MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY
CURRICULUM
MASTER OF MEDICINE – RADIOLOGY (RAD)
2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
2
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction and Background
Justification
Objectives
Curriculum regulations
Curriculum
Assessment & examination
Course outline
Course Description
Appendix
i)
Detailed course content
ii)
Resources
iii)
Personnel to Teach Courses
iv)
Budget
1
1:0
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The science of Radiology was born when C W Roentgen discovered x-rays one hundred and
ten years ago. Uganda, with the first medical school in this part of Africa, introduced
Radiology at Mengo Hospital in 1910. An X-Ray Unit existed at Mulago Hospital since the
1930’s and Makerere University established a Department of Radiology in 1972. This
initially taught Radiology to undergraduate student of medicine only. A local residency
programme leading to master of medicine in diagnostic Radiology started in 1981 and the
first locally produced Radiologist graduated in 1984.
1:1 Program aims:
(a) Meet the challenge of the need to provide specialist Radiologists to the Uganda
populace. These are highly skilled professionals able to do specialised imaging
procedures interpret them and integrate the results with other diagnostic modalities for
quality management of various pathologies.
(b) Equip such Radiologists with the knowledge, skills and the proper attitude required to
handle the rapidly changing role of radiological imaging and interventional procedures
with the aim of providing better health care.
(c) Ultimately, the aim is to train Radiologist locally who would be retained within
Uganda.
2:0
JUSTIFICATIONS
2:1 Diagnosis: Radiology is one of the fastest technologically and professionally developing
discipline in medicine. There is thus great need to train at postgraduate level a calibre of
practitioner who by training and practise is able to effectively grasp and utilise the most
recent advances like CT and MRI for the proper diagnosis and a management of patients as
well as in teaching and research.
This type of expertise and specialisation cannot be acquired during the undergraduate
MBChB programme.
2:2 Teaching: The graduate of this programme will be specially empowered to help teach
undergraduate programmes, like MBchB and B.Sc. Medical Radiography.
2:3 Capacity Building: The department of radiology is the nerve centre for proper diagnosis
of many diseases and it acts as a focus of resource people who can further specialise into
Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy, specialised Sonologists etc.
The Radiologist will thus continue to be greatly needed by the Ministry of Health not only to
man regional and district hospitals but also as a source of interested personnel to work with
most forms of ionising radiation and carry out all forms of imaging techniques.
2:4 Local Training: To locally train Radiologists is the only sure way of self reliance and
capacity building in this broad specialised field with a high chance of retaining these
specialists in the country (retention has been 100% in the first 15 years)
2
3:0
1.
Educational Goals:
To demonstrate knowledge of medicine and apply this knowledge to radiological
studies in a clinical setting.
2.
To provide patient care that is compassionate, appropriate and effective as
regards radiology and imaging.
3.
To perform and interpret imaging studies with emphasis on those available in
Uganda.
4.
To demonstrate ability to communicate with the patients, other members of the
healthcare team and other stake holders.
5.
To demonstrate a commitment to carrying out professional responsibility with
adherence to ethical principles and be culturally sensitive.
6.
To acquire life long learning skills.
7.
To understand national and internal health care systems.
8.
To demonstrate ability to ensure safety at the work place for patients, other
workers and themselves
9.
To demonstrate ability to be leaders of a team
10.
To apply research skills and disseminate information for advancement of
Radiology and Medicine
11.
To demonstrative ability to train others.
12.
To demonstrate appropriate use of imaging and other health resources
4:0 Method of delivery
 Overview lectures
 Tutorials
 Lectures
 Mini rounds/Grand Rounds
 Journal Club
 Skills training
 Practical (procedures)
 Multi disciplinary seminars
 Imparting Teaching skills
3
5:0
CURRICULUM REGULATIONS
5:1
General Regulations: This will be a three-year academic programme. Every
academic year shall have two 17 weeks semesters and one recess semester of 10 weeks
except the final year which will have no recess semester. The programme shall be governed
by the general regulations and statutes of the University and in addition by regulations of the
Faculty of Medicine
At the end of each semester, all candidates will be required to sit written, oral and practical
examinations (where applicable) for each course. The written, oral and practical exam will
constitute 40 %of total marks. The other 60% will be from progressive continuous
assessment (course work)
5:2 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
The program is open to applicants who fulfil the admission requirements.
