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Psych/Women 257
Test 2
Fall, 2001
NAME ___________________________________
STUDENT NUMBER _____________________________
VERSION A
Test Instructions:
Put your name and student number on both this test sheet and on your mark-sense form. Be sure to
accurately fill in the bubbles on the mark-sense form.
Put the test version (found above) on your mark-sense form and fill in the appropriate bubble.
Answer all true-false and multiple choice questions both on this form and on your mark-sense form.
THE ANSWERS ON THE MARK-SENSE FORM ARE THE ONES THAT WILL BE
GRADED so be particularly cautious in filling out that form. The answers on this sheet, when
later compared to the test key, will permit you to determine which questions you answered
correctly or incorrectly. This is important for your personal feedback since the mark-sense
form will not be returned.
Answer the short-answer questions on this sheet only.
Insert your mark-sense sheet into this test packet and turn them both in to the appropriate pile at the
front of the class.
True or False. (1 point each)
1. Men and women are equally likely to give directions using compass directions and distances and
the key indicators.
A. True
B. False
2. John Money’s work with Brenda, a twin who was born male but raised as female, showed that
gender identity is indeed bipotential.
A. True
B. False
3. Geschwind & Galaburda argue that gender differences in visual spatial abilities exist because good
visual spatial ability is a recessive trait carried on the X chromosome.
A. True
B. False
4. Women who demonstrate high levels of fear of success are more likely to change their college
major to one more traditionally appropriate for women than are women who are low in fear of
success.
A. True
B. False
5. When the solution to a problem does not require knowledge of specific scientific information, girls
and boys do not differ in performance on tests of scientific reasoning.
A. True
B. False
6. Girls who have a high IQ at age 11 show less of an increase in IQ between that age and age 41 than
boys who have a high IQ at age 11.
A. True
B. False
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7. The gender difference in verbal abilities is greatest among those identified as highly verbally gifted.
A. True
B. False
8. When only a small amount of rotation is necessary to solve a mental rotation problem, females
perform better than males.
A. True
B. False
9. Stuttering and dyslexia are more common in boys than in girls.
A. True
B. False
10. Overall men perform better than women on current IQ tests but women score higher than men on
some of the skills included in such tests.
A. True
B. False
Multiple choice: Select the SINGLE most correct answer. (1 point each)
11. Jenny is six years old. She believes that she is a “girl” and that she will always be a girl. She also
commonly points out the genders of other individuals and shows that she believes that their
genders, like her own, will not change over time. However, when Jenny’s mother came home
after getting a haircut that resembled styles Jenny had usually seen on boys, Jenny exclaimed,
“Mommy! They turned you into a boy!” Jenny has developed _________, but she has not yet
mastered _________.
A. gender identity / gender stability
B. gender consistency / gender constancy
C. gender stability / gender consistency
D. gender constancy / gender consistency
E. gender consistency / gender stability
12. According to Freud’s theory, aggressiveness develops because:
A. girls are unable to adequately resolve their penis envy.
B. boys compete with their fathers for their mother's love during the Oedipal Complex.
C. boys must define their masculinity as opposite of the femininity associated with their
mothers.
D. boys develop an anaclitic identification with their fathers.
E. girls do not want to be associated with their mothers’ inferiority.
13. According to social-learning theory, which of the following is NOT a characteristic that increases
the likelihood that a child will imitate a model?
A. The model has power.
B. The model is genetically related to the child.
C. The model is rewarded for their behavior.
D. The model is the same sex and acts in a gender-congruent manner.
E. The model has a positive relationship with the child.
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14. Studies of factors important in mate selection have found that:
A. men rate physical attractiveness of a mate as more important than women do.
B. men rate physical attractiveness as their highest priority in mate selection, while women
rated it much lower.
C. women rate earning potential of a mate as their most important factor.
D. both men and women rate other attributes more important than physical attractiveness and
earning potential.
E. both A and D
15. Which of the following is TRUE about gender differences in math computation?
A. Boys math computation abilities get worse as boys get older.
B. Girls are better at math computation in elementary school, but boys catch up by high
school.
C. Boys make fewer math computation errors than girls at all ages.
D. Boys and girls make very different types of errors in math computation.
E. both C and D
16. Sandy is biologically female, identifies herself as female, and displays many masculine and many
feminine traits and characteristics. Sandy has:
A. a female gender identity and an undifferentiated gender role identity.
B. a male gender identity and an androgynous gender role identity.
C. a female gender identity and a feminine gender role identity.
D. a male gender identity and a feminine gender role identity.
E. a female gender identity and an androgynous gender role identity.
17. Which of the following theorists argues that gender differences in behavior and roles will only be
eliminated when parenting becomes more egalitarian (shared equally between mothers and
fathers)?
A. Kohlberg
B. Chodorow
C. Gilligan
D. Harre
E. both C and D
18. Atkinson & Feather suggest that achievement motivation must be evaluated using measure of
both:
A. fear of failure and desire to compete.
B. hope for success and fear of success.
C. fear of success and the motivation not to look bad.
D. fear of failure and hope for success.
E. desire to compete and fear of failure.
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19. Which of the following is/are TRUE according to social-learning theory?
