of the China Energy Databook, this new electronic edition
follows the original Databook approach of presenting analytically useful reports of
energy use and related data from China. To date, Chinese publications—particularly the
1989, 1991, and 1991-1996 editions of the China Energy Statistical Yearbook—have
been largely restricted to presentation of historical time series and energy balance
tables, requiring substantial additional work to develop ‘cross views’ of China’s energy
data. By combining the official energy data from China’s National Bureau of Statistics
(formerly the State Statistical Bureau) and from multiple industrial, environmental, and
other data sources into one publication, and by presenting these data in multiple views,
the Databook facilitates their use for analysis and research. The electronic version
provides a new capacity to ensure consistency of data entry over time, of data
conversion, citation and sourcing, and of highlighting discrepancies in official data
sources. Geared to both Chinese and non-Chinese users, the Databook is intended to be
a basic application for reference and analysis.
Unlike the previous printed editions, this edition of the Databook has been completely
revamped and organized into two main elements: the China Energy Databook database
application and the China Energy Databook data tables. The database application,
developed from scratch and now containing over 45,000 data values, provides robust
database functions, queries, automatic conversions, data notations and full source
citations by data value, and alternative data views, all encompassed within a userfriendly interface. The contents include national and provincial energy balances and
detailed industrial energy consumption by sector, while the extracts provide the ‘cross
views’ of these data based on those in the original Databook. The data tables, also based
on the original Databook, have been completely updated, and new tables on pricing,
transportation, and environment have been added. We emphasize that all data
contained in the database and data tables are official Chinese data, and include only
those that are currently publicly available. In a departure from the previous Databook,
tables that provided interpretive adjustments to Chinese data, as well as the interpretive
essays, have been omitted from this electronic version. As these updated analyses
become available, they, and new ones, will be posted on the China Energy web page at
http://china.lbl.gov.
Some functionality of the distribution versions of the database have been turned off to
ensure the integrity of the data and to preserve the citability of the publication. The data
and sources are read-only, and the queries cannot be modified, but the notation
function remains enabled. Some users may have appropriate need for the full
development version of the database application, and arrangements for limited
distribution are being considered.
As in many undertakings of this magnitude and complexity, a number of unforeseen
difficulties arose. Requiring that each data point be referenced and to allow notation
added to the complexity of programming and debugging, but given the inconsistencies
of even official Chinese data, this function was deemed a necessity. Attempting to match
the original Databook in table formatting would have greatly increased the time and
cost of creating database reports, so a simpler query approach was adopted. Conversion
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to HTML format also highlighted the discrepancy between the cascading style sheet
language generated by Excel and the browser display of this language using Netscape.
Manual recoding was not possible, so problems with table and figure display in Netscape
have not yet been solved. Nonetheless, providing native format files in addition to
HTML and PDF should permit use on nearly any PC setup.
Even with the increased functionality of the Databook, we hope to be able to add new
extensions and functions for the next version to increase its usefulness and accessibility.
In addition to updating the data series, these new efforts include dynamic links between
Excel and the database, including a charting module, expanding the data scope to
include data by oil field, gas field and coal mine, and expansion of the Databook web site
to include interactive features.
Creation of this new version of the Databook involved a tremendous effort by many
committed and skilled people. Michael Simcich of Access Tools, who designed and
programmed the database, was invaluable in translating our sometime unusual concept
ideas into reality, consistently patient with our numerous requests and questions,
meticulous in attention to detail, and in the end came to understand Chinese energy
data better than most people. Bryan Lehman tackled the daunting task of entering over
45,000 data points, his eagle eye catching numerous errors and inconsistencies in the
data series. Joanna Lewis managed the update, development, and formatting of over
300 Excel data tables, juggling a plethora of Chinese source materials, nearly all in
Chinese. Zhou Fengqi and Li Ji of China’s Energy Research Institute handled the
assembly of over five years of new data and new source materials, and worked with the
National Bureau of Statistics to provide explanations of unclear data or other data
problems. We also value the assistance of Jean Ku and Lin Jieming, who worked on data
compilation and entry. Mark Levine’s continued support throughout this process is
greatly appreciated.
