References
References
Ackerman, A.S., O.B. Toon, D.E. Stevens, A.J. Heymsfield, V. Ramanathan and E.
J. Welton, Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288, 1042-1047, 2000
Al-Abadleh, H.A., B.J. Krueger, J.L. Ross and V.H. Grassian, Phase transitions in
calcium nitrate thin films, Chemical Communications, 2796–2797, 2003
Anderson, B.J. and J. Hallett, Supersaturation and time dependence of ice
nucleation from the vapor on single crystal substrates, Journal of the Atmospheric
Science, 33, 822-832, 1976
Archuleta, C.A., P.J. DeMott and S.M. Kreidenweis, Ice nucleation by surrogates for
atmospheric mineral dusts and mineral dust/sulfate particles at cirrus temperatures,
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, 2617–2634, 2005
Bailey, M., and J. Hallett, Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between -20°C and
-70°C, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61, 514-544, 2004
Bailey, M., and J. Hallett, Nucleation effects on the habit of vapour grown ice
crystals from −18 to −42 ˚C, Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 128,
1461–1483, 2002
Braban, C.F., D.J. Cziczo, and J.P.D. Abbatt, Deliquescence of ammonium sulfate
particles at sub-eutectic temperatures, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 3879,
2001
Buseck, P.R., and M. Pósfai, Airborne minerals and related aerosol particles: Effects
on climate and the environment, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of
the United States of America, 96, 3372, 1999
117
References
Butorin, G.T., and V.P. Skripov, Crystallization of supercooled water, Soviet Physical
crystallography, 17, 322, 1972
Cantrell, W., and A. Heymsfield, Production of ice in tropospheric clouds - A review,
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86 (6), 795, 2005
Coakley J.A., R.L. Bernstein, and P.A. Durkee, Effect of Ship-Stack Effluents on
Cloud Reflectivity, Science, 237, 4818, 1020 – 1022, 1987
Curry, J.A., W.B. Rossow, D. Randall, and J.L. Schramm, Overview of clouds and
radiation characteristics, Journal of Climate, 9, 1731-1764, 1996
Cziczo, D.J., D.M. Murphy, P.K. Hudson, and D.S. Thomson, Single particle
measurements of the chemical composition of cirrus ice residue during CRYSTALFACE, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109, D04201, 2004
Cziczo, D.J., and J.P.D. Abbatt, Deliquescence, efflorescence and supercooling of
ammonium sulfate aerosols at low temperature: implications for cirrus cloud
formation and aerosol phase in the atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research,
104, 13,781-13,790, 1999
DeMott, P.J., K. Sassen, M.R. Poellot, D. Baumgardner, D.C. Rogers, S.D. Brooks,
A.J. Prenni, and S.M. Kreidenweis, African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei,
Geophysical Research Letters, 30(14), 1732, 2003
DeMott, P.J., Laboratory studies of cirrus cloud processes, Cirrus, edited by D. K.
Lynch et al., pp. 102–136, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002
DeMott, P.J., D.C. Rogers, S.M. Kreidenweis, Y. Chen, C.H. Twohy, D.
Baumgardner, A.J. Heymsfield, and K.R. Chan, The role of heterogeneous freezing
nucleation in upper tropospheric clouds: Inferences from SUCCESS, Geophysical
Research Letters, 25, 1387-1390, 1998
118
References
DeMott, P.J., D.C. Rogers, and S.M. Kreidenweis, The susceptibility of ice formation
in upper tropospheric clouds to insoluble aerosol components, Journal of
Geophysical Research, 102(D16), 19,575–19,584, 1997
DeMott, P.J., Quantitative descriptions of ice formation mechanisms of silver iodidetype aerosols. Atmospheric Research, 38, 63–99, 1995
DeMott, P.J., and D.C. Rogers, Freezing nucleation rates of dilute solution droplets
measured between -30˚C and -40˚C in laboratory simulations of natural clouds,
Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 1056, 1990
Dentener, F., G. Carmichael, Y. Zhang, P. Crutzen, and J. Lelifeld, The role of
mineral aerosols as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, Journal of
Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 101, 22869-22890, 1996
Diehl, K., M. Simmel, and S. Wurzler, Numerical sensitivity studies on the impact of
aerosol properties and drop freezing modes on the glaciation, microphysics, and
dynamics of clouds, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 111, D07202,
2006
Diehl, K., C. Quick, S. Matthias-Maser, S.K. Mitra, and R. Jaenicke, The ice
nucleating ability of pollen, Part I: Laboratory studies in deposition and condensation
freezing modes, Atmospheric Research, 58, 75-87, 2001
Dymarska, M., B.J. Murray, L. Sun, M.L. Eastwood, D.A. Knopf, and A.K. Bertram,
Deposition ice nucleation on soot at temperatures relevant for the lower troposphere,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D04204, 2006
Falkovich, A.H., E. Ganor, Z. Levin, P. Formenti, and Y. Rudich, Chemical and
mineralogical analysis of individual mineral dust particles, Journal of Geophysical
Research- Atmospheres, 106, 18,029–18,036, 2001
Feingold, G., Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement
requirements, Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 19, 2003
119
References
Flatau, P.J., R.L. Walko and W.R. Cotton, Polynomial fits to Saturation Vapor
Pressure, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, 1507-1513, 1992
Fletcher, N.H., Active sites, and ice crystal nucleation, Journal of Atmospheric
Sciences, 26, 1266-1271, 1969
Fletcher, N.H., Physics of Rainclouds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1962
