11- FLIES
1) Classification:
a) Order: Diptera
b) Complete metamorphosis:
i)
Egg
ii)
Larvae
iii)
Pupae
iv)
Adult
11-1
c) Suborders:
i)
Nematocera- Long-horned flies
ii)
Brachycera- Short-horned flies
iii)
Cyclorrhapha- Circular-seamed flies (house fly group)
2) Identification characteristics:
a) Head:
b) Wings and thorax:
11-2
Suborder: Nematocera
1) Adults:
a) Antennae:
i)
Apparently 6-segmented
ii)
Often longer than head and thorax combined
iii)
Males sometimes plumose
b) Wings: Venation varies from complete to reduced
c) Most slender, soft-bodied, midge-like
d) Relatively long legs and antennae
2) Larvae:
a) Well developed head and horizontal biting mandibles
b) Generally aquatic or living in moist soil
3) Families of interest:
a) Tipulidae: Crane flies
b) Psychodidiae: Moth and sand flies
c) Culicidae: Mosquitoes
d) Ceratopogonidae: Biting midges
e) Chironomidae: Midges
f) Simuliidae: Black flies
11-3
Biting midges
(Punkies, no-see-ums)
Family: Ceratopogonidae
1) Characteristics:
a) Very small (<3 mm)
b) Wings:
i)
Narrow
ii)
Clear or spotted
iii)
Wings and wing veins lack scale
2) Larvae:
a) Slender and worm like
b) Often transparent and reddish or orangish
3) Habitat:
a) Adults: Near water
b) Larvae: Mud near water
4) Hosts: non-discriminate
5) Biology: Life cycle: 6-15 w
6) Infestation: Annoyance
7) Diseases transmitted: Blue tongue in sheep
8) Important species:
a) Culicoides spp.
b) Leptoconops spp.
11-4
Suborder: Brachycera
1) Adults:
a) Mostly medium sized to large relatively robust insects
b) Antennae:
i)
Five or fewer segmented
ii)
Typically shorter than head and thorax combined
iii)
Rarely with arista
2) Larvae: Incomplete, usually retractile head and vertical mandibles
3) Families of interest: Tabanidae: Horse and deer flies
11-5
Horse and Deer flies
Family: Tabanidae
1) Characteristics:
a) Often colorful
b) Stylet antennae
c) Mouthparts: Broad, flat and bladelike
d) Eyes often brightly colored
e) Sexes:
i)
Females: Eyes separated
ii)
Males: Eyes contiguous
2) Habitat:
a) Adults: Typically near water
b) Larvae: Aquatic and predaceous
3) Hosts:
a) Females: Blood
b) Males: Pollen and nectar
4) Infestation: Painful bite
5) Diseases transmitted:
a) Anaplasmosis
b) Anthrax
c) Equine infectious anemia
d) Tularemia
11-6
6) Biology: Eggs typically laid in masses on leaves near water
7) Species:
a) Tabanus spp.(horse flies)
b) Chrysops spp. (deer flies)
11-7
Suborder: _________________
1) Adults:
a) Antennae:
i)
3-segmented
ii)
____________
2) Larvae:
a) Typical maggot
i)
Legless
ii)
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________
b) ______________________
c) _______________________________________________________
3) Families of interest:
a) Chloropidae: Eye gnats
b) Syrphidae: Syprhid flies
c) Hippoboscidae: Louse flies
d) Oestridae: Bot flies
e) Muscidae: Muscid flies (House flies etc.)
f) Tachinidae: Tachinid flies
g) Calliphoridae: Blow flies
h) Sarcophagidae: Flesh flies
11-8
Frit flies; Eye gnats
Family: _______________
1) Characteristics:
a) _____________________
b) Color variable; typically blackish or grayish
2) Habitat:
a) Adults: __________
b) Larvae:
i)
_____________
ii)
Decomposing materials
3) Hosts: ________________________________________
4) Infestation: __________________
5) Disease transmitted: _____________
6) Species: Hippelates spp.