The China Energy Databook v. 5.0 owes its existence to the support of the China
Sustainable Energy Program of the Energy Foundation, the Sustainable Energy
Programme of the Shell Foundation, and the Office of Industrial Technology of the US
Department of Energy. Our grateful thanks go out for the support and patience of these
organizations.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the many users of the previous
versions of the China Energy Databook who have provided feedback and suggestions,
enabling us to correct errors, identify new types of information to present, and improve
the usefulness of this publication.
David Fridley
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
DGFridley@lbl.gov
Jonathan Sinton
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
JESinton@lbl.gov
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Table of Contents
1
Overview of Contents ................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Relational Database .............................................................................................. 1
1.2
Data Tables ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3
Chapter Contents .................................................................................................. 1
1.4
Data Sources ......................................................................................................... 2
2
Installation ................................................................................................................... 2
3
Guide to the Database .................................................................................................. 2
4
3.1
Starting the Database ........................................................................................... 2
3.2
Energy Balances Form .......................................................................................... 4
3.2.1
Units .............................................................................................................. 5
3.2.2
Notes.............................................................................................................. 5
3.2.3
Sources .......................................................................................................... 6
3.3
Industry End-Use Consumption .......................................................................... 6
3.4
Visit the China Energy Website ............................................................................ 7
3.5
Exit App ................................................................................................................ 7
3.6
Exit Access ............................................................................................................ 7
Guide to the Data Tables.............................................................................................. 7
4.1
5
Pivot Tables and Extracting Data from the Database .......................................... 8
4.1.1
Creating and Using Pivot Tables with the Access Database ............................ 8
4.1.2
Tip on Creating Formulas Using Data in Pivot Tables ............................... 15
Appendices ................................................................................................................. 16
Appendix 1: Abbreviations ................................................................................................ 16
Appendix 2: Conversions .................................................................................................. 19
Appendix 3: Bibliography ................................................................................................. 21
Database Citations ......................................................................................................... 21
Bibliography................................................................................................................... 21
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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Database Opening Screen .................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Energy Balance Form .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Notes Location and Editing ................................................................................. 6
Figure 4: Source Display ..................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6: Industry Energy End Use Consumption Screen ................................................. 7
Figure 7: Creating a New Pivot Table Query ....................................................................... 9
Figure 8: Selecting Fields for the Pivot Table Query ........................................................ 10
Figure 9: Filtering Data in a Pivot Table Query ................................................................. 11
Figure 10: Pivot Table Layout ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 11: Pivot Table Result ............................................................................................. 14
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1 Overview of Contents
The China Energy Databook (Databook) is composed of two major elements: a
relational database in Access format containing full energy balances for China and the
provinces, and a series of independent data tables in Excel format. Taken together, the
update includes—and in some areas expands on—the range of information provided in
the Databook of 2003 (sixth revised edition).
1.1
Relational Database
The relational database was built using Microsoft Access 2000 (compatible with Access
2003 and 2007) and is distributed only in its standalone version. Check the ReadMe file
in the root folder of the distribution CD for important guidelines on installation and use.
The relational database contains three major components:
1. Full national energy balances for China from 1980 to 2006 (the latest year
publicly released by the National Bureau of Statistics), and national industrial
energy balances by detailed subsectors, from 1980 to 2006.
2. Full provincial energy balances for 1985, 1990, 1995-2006.
In addition, individual data series—primarily production data—have been extended to
the latest available year, in most cases 2006.
1.2 Data Tables
Data not inherently relational or of complex formatting and reporting have been
maintained in standalone tables developed in Microsoft Excel 2003 (XP). These files are
downward-compatible with the Office 97 and 2000 versions of the program (Office 98
and 2001 on the Macintosh), and upward compatible with Office 2007.
The data tables have been grouped into chapters based on the nature of the data, such as
energy production, consumption, investment, pricing, and other topics. Each chapter
has been organized as an Excel workbook, and each data table appears as a titled and
tabbed sheet within the workbook. The first tabbed sheet in each workbook contains a
Table of Contents with hyperlinks to each individual table in the file.