Fletcher, N.H., Size effects in heterogeneous nucleation, Journal of Chemical
Physics, 29, 572-576, 1958
Fletcher, R.A., and J.A. Small, Aerosol measurement: Principles, techniques and
applications, edited by: Baron, P. A., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993
Forster et al., Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In:
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I
to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt,
M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007
Fuhrer, J., Ozone impacts on vegetation, Ozone: science & engineering, 24, 69,
2002
Fung, I. ., S.K. Meyn, I. Tegen, S.C. Doney, J.G. John, and J.K.B. Bishop, Iron
supply and demand in the upper ocean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 281296, 2000
Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J.M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, and S.J. Lin,
Sources and Distributions of Dust Aerosols Simulated with the GOCART Model,
Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106 (D17), 20255-20273, 2001
120
References
Gorbunov, B.Z., and N.A. Kakutkina, Ice crystal formation on aerosol particles with a
non-uniform surface, Journal of Aerosol Science, 13, 21-28, 1982
Haag, W., B. Kärcher, J. Ström, A. Minikin, U. Lohmann, J. Ovarlez, and A. Stohl,
Freezing thresholds and cirrus cloud formation mechanisms inferred from in situ
measurements of relative humidity, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 17911806, 2003
Hagen, D.E., R.J. Anderson, and J.L. Kassner, Homogeneous condensationfreezing nucleation rate measurements for small water droplets in an expansion
cloud chamber, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 38, 1236, 1981
Hinds, W.C., Aerosol Technology, Wiley, New York, 1999
Hinds W.C., Aerosol technology – properties, behaviour, and measurement of
airborne particles, Wiley publications, 1982
Hoornaert, S., R.H.M. Godoi, and R. Van Grieken, Single particle characterisation of
the aerosol in the marine boundary layer and free troposphere over Tenerife, NE
Atlantic, during ACE-2, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 46(3), 271– 293, 2003
Huang, J., and L.S. Bartell, Kinetics of homogeneous nucleation in the freezing of
large water clusters, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 99, 3924, 1995
Hussain, K., and C.P.R. Saunders, Ice nucleus measurement with a continuous flow
chamber, Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 110, 75-84, 1984
Ito, A., and J.E. Penner, Global estimates of biomass burning emissions based on
satellite imagery for the year 2000, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,
109, D14S05, 2004.
Jeffery C.A., and P.H. Austin, Homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water:
Results from a new equation of state, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, D21,
25,269–25,280, 1997
121
References
Jensen, E.J., L. Pfister, A.S. Ackerman, A. Tabazadeh, and O.B. Toon, A
conceptual model of the dehydration of air due to freeze-drying by optically thin,
laminar cirrus rising slowly across the tropical tropopause, Journal of Geophysical
Research, 106, 17237-17252, 2001
Jickells, T.D., Z.S. An, K.K. Andersen, A.R. Baker, G. Bergametti, N. Brooks, J.J.
Cao, P.W. Boyd, R.A. Duce, K.A. Hunter, H. Kawahata, N. Kubilay, J. laRoche, P.S.
Liss, N. Mahowald, J.M. Prospero, A.J. Ridgwell, I. Tegen, and R. Torres, Global
Iron Connections between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate,
Science, 308 (5718), 67-71, 2005
Kanji, Z.A., and J.P.D. Abbatt, Laboratory studies of ice formation via deposition
mode nucleation onto mineral dust and n-hexane soot samples, Journal of
Geophysical Research, 111, D16204, 2006
Kärcher, B., J. Hendricks, and U. Lohmann, Physically based parameterization of
cirrus cloud formation for use in global atmospheric models, Journal of Geophysical
Research, 111, D01205, 1-11, 2006
Kärcher, B., and U. Lohmann, A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation:
Heterogeneous freezing, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4402, 2003
Kärcher, B., and U. Lohmann, A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation:
Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research,
107, 4010, 2002a
Kärcher, B., and U. Lohmann, A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation:
Homogeneous freezing including effects of aerosol size, Journal of Geophysical
Research, 107, 4698, 2002b
Katz, J.L., and J. Ostermier, Diffusion cloud-chamber investigation of homogeneous
nucleation, Journal of Chemical Physics, 47, 478-487, 1967
122
References
Kinne, S., M. Schulz, et al., An AeroCom initial assessment optical properties in
aerosol component modules of global models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,
6, 1815-1834, 2006
Knopf, D.A., and T. Koop, Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on surrogates of mineral
dust, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D12201, 2006
Koop, T., B.P. Luo, A. Tsias, and T. Peter, Water activity as the determinant for
homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions, Nature, 406, 611-614, 2000
Koop, T., B.P. Luo, A. Tsias, and T. Peter, Freezing of HNO3/H2SO4/H2O Solutions
at Stratospheric Temperatures: Nucleation Statistics and Experiments, Journal of
Physical Chemistry A, 101 (6), 1117 -1133, 1997
Kulmala, M., A. Reissell, M. Sipilä, B. Bonn, T. Ruuskanen, K. Lehtinen, V.M.
