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Supplemental Data
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Humic Substances Alleviate the Aquatic Toxicity of PVP-Coated Silver
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Nanoparticles to Organisms of Different Trophic Levels
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Zhuang Wang†‡§, Joris T.K. Quik†, Lan Song‡, Evert-Jan van den Brandhof†,
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Marja Wouterse† and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg*†‡
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†
Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the
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Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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‡
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§
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Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of
Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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14
Corresponding
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W. Peijnenburg: willie.peijnenburg@rivm.nl
authors:
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7 Pages
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2 Table
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4 Figures
SD-1
Measured potential (mV)
400
300
200
y = 51x + 514
r2 = 0.99
100
-8
20
21
-6
-4
-2
+
log [Ag ] (M)
Fig. S1. Linear calibration for free ionic silver (Ag+)
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SD-2
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Table S1. Developmental morphology and teratogenicity endpoints in the
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zebrafish (Danio rerio) test
Toxicological endpointsa
Exposure time
24 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
96 hrs
tail detachment
*
*
*
*
formation of somites
*
*
*
*
eyes
*
*
*
*
movement
*
*
*
*
heartbeat
*
*
*
*
blood circulation
*
*
*
pigmentation
*
*
*
pectoral fin
*
*
protruding mouth
*
*
morphology
teratogenicity
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a
pericardial oedema
*
*
*
*
yolk sac oedema
*
*
*
*
eye oedema
*
*
*
*
head malformation
*
*
*
*
absence/malformation of sacculi/otoliths
*
*
*
*
malformation of tail
*
*
*
*
malformation of heart
*
*
*
*
modified chorda structure
*
*
*
*
scoliosis
*
*
*
*
rachischisis
*
*
*
*
yolk deformation
*
*
*
*
 represents the observed toxicity endpoints.
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SD-3
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Table S2. Zeta potential (mV) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) agglomerates with different initial particle
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concentrations of suspension in the presence and absence of humic substances (HS) a
AgNP concentrations
1000 μM
HS (TOC mgC/L)
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a
10 μM
0h
96h
0h
96h
0.0
-22.3 ± 0.4
-21.3 ± 1.5
-20.7 ± 0.6
-13.4 ± 0.1
0.5
-21.1 ± 0.7
-20.2 ± 1.1
-19.2 ± 0.4
-19.1 ± 0.7
5
-25.6 ± 1.1
-19.8 ± 1.2
-20.5 ± 1.9
-18.8 ± 0.4
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-26.2 ± 1.6
-19.2 ± 0.5
-23.8 ± 2.0
-18.4 ± 1.4
Errors are expressed as standard deviations (SD).
SD-4
Ag=CT-Ag/C0
(%)
100
10
1
1000 and 10 µM at 0h
10 µM at 96h
1000 µM at 96h
0.1
30
0
0.5
5
Humic substance (mgC/L)
50
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Fig. S2. Ratios of the total silver concentration (CT-Ag) to the initial particle concentration (C0)
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of the silver nanoparticle colloids (Ag) with the presence or absence of humic substances
SD-5
1000 µM
100
80
60
100
CHS/CHS' (%)
CHS/CHS' (%)
94%
89%
97%
90%
80
60
10 µM
58%
50%
40
0
0.5 mgC/L HS
5 mgC/L HS
50 mgC/L HS
24 48 72 96
Time (h)
40
0
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24
48
72
96
Time (h)
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Fig. S3. Ratios of the concentration of humic substances (HS) in the complex suspensions of silver
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nanoparticles with the presence of HS (CHS) to the concentration of only HS (CHS’)
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SD-6
10 µM at 0h
1000 µM at 0h
10 µM at 96h
1000 µM at 96h
CAg+ ( μM)
10
1
0.1
0.01
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0
0.5
5.0
Humic substance (mgC/L)
50.0
Fig. S4. Free silver ion concentration (CAg+) as a function of humic substance concentration
SD-7