Each chapter contains an “A” series and “B” series of tables, and some chapters contain
a “C” series. The A series are pivot table extracts from the Access database, while the B
series are standalone data tables. The C series contains datasets that are no longer
updateable but have historical value. See section 4, Guide to the Data Tables for more
details.
1.3 Chapter Contents
The Databook contains 10 chapters, paralleling the structure of the 1996 print version
and the 2003 electronic version. The table numbers within each chapter are prefixed
with the chapter number. The chapters are:
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Chapter 1 Resources and Reserves
Chapter 2 Energy Production
Chapter 3 Energy Industry Investment
Chapter 4 Energy Consumption
Chapter 5 Energy Consuming Equipment and Activities
Chapter 6 Energy Prices
Chapter 7 Imports and Exports
Chapter 8 Energy and Environment
Chapter 9 International Comparisons
Chapter 10 Economic Indicators and Population
For a full listing of all tables, see the Table of Contents file.
1.4 Data Sources
The values used in the database are restricted to unadjusted official numbers from
China’s National Bureau of Statistics (http://www.stats.gov.cn). It is commonly
understood that China’s system of statistical classification varies in some degree from
international norms. International comparisons and detailed analysis of the data do
require making adjustments, but since these adjustments are inherently estimates, they
have not been included. Adjusted data and other interpretations of the official data will
be posted on the China Energy website at http://china.lbl.gov for downloading.
Data sources in the database are indicated by a blue pixel next to data points in the
balance sheets. (Red pixels indicate explanatory annotations.) Clicking on any of the
blue data points will bring up a box on the right side of the screen indicating the data
source. These can be cross referenced to the bibliography in the Appendix to this
document.
The data contained in the standalone data tables have been taken from a multitude of
mostly official sources, including government agencies, corporations, environmental
publications, international organizations, and several series of specialized statistical
books published by the National Bureau of Statistics. Sources are noted below each data
table and can be cross-referenced to the bibliography in the Appendix to this User
Guide.
2 Installation
Please read the ReadMe file located in the root folder of the distribution CD for
instructions about installation of the database and accessing the Excel and Adobe
Acrobat PDF-formatted files included in this version.
3 Guide to the Database
3.1 Starting the Database
The database application is stored in two files: ce.mdb (containing the interface) and
cedata.mbd (containing the data). These two files are stored in the same folder on the
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CD and should be copied to the same folder on the hard drive. Please refer to the
ReadMe file for instructions on copying the files and modifying the Read Only
attributes.
To start the database, double-click the ce.mdb file in the folder where it was copied, or
open the ce.mdb file from within the Access program. The opening screen appears as in
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Database Opening Screen
Clicking on the buttons on the opening screen will lead you to the relevant area of the
database:
Energy Balances: opens the form displaying the national and provincial energy
balances.
Industry End-Use Consumption: opens the form displaying national industrial energy
consumption by energy form and subsector.
Visit the China Energy website. Connects the user through the Internet to
http://china.lbl.gov.
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Exit App/Exit Access: closes the database interface/closes the database file and exits
Access.
3.2 Energy Balances Form
Clicking on Energy Balances opens the screen shown in Figure 2, here shown with the
selection of year and scope already made. The pull-down dialog boxes across the top of
the screen prompt the user to select a year (1949-2003) and a scope (China, for national
data, or a single province, for provincial balances).
The energy forms are grouped into Families to avoid having to scroll off the screen to
view all energy forms. The Coal Family contains Raw Coal, Clean Coal, Washed Coal,
and Coal Briquettes, with a column Total Coal summing the values across rows. The
Coke Family includes Coke, Coke Oven Gas, Coal Gas not Coke Source, and Coke Other
Products. The Petroleum Family includes Crude Oil, Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, and
Fuel Oil, and a Total Petroleum column that sums these forms across rows along with
LPG, Refinery Gas, and Other Petroleum of the Gas Family. The Gas Family also
includes Natural Gas. The last Other & Total Family includes Heat, Electricity, Other
Energy, and a Total Energy column that sums the MTCE values of all the preceding
columns (excluding the other calculated total columns). The Total Energy
summation calculation occurs automatically, so the value in the Total
column should be used with caution for years where national or
provincial balance data are incomplete.
