KCSE ONLINE
GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME FORM 3 PAPER 2
Section A
1a)types of minerals ; 3mks
Metallic
Non-metallic
Fossil fuels/energy
b) gold 2mks
limestone
2a)
Afforestation = Planting of trees where there was non before.
(1mk)
Agro-forestry = Is a type of farming where the farmer grow crops and
treesbesides raising livestock on the same piece of land.
b)
(1mk)
- Arabukosokoke
- Witu.
- Mt.Kenya forest.
- Kakamega
(max 3 x 1 = 3mks)
3a)pastoralism is an activity that involves the keeping of large herds of indigenous animals like cattle
sheep and goats and farmers move from one place to another in search of water and pasture for the
animals
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b)keep large herds of animals
move from place to place
communal ownership of land
no veterinary services
kept for prestige
problem of marketing
low quality animal products
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4 a) – ground pthotograph
aerial photograph
4 b) limitations of photograph;
i) Photograph are expensive
ii) She objects may not be appearing clearly which may lead to misinterpretation
iii) Vertical aerial photographs are difficult to interpret without special instruments like
stereoscope.
iv) If the camera is not focused properly, it produces blurred image.
q5. a) absence of vegetation cover
-steep pressure gradient.
b water pollution
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Poor sanitation – discharge of raw sewage
Oil spills
Discharge of toxic industrial wastes into water system
Thermal pollution – discharging hot water into river
Dispose of domestic waste into water bodies.
Section B
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Q6.a
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b(i)Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another
(ii)Railways are of different gauges thus reducing connectivity
-Railways are expensive to construct
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(2mks)
-Production of similar goods reduces trade thus limited use of railways
-Rough terrain hinders expansion of railways
-Political and ideological differences between African countries
(3mks)
(iii)-Its faster
-Its more comfortable
-Moves according to time schedule
-Does not suffer from congestion and jams
-Its highly secure and offers the lowest risk to passengers and cargo
-Suitable for transportation of highly valuable goods,perishable goods,glassware and other
fragile goods
(2mks)
C(i)Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another/sending of
messages and receiving feedback
(2mks)
(ii)-Development of other faster and more efficient means of communication
-High cost of installation and maintenance of telephone lines limits numbers of subscribers
-Vandalism of telephone equipment renders most telephone services unavailable to would be
users
-Mismanagement in the organizations providing telephone services makes it difficult to expand
services country wide
-Poor reception,disruption by natural hazards and overlapping of telephone lines discourages the
use of the facility
-Lack of mordernisation in transmission infrastructure cause delays hence discouraging their use
(4mks)
7(i) What is mining
Extraction of valuable minerals found on or below the earth’s crust.
(ii)Ways in which minerals occur.
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(1mks)
 As veins and lodes
 As beds and seams/layers
 As weathering products
 Alluvial departs
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b. Shaft method.
(4mks)
used where minerals occur in vertical or steeply inclined seams
vertical tunnels called shaft at sunk until the ore is reached.
Horizontal tunnels are dug to reach the minerals.
Light railway tracks are laid down to bring the ore to the foot of the vertical shaft.
The mined ore is lifted and loaded onto the trucks
land dereliction
This is the process in which land is abandoned after it has been depleted of minerals .2mks
(iii) Solution to dereliction.
(2mks)
(a) Legislation laws to force mining companies to rehabilitate
mining areas after exhaustion of mineral.
(b)Reclamation – government should reclaim land back to its original use.
c. Gold mining areas in South. Africa
Witwatersrand
Odendaalrus
Welkom
Lydenburg
(2mks)
(ii) four problems facing mining in South Africa.
Fluctuation in world market prices
High cost of mining due to increased depth.
Collapse of mines
Decreased quality of ore which increases extraction cost.
Exhaustion of minerals.
High cost of labour due to high demand of high wages and social amenities.
(4mks)
d.Activities undertaken during the study at lake Magadi.
Conducting interviews to the employees involved in trona mining.
Collecting samples of trona
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(3mks)
Administering questionnaire
Observing the mining process
Phototgraphing the area
(ii) Activities carried after the study
Laboratory testing of samples carried from the field
Discussing the findings from the field.
Writing report in essay form on the mining process
Displaying photographs
Displaying samples like the trona , rocks
8a)
(3mks)
Factors influencing the growth and distribution of forests
- Climate of an area – heavy precipitation throughout the year and high temperatures.
- Altitude which affects temperature and rainfall.
- Fertile soils which supports plant life.
-Relief of the area – windward sides are forested due to high rainfall than the
leewardside.
- Human activities such as deforestation, afforestation e.t.c.
(5 x 1 = 5mks)
b) i) Period of harvesting.
- In Kenya harvesting is done throughout the year while in Canada harvesting is in summer and early
spring.
(2x1=2mks)
ii) Transportation
In Kenya transportation is mainly by road transport while in Canada transport is mainly by water
transport.
(2x1=2mks)
c)
Explain any three reasons why only a small part of Kenya is forested.
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Aridity that has reduced the area under forests.