A. Early childhood is no more important than any other time in an individual’s life.
B. Behaviors learned before starting school cannot be changed.
C. Society or the environment plays a major role in determining gender differences in behavior.
D. The child plays an active role in deciding which behaviors are appropriate for their gender.
E. both B and C
20. Studies looking at the accuracy of women and men in aiming at a target show that:
A. males perform better than females from the age of 3 on.
B. there is no gender difference in this behavior as long as the target does not look like a
human being.
C. there is no gender difference in this behavior until age 18.
D. only people with excellent spatial rotation skills can accurately hit a target.
E. females perform better than males until puberty and then males perform better than females.
21. Which of the following correctly describes beliefs of theorists from the Symbolic Interactionism
perspective?
A. Children never need a clear gender identity in order to act in a gender appropriate way.
B. A child develops a hypothesis about her/his gender identity and then tests that hypothesis by
acting in what he/she thinks of as a gender-appropriate way.
C. Children strive to be competent in their dealing with the world and consistent with their
gender identity.
D. Girls have more difficulty developing a fixed gender identity than boys do.
E. The sex of the primary caretaker is a critical factor in determining what a child learns about
the self.
22. Studies of visual spatial abilities show that:
A. females do better than males on tasks of spatial perception (rod-and-frame) between the
ages of 3 and 18.
B. the most reliable and biggest gender difference in spatial abilities is seen with tests of
spatial perception (rod-and-frame).
C. if subjects are instructed that their performance is a measure of their empathy, women
perform better than men on tests of mental rotation.
D. males do better than females on tests of mental rotation regardless of age.
E. females do better than males at tests of spatial visualization (embedded figures task).
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23. Benbow & Stanley suggest that it is androgen exposure during brain development that causes the
gender difference in math abilities. Which of the following provides the strongest support for
their biological explanation?
A. Specific structural differences in the brain associated with high math abilities have been
identified.
B. Individuals with high math abilities have other ‘symptoms’ associated with high levels of
androgen exposure during brain development (e.g., increased incidence of left-handedness and
autoimmune diseases).
C. The gender difference in math ability among highly math gifted can’t be explained by
experience because girls outperform boys before marked differences in math training exist.
D. Boys are treated differently in math classes than girls.
E. Boys take a greater number of advanced math classes than girls.
24. In their assessments of moral development of women and men:
A. both Freud and Kohlberg argued that women are less morally developed than men.
B. both Kohlberg and Gilligan have argued that women and men develop on entirely different
scales of moral development.
C. both Gilligan and Kohlberg argue that there is a gender difference in moral development,
with Kohlberg arguing that women are less morally developed than men and Gilligan arguing
that men are less morally developed than women.
D. Freud argues for a gender difference in moral development while Kohlberg argues that
gender is irrelevant in determining a person’s moral development.
E. both Gilligan and Kohlberg went to great lengths to be sure that they tested their subjects
with the exact same moral dilemmas.
25. Which of the following research findings would be predicted by the sociobiological approach to the
study of gender differences in behavior?
A. Men tend to desire a greater number of sexual partners than women.
B. Women show a greater attraction to men who are older and more financially stable.
C. Men report greater upset at the thought of their mate having sexual intercourse with another
man than at the thought of their mate developing an emotional attachment to another man.
D. both A and B
E. all of the above
26. According to Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory:
A. boys develop masculine behaviors by imitating their fathers to avoid being castrated.
B. girls develop the Oedipal Complex prior to becoming aware of the anatomical differences
between the sexes.
C. girls never develop the Oedipal Complex.
D. both A and B
E. both A and C
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27. According to cognitive-developmental theory, when children can label themselves by sex/gender:
A. they cannot show any gender differences unless those differences are biologically
determined.
B. they prefer same-sex playmates.
C. they know what toys are appropriate for their own gender but they’re not sure what’s right
for the other gender.
D. both B and C
E. all of the above
28. Dr. Smith has just completed a study of the relationship between gender and math ability. She
found that there were no significant differences between men and women on any of the
measures of math ability that she used. Dr. Smith is a little disappointed, because she knows
that the lack of statistically significant differences make it less likely that her study will be
published because of:
A. publication bias.
B. the Rosenthall effect.
C. the threshold of convincability.
D. experimenter expectancy.
E. target-based expectancies.
29. Chodorow’s psychoanalytic theory:
A. differs from Freud’s in that it argues that the gender of the primary caretaker of the child
has no influence on how boys and girls develop.
B. argues that girls learn different things than boys as they learn to distinguish self from other.
C. argues that boys are more likely to show feminine personality characteristics than girls are
to show masculine personality characteristics.
D. says that women have a stronger desire to have children because a child would provide
them with resolution to penis envy.
E. both B and D
30. Which of the following theories supports the idea that the culture in which a child is raised has a
major effect on their gender-identity development?