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Figure 2: Energy Balance Form
3.2.1 Units
The Units buttons allow the user to select whether to view the data in original physical
units (million metric tonnes, billion cubic meters, terawatt-hours, petajoules) or in
standard energy units (million tonnes of coal equivalent, or Mtce). The conversion is
automatically calculated based on preset conversion coefficients, shown in Appendix 2.
3.2.2 Notes
When the cursor is active in a data cell on the balance sheet screen, the Notes box to the
right of the screen becomes active. Freestyle notes can be entered in the box titled Notes
(see Figure 3), and clicking the Save button will link the note to the individual data point
as selected by the cursor. When a note appears in a data cell, the upper right corner of
the cell turns red, allowing quick visual identification.
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Figure 3: Notes Location and Editing
3.2.3 Sources
When the cursor is active in a data cell on the balance sheet screen, the Source box to
the right of the screen also become active (Figure 4). The abbreviation appearing here
can be cross-referenced to the full citation appearing in Appendix 3 (Bibliography).
When a data point is linked to a source, the lower right corner of the cell turns blue,
allowing quick visual identification.
Figure 4: Source Display
3.3 Industry End-Use Consumption
Chinese statistics also include a detailed breakdown of industrial energy consumption
by sector. This series exists only on a national level, and begins in 1980. Unfortunately,
owing to revisions of China’s GDP sector definitions in 1985 and 1990, discontinuities
exist in the data series for some subsectors, involving either a breakdown of a larger
subsector into more detailed subsectors post 1985, or a reclassification of different
portions of a single subsector into multiple subsectors in later years. These changes for
the most part cannot be easily mapped from old to new format, so no attempt has been
made to adjust the figures used in the database.
As apparent in Figure 6, the structure of the data screens for Industry End-Use
Consumption is similar to the Energy Balances form. Users select a year, then select
China as scope (these data are not available for the provinces), and can choose which
energy “family” to view.
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Notes and source functions operate the same as in the Energy Balances and Energy
Balance Viewpoints forms.
Figure 6: Industry Energy End Use Consumption Screen
3.4 Visit the China Energy Website
This link takes you to the LBNL China Energy website at http://china.lbl.gov, where
updates and revisions to the database can be found, and other China energy data series
are posted for downloading. The site also contains many PDF versions of recent
publications related to Chinese energy.
3.5 Exit App
This button will exit the China Energy Databook application but leave the user in
Access.
3.6 Exit Access
This button closes the China Energy Databook application and exits Access.
4 Guide to the Data Tables
The second major section of the Databook is the collection of about 300 data tables
created in Microsoft Excel 2003 (XP). They are fully downward compatible with Excel
97 and 2000 (PC) or Excel 98 and 2001 (Mac), and upward compatible with Excel 2003
and 2007. These tables include both database extracts in pivot table format, as well as
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standalone data tables that were developed outside the context of the database because
their content was not inherently relational, or involved complex reporting formats.
The data tables are organized by chapter (see 1.3 Chapter Contents, p. 1 for a listing of
chapters). Each chapter is in the form of an Excel workbook, and each data table
appears as a titled and tabbed sheet within the workbook. The first tabbed sheet in each
workbook contains a Table of Contents with hyperlinks to each individual table in the
file.
Table numbering include an A series and a B series, and sometimes a C series. The pivot
tables generated from data in the Access database are numbered as the A series, while
the data tables are numbered as the B series. The C series contain data that can no
longer be updated. Formatting differs between the series owing to constraints of the
pivot table layout.
The data tables include detailed source information and explanatory notes at the bottom
of each table. The source abbreviations can be cross-referenced in the Bibliography,
included in the Appendix of this document. The pivot tables are drawn from the Access
database and each number is linked to a source reference within the database itself.
The data tables can be opened directly in Excel (XLS format) or printed from a PDF file
of each chapter.
4.1 Pivot Tables and Extracting Data from the Database
The 2001 version of the database contained about 100 database queries included both
within the database application itself and as part of the Excel chapters. Because the
2004 version no longer supports a run-time version of the Access application, and in
recognition that some users may not own the Access program, these queries have been
converted to Excel pivot tables and are now provided only within the Excel spreadsheets
themselves (Chapters 2 and 4). In addition, a single Excel table—national & provincial
balance pivot table.xls—has been added to the XLS folder to facilitate viewing of the
national and provincial energy balances.