11-9
Family: ______________
1) Identification:
a) _____________________
b) Underside of scutellum usually without hairs
c) Generally more than 1 sternopleural bristle
d) R5 cell parallel-sided or narrowed distally
e) Squamae well developed
2) Species of interest:
a) House fly
b) Stable fly
c) Tsetse fly
d) Horn fly
e) Face fly
11-10
House Fly
__________________
1) Identification:
a) Adults:
i)
6-9 mm; dull gray
ii)
_____________________
iii)
___________________
iv)
____________________________________________________
v)
_______________________________________
vi)
Fourth wing vein sharply angled ending before the wing tip
vii)
Hypopleural bristles absent
viii)
________________________________
ix)
Sexes: _____________________________________
b) Larvae: Posterior spiracles
(1) Elliptical
(2) Large
(3) Close together
(4) Centrally located
2) Habitat:
a) Adults:
i)
Nights: Inactive; outdoors, resting on fences and buildings
ii)
Days: _____________________________
b) Larvae: ______________________
3) Hosts: None specific
4) Infestation: _______________
11-11
5) Diseases transmitted (>100 pathogens):
a) ______________________
b) ________________
c) _________________
d) Newcastle disease
e) Typhoid
f) _________________
g) _____________________
6) Intermediate host of:
a) __________________________
b) Summer sores
7) Biology:
a) Life cycle: 8-22 d
b) Up to 12 generations per season
c) Adults live ~15-25 d
d) Adult females deposit 100-150 eggs in decaying organic matter
e) Eggs hatch in ~24 h; Larvae complete development in ~5-14 d
8) Control:
a) _________________________________________:
i)
Spread manure
ii)
Remove spilled feedstuff
b) Mechanical: Screens
11-12
Face fly
___________________
1) Identification:
a) Adult:
i)
___________________________________
ii)
____________________________
iii)
Propleura are bare
iv)
Tuft of stiff black hairs at the base of and between the
squamae
b) Larvae:
2) Habitat:
a) Adults:
i)
_____________________________________________
ii)
Males often found on fence posts and other such areas; rarely
on animals
b) Larvae:
3) Hosts:
a) Cattle
b) Horses
4) Infestation:
5) Diseases transmitted (mechanical):
a) Eye worms; Thelazia rhodesii
b) Pink eye; Moraxella bovis
6) Biology:
11-13
Stable Fly
______________________
1) Identification:
a) Adults:
i)
5-6mm (~ size of house fly)
ii)
__________________________________________________
iii)
_______________________________________________
______________________________________
iv)
Abdomen dull with irregular dark spots
v)
Fourth wing vein greatly curved and ends at wing tip
vi)
_______________________________________________
b) Larvae: Posterior spiracles
i)
Roughly triangular
ii)
Widely separated
iii)
Situated near the periphery
2) Habitat:
a) Adults:
i)
____________________________________________
ii)
_______________________________
b) Larvae: Soiled or fermented organic matter mixed with animal
manure
3) Hosts:
a) Cattle
b) Horses
c) Will bite man
11-14
4) Infestation:
a) ________________________
b) _________________________________________________
5) Diseases transmitted:
a) No proof that it is a vector of human diseases
b) May cause myiasis in man and domestic animals
c) Animals:
i)
Surra (trypanosomal disease of horses and mules)
ii)
Infectious anemia of horses
d) Both males and females bite
6) Biology:
a) Life cycle completed in ~14-24 d
b) Female lays eggs in plant wastes more than manure
c) Larvae: 8-30 d
7) Economics:
a) The most economically important fly
b) Feed by piercing the skin and sucking the blood
c) Weight reductions of 0.48# /d and milk reductions of 30-40% have
been reported
d) When abundant, cattle will bunch, reducing grazing efficiency
e) Economic threshold: Five flies per front leg
f) Control: ________________:
i)
Remove manure and mound and pack
ii)
Clean feed bunks
11-15
Horn Flies
______________________
1) Identification:
a) Adult:
i)
Size: ~3/16” _________________________________
ii)
Resembles the stable fly; more slender
iii)
_____________
iv)
_______________________________
b) Larvae:
2) Habitat:
a) Adult:
__________________________:
i)
(1) Around the horn bases
(2) On shoulders and backs of cattle
ii)
Move to belly on extremely hot days
iii)
Fly in swarms when disturbed
iv)
________________________________________________
b) Larvae:
3) Hosts:
a) Cattle
b) Rarely attacks man
4) Infestation:
a) _____________________________
b) _____________________________
c) _________________________________________________
d) Irritation due to incessant biting
11-16
5) Disease transmission: ?