A. Freudian psychoanalytic theory
B. cognitive-developmental theory
C. gender-schema theory
D. both B and C
E. none of the above
31. If an individual has an XX sex-chromosome complement and is exposed to very high levels of
androgen during development, the individual will have:
A. the gonads of a male and the external genitalia of a female.
B. the gonads of a female and the external genitalia of a male.
C. the gonads of a female and the external genitalia of a female.
D. the gonads of a male and the external genitalia of a male.
E. undifferentiated gonads and female external genitalia.
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32. Research on friendships has found that:
A. there are more gender differences in friendships in very young childhood (say ages 2-4)
than there are in adolescence.
B. girls share personal information with their female friends but engage in activities with their
male friends.
C. boys report having more friends than girls.
D. boys rate their friendships with boys as more satisfying than their friendships with girls.
E. both B and C
33. When children are asked to estimate how well they will do in performing a task:
A. prior to gender constancy, boys overestimate and girls underestimate their actual
performance.
B. after gender constancy, both girls and boys underestimate their actual performance.
C. after gender constancy, boys underestimate and girls overestimate their actual performance.
D. after gender constancy, boys overestimate and girls accurately estimate their actual
performance.
E. after gender constancy, boys overestimate and girls underestimate their actual performance.
34. Recent data indicate that fear of success:
A. is higher for women than for men regardless of the test material (story introduction) used
when measuring it.
B. is an inherent personality trait that is displayed at the same level regardless of the situation.
C. is higher when individuals are asked to talk about a woman succeeding at a traditionally
female-appropriate occupation than it is when the subjects are asked to talk about a man
succeeding in a traditionally female-appropriate occupation.
D. is more evident when men and women tell stories about an individual (either a woman or a
man) succeeding in a traditionally male-appropriate occupation than when they are talking
about an individual succeeding in a traditionally female-appropriate occupation.
E. is higher when men and women are asked to tell stories about a man succeeding in a
traditionally female-appropriate occupation than it is when they are asked to talk about a man
succeeding in a traditionally male-appropriate occupation.
35. Which of the following is/are TRUE? (Think about the oohs and ahhs measure of nurturance
covered in lecture!)
A. Women rate pictures of baby monkeys and apes as more appealing when the ratings are
done in public rather than privately.
B. Men rate pictures of baby monkeys and apes as more appealing when the ratings in are done
in public rather than privately.
C. When appeal ratings of baby monkeys and apes are used as the measure of nurturance,
women are more nurturant than men in both public and private.
D. When appeal ratings of baby monkeys and apes are used as the measure of nurturance and
the ratings are done in private, men are more nurturant than women.
E. both A and B
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36. When McClelland used TAT tests to assess achievement motivation, he found that:
A. in the unmotivated state, men told stories with more achievement-related imagery than
women did.
B. in the unmotivated state, most studies found no difference in the amount of achievementrelated imagery used by women and men but some studies found that women showed more
achievement motivation than men.
C. when motivated to perform by being told that their stories reflected their intelligence,
women increased the amount of achievement-related imagery in their stories (compared to the
unmotivated state), but men did not.
D. no gender difference in the amount of achievement related imagery used by women and
men in either the motivated or the unmotivated condition.
E. the amount of achievement-related imagery used by a given subject varied by the specific
picture used as the stimulus for the story suggesting that achievement motivation is not an
inherent personality characteristic which is similarly displayed under all conditions.
37. Which of the following is FALSE according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
A. Boys assume that if an individual doesn’t have a penis, they must have been castrated.
B. Just like boys, girls first identify with their mother as a provider and caretaker.
C. While boys become masochistic because they feel inferior to their fathers, girls become
masochistic to punish themselves for their own genital inferiority.
D. Women try to resolve penis envy by having (preferably male) children.
E. Girls go through inferior moral development because their penis envy is never resolved.
38. In general, when men fail at a task:
A. they attribute their failure to the same types of reasons that women use when explaining
their failures.
B. they say they failed due to lack of ability.
C. they attribute their failure to stable, internal factors.
D. they attribute their failure to the same types of things to which they attribute their successes.
E. they attribute their failure to unstable, external factors.
Short Answer: Answer these questions carefully and concisely. If you include information
beyond that required to answer the question AND the extra information is incorrect, you
will have points deducted from the score for that question.
1. Gilligan's work on moral development identified 3 stages of moral development. What are these 3
stages? Be sure to put them in the correct order. Define each stage by noting the concerns of
people in each stage. (6 points)
Stage
1.
2.
3.
Stage Name
Concern of Individual at this Stage of Development
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2. Casey measured the relationship between handedness and "perceive parental permissiveness toward
cross-sex behaviors" on the number of masculine and feminine traits that women reported on
the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Answer each of the following questions about that study and it's
findings:
2A. What was "handedness" intended to be an indicator of? (2 points)
2B. Ignoring "perceived parental permissiveness," did left-handed women (or those with left-handed
immediate family members) significantly differ from right-handed women in the relative
number of masculine to feminine traits and characteristics they endorsed on the inventory? If
yes, in what way? (2 points)
2C. Ignoring handedness, did women who recalled their parents having been permissive of cross-sex
behaviors significantly differ from women who said their parents would not allow cross-sex
behaviors in the relative number of masculine to feminine traits and characteristics they
endorsed on the inventory? If yes, in what way? (2 points)