For users unfamiliar with Excel’s pivot table functions, an example is provided below to
demonstrate how to create your own data extracts from the database. The optional Data
Query module of Excel must be installed to use this function. It is installed by default if
you chose “Full Installation” when you installed the software.
4.1.1 Creating and Using Pivot Tables with the Access Database
Suppose you wanted to see data on natural gas consumption in the power sector by
province in 2002. To start, open a blank Excel spreadsheet (the example here is based
on the Excel 2003 interface). From the menu, choose Data, Import External Data, New
Database Query (Figure 7: Creating a New Pivot Table Query).
When the box Choose Data Source appears, double-click on MS Access Database. You
should also check the option box “Use Query Wizard”, as it will guide you in the
following steps. You will then be presented with a file navigation box, from which you
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browse to select the cedata.mbd file in the folder in which you stored it. Do not choose
ce.mdb, since this is only an interface file for the database.
Once cedata.mbd is selected, the Query Wizard will prompt you to Choose Columns
(fields). For queries of the energy balance table, click the + sign by the first table listed
(tblEnergyBalance) to see all the fields. For queries of the Industrial Energy
Consumption tables, click the + sign by the second table listed (tblEnergyConsumption)
to see all the fields.
Figure 7: Creating a New Pivot Table Query
The Energy Balance table contains the following fields:
EBID: database ID number
EBYear: database years (1949-2003)
EBScopeType: database management field for Scope Names (ignore)
EBScopeName: list of geographical scope choices (i.e. China, and 31 province
names)
EBScopeOIL: database management field (ignore)
EBMaterial: energy type (i.e. total coal, natural gas, coke oven gas, heat, etc.).
For the full list, open the database to see them listed along the top of the page,
arranged in 4 categories. They are also listed in full in the spreadsheet “national
provincial balance pivot table.xls”, included on the CD)
EBMaterialOIL: database management field (ignore)
EBUom: unit of measurement (i.e. Mt, bcm, PJ, Mtce)
EBPhase: the major balance subsections: Total Primary Energy Supply,
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Transformation, Losses, Final Consumption (generally not needed)
EBProcess: the balance table processes (e.g. indigenous production, thermal
power generation, refining, industry [consumption], etc.) For the full list, open
the database to see them listed along the left side of the page. They are also listed
in full in the spreadsheet “national provincial balance pivot table.xls”, included
on the CD)
EBProcessOIL: database management field (ignore)
EBAmount: volume in original units of measurement
EBMtce: volume converted to million tonnes of coal equivalent
EBMtceVerify: database management field (ignore)
EBNote: database management field (ignore)
EBPEID: database management field (ignore)
Generally, most queries can be constructed using the columns selected as shown in
Figure 8. To select the fields you want to use, highlight them on the left side and use the
> button to move them to the right side.
Figure 8: Selecting Fields for the Pivot Table Query
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Clicking Next then takes you to the Filter Data screen, which allows you to provide
conditions on the data you want to extract (Figure 9). On the left side, select the field for
which filtering is needed, then choose the filter function in the middle drop-down box
(equals, greater than or equal to, etc.), then pull down the list of available filter results in
the right-side drop-down list. For queries that have multiple conditions on a single field,
you can add them sequentially below.
Since we are interested only in 2002, the Year filter is set to equals 2002. Bolding of the
field in the field list indicates that a filter has been set for that field.
Since we are interested in thermal power production from natural gas in all provinces,
the ScopeName field has not been filtered. You would choose equals China if you want
only national figures. The Material field is filtered to equals Natural Gas. Finally,
Process is filtered to equals Thermal Power.
Figure 9: Filtering Data in a Pivot Table Query
The next screen allows you to sort the results by one of the fields, in ascending or
descending order. Queries based on year ranges are automatically sorted by year.
The last step asks you if you would like to return the data to Excel, view data or edit
query in Microsoft Query, or create an OLAP cube from this query. To create a pivot
table of the query, chose return data to Excel.
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The next screen returns you to the spreadsheet and prompts you for the location of the
query results. Because we want to create a pivot table, click Create a Pivot Table Report.