Kerminen, and J. Ström, Deep convective clouds as aerosol production engines :
role of insoluble organics, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D17202, 2006
Kulmala, M., E.J. Lehtinen, and A. Laaksonen, Cluster activation theory as an
explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3nm particles and
sulphuric acid concentration, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 787-793, 2006
Lau, K.M., and H.-T. Wu, Warm rain processes over tropical oceans and climate
implications, Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 2290, 2003
Lee, S.H., D.M. Murphy, D.S. Thomson, and A. M. Middlebrook, Chemical
components of single particles measured with particle analysis by laser mass
spectrometry (PALMS) during the Atlanta Supersite Experiment: Focus on
organic/sulfate, lead, soot, and mineral particles, Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres, 107 (D1), 4003, 2002
Levin, Z., E. Ganor, and V. Gladstein, The effects of desert particles coated with
sulfate on rain formation in the eastern Mediterranean, Journal of Applied
Meteorology, 35, 1511–1523, 1996.
123
References
Lohmann U., Aerosol effects on clouds and climate, Space Science Reviews, 125,
Issue 1-4, 129-137, 2005
Lohmann, U., and J. Feichter, Global indirect aerosol effects: A review, Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 5, 715-737, 2005
Luria, M., M. Peleg, et al., Atmospheric sulfur over the east Mediterranean region,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 25,917–25,930, 1996
Lynch, D., K. Sassen, D.O. Starr, and G.L. Stephens, Cirrus, Eds. Oxford University
Press, 2002
Mangum B. W., Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine
Measurements, NIST Technical Note 1411, 1995
Marcolli, C., S. Gedamke, T. Peter, and B. Zobrist, Efficiency of immersion mode ice
nucleation on surrogates of mineral dust, Atmospheric Chemistry and PhysicsDiscussions, 7, 9687-9716, 2007
Mason, B.J., The Physics of Clouds, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971
Mason, B.J., and J. Maybank, Ice nucleating properties of some natural mineral
dusts, Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 84, 235-241, 1958
Meyers, M.P., P.J. DeMott, and W.R. Cotton, New primary ice nucleation
parameterization in an explicit cloud model, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31,
708–721, 1992
Möhler, O., P.R. Field, P. Connolly, S. Benz, H. Saathoff, M. Schnaiter, R. Wagner,
R. Cotton, M. Kramer, A. Mangold, and A. J. Heymsfield, Efficiency of the deposition
mode ice nucleation on mineral dust particles, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,
6, 3007-3021, 2006
124
References
Murphy, D.M., D.S. Thomson, A.M. Middlebrook, and M.E. Schein, In situ single
particle characterization at Cape Grim, Journal of
Geophysical Research-
Atmospheres, 103, 16485, 1998
Onasch et al., Infrared spectroscopic study of the deliquescence and efflorescence
of ammonium sulfate aerosol as a function of temperature, Journal of Geophysical
Research-Atmospheres, 104 (D17), 21,317-21,326, 1999
Ovarlez, J., J.F. Gayet, K. Gierens, J. Strom, H. Ovarlez, F. Auriol, R. Busen, and U.
Schumann, Water vapour measurements inside cirrus clouds in Northern and
Southern Hemispheres during INCA, Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 60-1–60-4,
2002
Pakkanen, T.A., Study of formation of coarse particle nitrate aerosol, Atmospheric.