6) Biology:
a) Spend entire life on cattle
b) Females leave only to lay eggs in manure less than 2 minutes old
i)
__________________________________________________
ii)
________________________
iii)
_____________________________________________________
____________________________________
iv)
Generally occurs in early morning
c) Lays ~ 500 eggs on clumps of grass under the manure
d) Eggs hatch in a few hours
e) Maggots:
i)
Feed on microbial fauna and flora
ii)
Mature ~10-14 d
f) Preferred sites is pasture cattle
g) Overwinter as pupae in dung
7) Economics:
a) Monitor at least 15 head
b) EIL 50 flies per side or 100 flies per cow
c) Heavy infestation = ~ 0.5 #/d reduction
d) Reduced milk production = 10-20%
11-17
8) Management:
a) Cultural control:
i)
Measures against the house fly and stable fly not effective
against the horn fly
ii)
___________________________________
b) Biocontrol:
i)
Dung beetle are of limited value
ii)
Augmentation of parasites
c) Mechanical control: Walk-through fly traps
d) Chemical: Ivermectin: Control ~28 days
11-18
Flesh Flies
Family: ________________
1) Identification:
a) Adults:
i)
_____________________________________________
ii)
_____________________________________________
iii)
Abdomen with checkerboard pattern of grayish and dark spots
iv)
____________________________
v)
Fourth wing vein sharply curved and ends at wing tip
vi)
____________________________________________________
vii)
Three or more notoplural bristles
b) Larvae:
2) Habitat:
a) Adults: __________________________________________
b) Larvae:____________________________________________________
3) Hosts:
4) Infestation: Some species cause cutaneous myiasis
5) Disease transmission:
6) Biology:
a) __________________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________
c) ___________________________________________________
d) Seldom enter homes
11-19
Bottle Flies and Blow Flies
Family: _______________
1) Identification:
a) Adults:
i)
________________________
ii)
_____________________________________________________
iii)
Arista:
(1) Plumose
(2) Hairs generally extending almost to the apex
iv)
No postscutellum
v)
Hypoplural and pteroplural bristles are present
vi)
Three sternoplural in front and two notoplural
vii)
Wings:
(1) M2 vein bends strongly forward, greatly narrowing but usually
not closing the apical cell
b) Larvae:
2) Habitat:
a) Adult:
b) Larvae:
i)
_____________
ii)
_________________________
iii)
_________________________
3) Hosts:
4) Infestation: __________________________________
5) Disease transmission: ?
11-20
6) Biology:
a) _____________________________________________________
b) Common around garbage dumps
c) Possess keen sense of smell
d) Life cycle: 16-35 d; ~22 d
7) Important species:
a) _____________________________:
i)
____________________
ii)
_______________________
b) _____________________________________:
i)
________________________
ii)
________________________________
iii)
____________________________________
11-21
Horse Bot flies
Family: __________________
1) Identification:
a) Adults: __________________________
2) Habitat:
a) Adults:
b) Larvae: _____________________________________
3) Diseases transmission:
a) __________________________
b) ____________________________
c) _________________________________________
4) Biology:
a) Route 1:
i)
____________________________________________
ii)
______________________________________
b) Route 2:
i)
______________________________________
ii)
_____________________________________________________
c) Route 3: _________________________
5) Species: Horse bot fly: ______________________
11-22
Warble flies or Bot flies
Family: ________________
1) Identification:
a) Adults (___________________):
i)
_______________
ii)
____________________
2) Hosts:
a) __________
b) ___________
c) ___________
3) Biology:
a) ___________________________________
b) __________________________________________________
c) _______________________________________________________
d) _____________________________________
4) Species:
a) Human bot fly: Dermatobia hominis
b) Sheep bot fly: ____________________________
c) Cattle bot fly: _____________________________
6) Control: Chemical
11-23
Keds
1) Classification:
a) Order: Diptera
b) Family: __________________
2) Identification:
a) _______________________________
b) ________________________________
c) _________________________________________________
d) ___________________________________
e) __________________________________________________________
3) Hosts:
a) Sheep; Melophagus ovinus
b) Goats
c) Deer
d) Birds (wild species only)
4) Infestation:
a) __________________________
b) Prefer young animals
c) Up to 25% reduction in wool production
5) Diseases transmitted: None known
6) Control:
a) ____________________________________
b) _________________________________
11-24
Fly Control
1) Biological control:
a) _________________, Hermetia illucens
i)
Identification:
(1) Blue-black
(2) Black legs
(3) White-yellow tarsi
(4) Two clear or transparent areas on dorsal abdomen
ii)
Control: ________________________________________
b) ________________, Eristalis tenax
i)
_______________________
ii)
Identification: Larvae with long tail (breathing tube)
iii)
Control:
(1) Prefer polluted liquid habitats
(2) ______________________________________________
c) Predators:
i)
Rove beetles (staphlyinindae)
ii)
Histerids (histeridae)
iii)
______________________________
iv)
____________________________________
d) Parasites: Order: ____________________, Family: Pteromalidae
i)
_____________________
ii)
____________________________________
11-25