The next screen contains the Layout option, which is where the physical layout of the
data in the pivot table is determined. Click this button and you will be taken to the
Layout screen as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Pivot Table Layout
As noted on the screen, you simply drag the fields you want to appear to the location you
want them to appear on the layout. Here, Year has been put at top (it is filtered to 2002
only; if there were no filter, the table would return all years with data). ScopeName
(China, all provinces with data) has been dragged to the Row section, and Amount has
been dragged to the data area. Double-clicking on any of the fields will bring up
additional options, such as changing the default “Sum” of the Amount to Min, Max,
Count, Average or a number of other Excel functions.
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The last step is to click “OK”. This will take you back to the Pivot Table Wizard, where
you click “Finish” to return the results to the spreadsheet.
Your result should look like the table displayed in Figure 11. Right-clicking anywhere in
the table will allow you to choose Options, where you can turn off the automatic
summing of Grand Totals of rows and columns. It is best to turn these off if your scope
includes both China (national total) and provinces, as the figures will be double-counted
in the Grand Total.
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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Figure 11: Pivot Table Result
The resultant pivot table shows that 1.105 billion cubic meters of gas were reported
consumed nationally in power generation in 2002 (power generation fuel source data
are stored as negative numbers in the database). However, the sum of the provincial
numbers is only 0.776 billion cubic meters. This kind of discrepancy is typical in
comparisons of provincially reported figures and the national figure prepared in Beijing.
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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To edit the layout of the query, right-click anywhere in the table, choose Wizard, and
select the Layout button again. If you want to edit the field selection or filter selection,
click Back on this screen, choose Get Data, and you will be returned to the field selection
screen shown in Figure 8.
Pivot Table reports can be much more complex, and many useful functions (such as
creating user-defined fields) have not been mentioned here. A good guide to Excel can
help you learn more how to use them effectively.
In addition, the layouts of the pivot table reports included in Chapters 2 and 4, as well as
the national provincial balance pivot table.xls, can be examined by following the step on
editing layout noted above. This may give you ideas of how to structure other custom
pivot tables of your own.
Unfortunately, pivot table queries “hardwire” the full pathname to the cedata.mbd
database file. This means that the pivot tables provided in the Databook chapters cannot
be edited at the field level, nor the data updated, without recreating the query based on
the location of where you store the cedata.mbd file. This should be kept in mind if you
share the database on a network and the location of the cedata.mbd file might change.
4.1.2 Tip on Creating Formulas Using Data in Pivot Tables
Pivot Tables appear, but do not act, as typical Excel tables. Performing further
calculations on data within a pivot table requires attention to the differences. In the
example shown in Figure 11, summing the consumption in Heilongjiang and Sichuan
provinces would typically be done be creating a formula starting with a + or = sign, then
pointing to the cell with Heilongjiang data, typing +, then pointing to the cell with the
Sichuan data. In a typical Excel table, the results would appear as: =B8+B11. However,
in a pivot table, the same process would result in:
=+GETPIVOTDATA("EBAmount",$A$4,"EBYear",2002,"EBScopeName","Heilongjian
g")+GETPIVOTDATA("EBAmount",$A$4,"EBYear",2002,"EBScopeName","Sichuan"),
since the pivot table is actually only displaying the results of a query and does not
contain the data itself.
To get around this problem, simply manually type the formula using the relative cell
references. This formula can then be copied and the shift in relative cell reference will
function properly.
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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5 Appendices
Appendix 1: Abbreviations
The following abbreviations include all those used in the database as well as the data
tables. “Tonnes” refers to metric tonnes.