High population leading to clearing of forests for settlement.
Over exploitation of forest resources e.g. for timber and fuel.
Government policy of resettling people in forested areas.
Forest fires which have contributed to destruction of forests.
Pests and diseases which destroy trees.
(6mks)
(3x2=6mks)
d) Explain five measures that the government of Kenya is taking to conserve forests
in the country.
(10mks)
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Carrying out afforestation and re-afforestation programmes.
Legislation aimed at curbing encroachment in the forested areas.
Encouraging the public to participate in conservation of forests.
Setting up of buffer zones to hinder human encroachment into forested areas (e.g. Nyayo Tea
Zones)
Creation of forest reserves.
Encouraging agro-forestry.
Training forest personnel eg foresters and forest guards – Londiani Training centre
Setting up presidential commission with the mandate of rehabilitating destroyed forested areas.
Establishment of research centreseg KEFRI and also tree nurseries.
(5x2=10mks)
9(a)-Agriculture is the science and art of growing crops and rearing livestock.(2mks)
(ii)categories of agriculture
-Arable farming
-Livestock farming
-Mixed farming
9b)Explain how the following factors influence Agriculture.
(i)Temperature
-The degree of warmth determines the type of crops growni.esugar cane, cocoa do well in areas of
high temp. throughout the year
-Low temp; are not suitable for the growth of crops
-Temp; determine the length of growing season of crops
(ii)Soils
-Soil texture-influences ploughing/digging,penetration of roots,aeration in the soil.
-Soil composition-since mineral composition differs in different soils ,crops grown in such soils
vary
-Soil air and moisture-Oxygen is essential around the plant roots for intake of mineral nutrients.
-Soil water facilitates the absorption of mineral intake.
Soil temperature- is essential for plant growth.
(iii)Government policy-
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-The government may encourage rhe growth of some crops by regurating prices
And giving subsidies to farmers.
- Government may encourage diversification of crops.
-Government may also control the importation of certain products produced
Locally..
(c i)Define shifting cultivation.
-This is the type of cultivation where the land is cleared and cultivated and whe the soils are
exhausted,the farmer moves to another piece of land.
(ii)Features of shifting cultivation
-Virgin forests are selected and cleared by fire;hence the name ‘slush and burn
Agriculture.
-Farmers grow food only to themselves and their families.
-Surplus may either be exchanged by barter or sold for cash.
-Simple tools like hoes, axes, are used
-Farms are usually small in size
-Manual labour is used and is provided by the immediate farmily.
-Every farmer produses practically the same range of crops as his neighbour.
-Farms are often fragmented, each consisting of several scattered plots.
-Mixed cropping is practiced
-Short period of crops alternate with long periods of fallowing.
-Little attention is given to crops by the farmers until the crops are harvested.
(d)Disadvantages of plantation farming.
-It requires heavy capital outlay to be established
-Asingle crop production is vulnerable to fluctuation of prices
-Plantation takes long period to mature and yield income.
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-The practice of monoculture leads to rapid soil deteroriation thus dereasing yields
-Plantation crops normally risk thespread of diseases.
-Repartriation of profit to other countries who own farms’
-They experience labour shortages especiary during harvesting time.
-There is competition with other land users.
-Poor climate may cause excessive crop failure.
Q10a(i) Give two varieties of maize grown in Kenya (2marks)
-Dent corn
-Sweet corn
(ii) Identify three counties in Kenya where maize is grown in large scale
-Trans Nzoia
-Uasin Gishu
-Nakuru
-Bungoma
(b) state four geographical requirements of maize cultivation in Kenya (4 marks)
-Rainfall of about 635-1455mm/irrigation
-Moderate to high temperatures /15 c and obove
-Undulating /rolling topography
-Light loamy soils
c)Describe maize growing under the following headings.
-Ploughing of land is done
-Rows are cut 1m apart
-Seeds are planted 30 cm apart
-thining is done when the crop atain 15 cm
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-weeding Is also done
-fertalizeris applied
-Maize left to matue and dry.
(ii)Marketing
-individual farmers sell to middlemen
-farmers can also take to national cereal and produce board
(d) i Explain four problems facing maize famers in Kenya (8marks)
-Drought cause crop failure hence poor harvests of maize
-Parasitic weeds attaches to the maize roots causing low harvests
-Diseases such as stock rot, fungil infections causes severe loss
-Pest like corn earworms, silkworm and birds cause great reduction in maize harvest problems
-price fluctuation due to over production /exploitation of middle men hence killing the famers morale
-poor quality seeds supplied by unscrupulous\s businessmen hence low yields
-Shortage of storage forcing the farmer to sell at low prices to avoid risks of attack by weevils.
-expensive seeds forcing some famers to use uncertified seeds hence low yields
-Expensive farm inputs like fertilizers frustrate famers.
(ii)Give two uses of maize
-Maize is used as human food.
-Maize is used as animal feeds
-A raw materials to brewing and other industries
-By production like cobs are are used as fuel.
-stalks and cobs are sed as composite manure
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