533567959
Taxa Information Form
Hydrilla verticillata
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Difficult to identify
Rapidly spreads, vegetative fragmentation, tubers will re-grow after 5-6- years
Forms monocultures
B. Timing of impact
Current
C. Vectors
No clear vectors, most locations are near the coast.
Tubers can be disconnected and dormant
Aqua-scaping, hitchhiking species
D. Relative importance of threat
Relatively new invader, currently found in only few sites in CT, 1 in MA, and
in ME
Every water body in CT is vulnerable, water chemistry will not limit spread
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
Because identification is difficult finding these plants at low density early
introductions will be hard
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre)
Bottom barriers small dense patches ($7500/for 5000 sq.ft.)
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. Maintain fluridone concentrations
throughout summer to prevent late season tuber germination. Repeat applications needed for
multiple years to deplete tuber stocks. ($500-$1000/acre)
Diquat herbicide for spot or shoreline treatments where fluridone cannot be used effectively.
Contact herbicide may require re-treatment later in summer to control late season
germination. Treatments required annually for several consecutive years. ($300-$500/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
Duration of treatment
Types of chemicals and drawdown effectiveness
Spread likelihood
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Butomus umbellatus
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Minor, shoreline wetland invader
B. Timing of impact
Current - potential
C. Vectors
Water gardens
D. Relative importance of threat
Minor
E. Other comments
It is unknown at present how much of threat this plant will become
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling small patches ($2500/acre)
Hydro-rake large contiguous patches along water's edge ($7000-$10,000/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Cabomba caroliniana
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Forms monocultures
Difficult to kill
Fast spreading submersed species
B. Timing of impact
Current
C. Vectors
Boats/trailers, birds,
D. Relative importance of threat
Severe
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre).
Bottom barriers small dense patches ($7500/for 5000 sq.ft.)
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. 2-3 years of control anticipated ($500$1000/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Callitriche stagnalis
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre)
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. ($500-$1000/acre)
Diquat herbicide for spot or shoreline treatments where 2,4-D cannot be used effectively.
Contact herbicide typically requires annual treatment. ($300-$500/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Egeria densa
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Fast spreading submersed species
May not over winter well in CT
This plant presents severe problems in southern states
B. Timing of impact
Current
C. Vectors
Water gardens
Birds
D. Relative importance of threat
High to moderate
E. Other comments
This plant is sold ubiquitous in water garden stores as Elodia
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre)
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. ($500-$1000/acre)
Diquat herbicide for spot or shoreline treatments where 2,4-D cannot be used effectively.
Contact herbicide typically requires annual treatment. ($300-$500/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Eichhornia crassipes
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Moderate
This plant presents severe problems in southern states
The plant may not over winter will in CT
B. Timing of impact
Potential, not in CT at this time
C. Vectors
Water gardens
D. Relative importance of threat
Moderate
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/ Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Mechanical harvesting. High biomass (?/acre)
Herbicide treatment. (?)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Iris pseudacorus
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Minor, shoreline invader, may not reach monoculture stands like loosestrife or
phragmites
B. Timing of impact
Current
C. Vectors
?
D. Relative importance of threat
Minor, not submersed, also unknown to what extent it replaces natives
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling small patches ($2500/acre)
Hydro-rake large contiguous patches along water's edge ($7000-$10,000/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Lythrum salicaria
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
This is a rapidly spreading wetland invader that replaces native shoreline
vegetation with monocultures of little wildlife value
B. Timing of impact
Current
C. Vectors
Wind blown seeds, birds, escape from gardens
D. Relative importance of threat
Severe, this plant is rapidly replacing shoreline wetlands in CT
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling small, scattered patches (>$2500/acre)
Glyphosate or Triclopyr herbicides for spot-treatments. Usually applied with backpack
sprayers or wick applicators. Both herbicides are systemic and kill roots. Repeat applications
needed for several years to deplete seed stocks. ($800-$1200/acre)
Biological control stocking herbaceous beetles and weevils. May require several years to
establish population. Continued monitoring required. ($1000-$3000/single site stocking)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Marsilea quadrifolia
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Minor, not a rapid expanding species, limited to a narrow habitat range in
lakes
B. Timing of impact
Current, this plant has been in CT since the late 1800’s
C. Vectors
Birds, gardens
D. Relative importance of threat
Minor, not a prolific spreading species under most conditions
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling small, scattered patches (>$2500/acre)
?
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
?
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
Myosotis scorpiroides
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Myriophyllum aquaticum
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
High, this plant has the potential to grow prolifically with monocultures
B. Timing of impact
Current = potential
The status in CT is unknown
C. Vectors
Water gardens
D. Relative importance of threat
Moderate to high, it is not know if this plant can survive in the wild, it is sold
generally in water garden stores.