Abbreviation
1/100 t-km
1000 ha
1000 km2
1000 m2
1000 m3
1000 units
1990 yuan
b 1980 yuan
b 1990 yuan
b constant 1980 yuan
b kWh
b passenger-km
b t-km
b US$
b yuan
bm3
bm3/yr
Constant 1980 yuan
EJ
gce/kWh
GJ
GJ/case
GJ/million
GJ/t
Gt
Gt-km
GW
GWh (M kWh)
hours
households
Hp
kb/d
kg
kg/cap
kg/t
kg/yr
kgce
kgce/1000 yuan
kgce/cap
kgce/gross kWh
Full Form
1/100 tonne-kilometers
thousand hectares
thousand square kilometers
thousand square meters
thousand cubic meters
thousand units
1990 yuan
billion 1980 yuan
billion 1990 yuan
billion constant 1980 yuan
billion kWh
billion passenger-kilometers
billion tonne-km
billion current US$
billion current yuan
billion cubic meters
billion cubic meters/year
constant 1980 yuan
exajoule (1018 Joules)
grams of coal equivalent/kilowatt-hour
gigajoule (109 Joules)
gigajoules/case
gigajoules/million
gigajoules/tonne
gigatonnes
gigatonne-kilometers
gigawatts
gigawatt-hours
hours
households
horsepower
thousand barrels/day
kilogram
kilogram/capita
kilogram/tonne
kilogram/year
kilogram of coal equivalent
kilogram of coal equivalent/thousand current yuan
kilogram of coal equivalent/capita
kilogram of coal equivalent/gross kilowatt-hour
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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Abbreviation
kgce/kt-km
kgce/net kWh
km
km/hr
kt
kt/yr
kV
kW
kWh
kWh/cap
kWh/case
kWh/t
kWh/t-km
l/100km
M
M households
M persons
M tons
M units
M2
m3
M3/cap
m3/t
MJ/kg
mm
Mm2
Mm3
Mm3/day
mpg
Mt
Mt/yr
Mtce
Mtce/b 1980 yuan NI
Mtce/yr
Mt-km
MW
MWe
MWh (1000 kWh)
MWh/t
MWh/yr
passenger-km/cap
percent
person
persons/km2
PJ
PJ/yr
t
Full Form
kilogram of coal equivalent/kilotonne-kilometers
kilogram of coal equivalent/net kilowatt-hour
kilometer
kilometer/hour
kilotonne
kilotonne/year
kilovolts
kilowatt
kilowatt-hour
kilowatt-hour/capita
kilowatt-hour/case
kilowatt-hour/tonne
kilowatt-hour/tonne-kilometer
liters/hundred kilometers
millions (mega)
million households
million persons
million short tons
million units
square meter
cubic meter
cubic meter/capita
cubic meter/tonne
megajoule/kilogram
millimeter
million square meters
million cubic meters
million cubic meters/day
miles per gallon
million tonnes
million tonnes/year
million tonnes of standard coal equivalent
million tonnes of coal equivalent/billion 1980 yuan of
national income
million tonnes of coal equivalent/year
million tonne-kilometers
megawatts
megawatt electricity
megawatt-hour
megawatt-hour/tonne
megawatt-hour/year
passenger-kilometer/capita
percent
person
persons/square kilometer
petajoule (1015 Joules)
petajoules/year
tonne (metric ton)
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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Abbreviation
tC
t/Mt-km
t/t
t/yr
tce/k 1980 yuan
tce/yr
thousands
TJ
t-km/cap
Tm3
t-mpg
TWh(b kWh)
TWh/year
units
units/100 households
US$/t
yuan
yuan/(tce/yr)
yuan/kVA
yuan/kVA/month
yuan/kW/month
yuan/kWh
yuan/MWh
yuan/t
yuan/yr
Full Form
tonne of carbon
tonne/million tonne-kilometers
tonne/tonne
tonne/year
tonnes of coal equivalent/thousand 1980 yuan
tonnes of coal equivalent/year
thousands
terajoule (1012 Joules)
tonne-kilometer/capita
trillion cubic meters
tonne-miles per gallon
terawatt-hours
terawatt-hours/year
units
units/hundred households
US$/tonne
yuan
yuan/(tonne of coal equivalent/year)
yuan/kilovolt-ampere
yuan/kilovolt-ampere/month
yuan/kilowatt/month
yuan/kilowatt-hour
yuan/megawatt-hour
yuan/tonne
yuan/year
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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Appendix 2: Conversions
The following table contains the standard conversion factors from physical units to
standard fuel equivalent used in the database and data tables. Except where noted, the
conversion of hydroelectricity to standard coal equivalent is based on the Chinese
practice of conversion to source energy. Although, in some statistical series, the Chinese
vary this coefficient each year based on the average fuel consumption of power plants,
the Databook employs a standard 404 grams of coal equivalent per kWh for all years, in
order to accord with Chinese convention (which approximates the actual average heat
rate of delivered electricity) and maintain transparency. In Chinese data, the heat value
of coke oven gas and other gas varies from year to year and from province to province.