Environment, 30, 2475, 1996
Perry, K.D., T.A. Cahill, R.A. Eldred, D.D. Dutcher, and T.E. Gill, Long-Range
Transport of North African Dust to the Eastern United States, Journal of Geophysical
Research-Atmospheres, 102 (D10), 11225-11238, 1997
Pitter, R.L., and H.R. Pruppacher, A wind tunnel investigation of the evolution of the
freezing of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air, Quartely Journal of
Royal Meteorological Society, 99, 540–551, 1973
Pósfai, M., H. Xu, J.R. Anderson, and P.R. Buseck, Wet and dry sizes of
atmospheric aerosol particles: An AFM-TEM study, Geophysical Research Letters,
25, 1907, 1998
Prospero, J.M., and P.J. Lamb, African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean:
climate change implications, Science, 302, 1024-1027, 2003
Prospero, J.M., Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to
the Southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality, Journal of
Geophysical Research, 104, 15917-15927, 1999
125
References
Prospero, J.M., R. Schmitt, et al., Temporal variability of summertime ozone and
aerosols in the free troposphere over the eastern North Atlantic, Geophysical
Research Letters, 22, 2925-2928, 1995
Pruppacher, H.R., and J.D. Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Springer,
New York, 1997
Reid, E.A., J.S. Reid, M.M. Meier, M.R. Dunlap, S.S. Cliff, A. Broumas, K. Perry,
and H. Maring, Characterization of African dust transported to Puerto Rico by
individual particle and size segregated bulk analysis, Journal of Geophysical.
Research-Atmospheres, 108 (D19), 8591, 2003
Roberts, P., and J. Hallett, A laboratory study of the ice nucleation properties of
some mineral particulates, Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 94,
25-34, 1967
Rogers, R.R., and M.K. Yau, A Short Course in Cloud Physics, Pergamon Press,
NY, 1989
Rudich Y., D. Rosenfeld, and O. Khersonsky, Treating clouds with a grain of salt,
Geophysical Research Letters, 29 (22), D2060, 2002.
Salam, A., U. Lohmann, B. Crenna, G. Lesins, P. Klages, D. Rogers, R. Irani, A.
MacGillivray, and M. Coffin, Ice nucleation studies of mineral dust particles with a
new continuous flow diffusion chamber, Aerosol Science and Technology, 40(2),
134–143, 2006.
Sassen, K., P.J. DeMott, J.M. Prospero, and M.R. Poellot, Saharan dust storms and
indirect aerosol effects on clouds: CRYSTAL-FACE results, Geophysical Research
Letters, 30(12), 1633, 2003
Sassen, K., and G.C. Dodd, Homogeneous nucleation rate for highly supercooled
cirrus cloud droplets, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 45, 1357-1369, 1988
126
References
Saxena, V.K., J.N. Buford, and J.L. Kassner, Jr., Operation of a thermal diffusion
chamber for measurements of cloud condensation nuclei, Journal of Atmospheric
Sciences, 27, 73-80, 1970
Schaller, R.C., and N. Fukuta, Ice nucleation by aerosol particles: Experimental
studies using a wedge-shaped ice thermal diffusion chamber, Journal of
Atmospheric Sciences, 36, 1788-1802, 1979
Schnell, R.C., and G. Vali, World-wide source of leaf derived freezing nuclei, Nature
246, 212-213, 1973
Seinfeld, J.H., and S.N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from Air
Pollution to Climate Change; Wiley: New York, 1998
Shi, Z., L. Shao, T.P. Jones, and S. Lu, Microscopy and mineralogy of airborne
particles collected during server dust storm episodes in Beijing, China, Journal of
Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 110, D01303, 18,029–18,036, 2005
Tang, I.N., and K.H. Fung, Hydration and Raman scattering studies of levitated
microparticles Ba(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2, and Ca(NO3)2, Journal of Chemical Physics, 106
1653–1660, 1997
Targino, A.C., R. Krejci, K.J. Noone, and P. Glantz, Single particle analysis of ice
crystal residuals observed in orographic wave clouds over Scandinavia during
INTACC experiment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 1977–1990, 2006
Twohy, C.H., and B. Gandrud, Electron microscope analysis of residual particles
from aircraft contrails, Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 1359-1362, 1988
Twomey, S., Atmospheric Aerosols, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, 1977
Vali, G., Ice nucleation—A review, in Nucleation in Atmospheric Aerosols, edited by
M. Kulmala, and P. Wagner, pp. 271–279, Elsevier, New York, 1996
127
References
Wallace, J.M., and P.V. Hobbs, Atmospheric Science - An Introductory Survey,
Academic Press, New York, 1977
Wood, G.R., and A.G. Wilton, Homogeneous nucleation kinetics of ice from water,
Journal of Applied Physics, 41, 3027, 1970
Young, K.C., Microphysical processes in clouds, Oxford University Press, New York,
1993
Zapadinsky, E., A. Lauri, and M. Kulmala, The molecular approach to
heterogeneous nucleation, Journal of Chemical Physics, 122, 114709, 2005
Zhuang, H., C.K. Chan, M. Fang, and A.S. Wexler, Formation of nitrate and nonseasalt sulfate on coarse particles, Atmospheric Environment, 33(26), 4223-4233,
1999
128