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Myriophyllum heterophyllum
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Severe
Plant hybridizes making identification difficult
B. Timing of impact
Current, this plant has been in CT for several years and has become
established in many lakes on the eastern side of the state
C. Vectors
Birds, boats
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre)
Bottom barriers small dense patches ($7500/for 5000 sq.ft.)
2,4-D granular herbicide treatments. Systemic action typically provides 2-3 years of control.
($400-$600/acre)
Diquat herbicide for spot or shoreline treatments where 2,4-D cannot be used effectively.
Contact herbicide typically requires annual treatment. ($300-$500/acre)
Triclopyr herbicide may provide systemic control and good selectivity. ($800-$1500/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Myriophyllum spicatum
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Severe, this plant forms dense monocultures that top out at the water surface
shading out natives
B. Timing of impact
Current, this plant has been in CT for several years and is established in many
CT lakes on the western side of the state
C. Vectors
Boats, birds, other
D. Relative importance of threat
Severe, although more to lakes that don’t yet have an invading colony
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring
B. Early Detection/Eradication
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre)
Bottom barriers small dense patches ($7500/for 5000 sq.ft.)
Biological control stocking herbaceous weevils. May require several years to establish
population. Continued monitoring required. Success is unpredictable. (>$10,000 per
stocking effort)
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. 2-3 years of control anticipated ($500$1000/acre)
2,4-D granular herbicide treatments. Systemic action typically provides 2-3 years of control.
($400-$600/acre)
Diquat herbicide for spot or shoreline treatments where 2,4-D cannot be used effectively.
Contact herbicide typically requires annual treatment. ($300-$500/acre)
Triclopyr herbicide has demonstrated to provide systemic control and good selectivity. ($800$1500/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
More experiments with weevil introductions
More documentation of the affects of herbicides on natives
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
Najas minor
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Nelumbo lutea
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. 2-3 years of control anticipated ($500$1000/acre)
2,4-D granular herbicide treatments. Systemic action typically provides 2-3 years of control.
($400-$600/acre)
Glyphosate herbicide treatment for small areas. Systemic action usually provides 2-3 years of
control. ($500-$800/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Nymphoides peltata
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
Potential
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre)
Bottom barriers small dense patches ($7500/for 5000 sq.ft.)
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. ($500-$1000/acre)
Diquat herbicide for spot or shoreline treatments. Contact herbicide typically requires annual
treatment. ($300-$500/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
Potential
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
?
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
Pistia stratiotes
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Potamogeton crispus
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Moderate to high
This plant can form dense growths but it usually dies back early in the season
so is not a serious
B. Timing of impact
Current, this plant has been in CT for many years
C. Vectors
Originally believed to be moved around the state by fish stocking
Boats, birds
D. Relative importance of threat
Moderate, the plant
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring
B. Early Detection/Eradication
Mechanical harvesting early season before turion development occurs. Probably only feasible
for small infestations. ($800-$1000/acre) for harvesting ($1500-$2000/acre) for harvesting
and disposal
Handpulling widely scattered growth (<5% cover) over small areas (<1 acre) ($2500/acre)
Aquathol K herbicide treatments early in the growing season. Retreatment for several
consecutive seasons may deplete turion stock. ($500-$700/acre)
Fluridone herbicide for whole lake/pond applications or confined areas greater than 5 acres.
Selective control is possible at lower application rates. ($500-$1000/acre)
Diquat herbicide for spot or shoreline treatments where 2,4-D cannot be used effectively.
Contact herbicide typically requires annual treatment. Late summer treatments may reduce
cover the following spring. ($300-$500/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
Rorippa microphylla
533567959
Taxa Information Form Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
B. Timing of impact
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Trapa natans
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Severe
This plant is difficult to see at very low densities and can be easily overlooked
The plant can rapidly colonize shallow areas of lakes
B. Timing of impact
Current
C. Vectors
Boats, birds
D. Relative importance of threat
Severe, this plant is known to be in CT from at least 4 sites
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
Handpulling small, scattered patches (>$2500/acre)
Mechanical harvesting in early to mid-summer before seed drop occurs. Repeat cuttings over
several consecutive seasons will reduce seed stock. ($1200-$1500/acre) for harvesting,
($2000-$3000/acre) for harvesting and disposal
2,4-D granular herbicide treatments. Repeat applications needed to reduce seed stock. ($500$700/acre)
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority
533567959
Taxa Information Form
Salvinia molesta
I Problem Definition
A. Scope of Impact
Severe, this plant is known to cause serious problems in southern states
B. Timing of impact
Potential
C. Vectors
D. Relative importance of threat
E. Other comments
II Actions and Strategies
A. Monitoring/Early Detection
B. Treatment/Eradication
C. Prevention
D. Education Projects
E. Research Projects
F. Recommended Mgmt. Authority