Journal of Ecological Research An annual journal of Juniata College and Raystown Field Station undergraduate research in ecology and environmental science Editors: Douglas S. Glazier Professor of Biology Juniata College Huntingdon, PA 16652 (e-mail: glazier@juniata.edu) Charles E. Yohn Director of Raystown Field Station Juniata College Huntingdon, PA 16652 (e-mail: yohn@juniata.edu) PURPOSE The purpose of the JOURNAL OF ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH is to print original ecological research reports written by undergraduate students enrolled in ecology and environmental science courses at Juniata College. Some of the research included here has been carried out at the Raystown Field Station. Through participation in this journal, it is hoped that students will begin to gain an appreciation of the publication process in science. In addition, the journal serves as an archives of past student research projects that current students can potentially use as background for their own projects. Topics on all aspects of the science of ecology are welcome. Date of printing of volume #4 of the Journal of Ecological Research is May 1, 2002.