In the Databook, a standard middle heat value has been used for all years and all
locations. As a result, the calculated Total Energy values in the database in Mtce units
will unlikely match precisely those reported in Chinese sources.
For this energy
form...
this many..
of this
original unit...
times this
factor...
will give you this
standard unit
Coal Total
1
Mt
0.714
Mtce
Raw Coal
1
Mt
0.714
Mtce
Cleaned Coal
1
Mt
0.900
Mtce
Other Washed Coal
1
Mt
0.525
Mtce
Briquettes
1
Mt
0.600
Mtce
Coke
1
Mt
0.971
Mtce
Coke Oven Gas
1
billion m3
0.593
Mtce
Other Gas
1
billion m3
0.288
Mtce
Other Coking Products
1
Mt
1.107
Mtce
Petroleum Products
1
Mt
1.430
Mtce
Crude Oil
1
Mt
1.429
Mtce
Gasoline
1
Mt
1.471
Mtce
Kerosene
1
Mt
1.471
Mtce
Diesel Oil
1
Mt
1.457
Mtce
Fuel Oil
1
Mt
1.429
Mtce
LPG
1
Mt
1.714
Mtce
Refinery Gas
1
Mt
1.571
Mtce
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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For this energy
form...
this many..
of this
original unit...
times this
factor...
will give you this
standard unit
Other Petroleum
Products
1
Mt
1.310
Mtce
Natural Gas
1
billion m3
1.330
Mtce
Heat
1
TJ
0.000034
Mtce
Heat
1
PJ
0.034
Mtce
Primary Electricity
(source)*
1
TWh
0.404
Mtce
Primary Electricity
(source)*
1
GWh
0.000404
Mtce
Primary Electricity
(site)*
TWh
0.123
Mtce
Primary Electricity
(site)*
GWh
0.000123
Mtce
Thermal Power
1
TWh
0.404
Mtce
Thermal Power
1
GWh
0.000404
Mtce
Total Power
1
TWh
0.404
Mtce
Total Power
1
GWh
0.000404
Mtce
Other Energy
1
Mt
1.000
Mtce
Fuelwood
1
Mt
0.571
Mtce
Crop Residues
1
Mt
0.430
Mtce
Dried Dung
1
Mt
0.471
Mtce
* In aggregate energy accounts, electricity can be counted two ways, i.e., as the energy content of electricity at the point of end use
(site value), or as the energy value of the fuel needed to generate and deliver a given amount of electricity to the point of end-use
(replacement or primary energy value). Unless otherwise noted, Chinese energy accounts typically convert electricity at its primary
value, since most is generated by coal-fired plants.
Guide to the China Energy Databook, Distribution Version
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Appendix 3: Bibliography
Database Citations
The following are the source abbreviations and citations for material used in the China
Energy Databook database.
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CEY. China Electricity Yearbook Editorial Board, China Electricity Yearbook, Electricity
Press, Beijing. 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003.
CITC. National Bureau of Statistics, 50 Years of China Industry and Transport Energy
Statistical Material Compendium, Statistical Press, Beijing. 2000.
CESY. National Bureau of Statistics, Dept. of Industrial & Transportation Statistics,
China Energy Statistical Yearbook, 1989, 1991, 1991-1996, 1997-1999, and 2000-2002
editions, Statistical Publishing House, Beijing. 1990, 1992, 1998, 2001, 2004.
CSA. China Statistical Abstract 2004
CSY. National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook, Statistical Publishing
House, Beijing. 1985, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003.
ERI. Energy Research Institute, Beijing.
SIFAC, National Bureau of Statistics, Statistics on Investment of Fixed Assets of China
(1950-2000), China Statistics Press, Beijing. 2002.
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Industry Yearbook), 1993-2000 editions. Beijing: Editorial Board of the China
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