The
requirements described below are only the minimum academic conditions for admission and
only make one eligible for consideration. A candidate is eligible for admission if he/she has
any of the following:(a) A degree in medicine (MBchB or equivalent)
A minimum of one-year field experience after qualification and internship is desirable for
the entrant.
Two references one of which must be from the last immediate supervisor are also a necessity
6:0 CURRICULUM
6:1 Nature of the Programme:
The M.Med course is a full-time three-year programme covering six semesters and two
recess terms. Each year consists of two semesters of 17 weeks each and a recess semester of
10 weeks. The third year, which is also, the final year has no recess semester.
6:2 Teaching methods
Lectures: This will give theoretical knowledge in anatomy, pathology physics and imaging
techniques.
Clinicals/Practicals: This will involve the student performing different procedures like
fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT etc under supervision. The student will also write reports
describing what has been done. This includes the findings and conclusion from the special
examinations done as well as the plain films.
Tutorials:
Students will hold tutorials with their tutors and other students which they
will present and discuss patients worked upon as well as topics of general interest as agreed
upon with their supervisors.
Clinical Radiology case descriptions. A guided description and write up of cases clearly
documented with pictures of radiography, US or CT will be expected per semester/recess
term. Each case write-up will be selected to depict the student’s level of participation and
highlight the appropriateness of the imaging modalities used. These cases will be examined
4
and marked and will contribute to the overall assessment of the student. They comprise
separate integral courses on their own.
Dissertation: The student will be expected to do research and present a dissertation as part
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree.
Logbook: Each student will be expected to keep a logbook from the beginning of the
programme to the end. Within this logbook will be documented the cases in which the
student has assisted or done. This will be signed by a radiologist /Supervisor.
7.0 ASSESSMENT AND EXAMINATION
7:1 Assessment and Grading
Assessment for all Semesters apart from Year III Semester II
(a) Progressive continuous assessment (course work): This will contribute 40% of the
total marks and will constitute the following:(i) General daily performance based on logbook and observation
70%
(ii) Monthly Tests
30%
(b) End of semester exam: This will contribute 60% of total marks and will constitute the
following
(i) Practical/Oral exam (Where applicable)
60%
(ii) Theory exam
40%
(c) Clinical radiology case description
With regard to Case Descriptions, the student is expected to collect and write up a total of 30
case descriptions: 5 in the first year, 15 in the 2nd and 10 in 3rd year
It carries 70% and 30% oral/ practical based on the cases.
7:2 Assessment for Semester II Year III
(a) Progressive continuous assessment: This will contribute 40% and will constitute the
following:
(i) Monthly Tests
30%
(ii) General daily performance based on the logbook and observation 70%
(b) End of Semester exam: This will contribute 60% and will constitute
(i) Practical/Oral exam
60%
(ii) Theory exam
40%
(c) Dissertation:
The student is expected to develop a proposal from year 1 and have it approved in year II
recess term. The dissertation should be submitted latest two months before sitting Year III
semester II exams. The dissertation will be part of year III semester II exams. The
dissertation, which is assessed in the final year III semester, will be examined according to
the University rules governing dissertations.
7:3
Format of End of Semester Exams:
This will have the major parts as below:-
5
(a) Written exam consisting of
i) MCQs
ii) Short Answer Questions and essays
(b) Oral/Practical examination
i) Independent film reporting
ii) Oral examination
iii) Other practical procedures like ultrasound.
No student will be allowed to sit end of semester examination if denied a certificate of due
performance. The pass grade shall be average of 2.0. A student is deemed to have passed
the semester examination if he/she obtains at least 60% of the marks in each course
separately.
6:4 Grading
This will follow Standard University regulations. Each course should be graded out of a
maximum of one hundred (100) marks and assigned appropriate letter grades and grade
points as follows:
(c) That the minimum pass mark in any course shall be 60%
In order to retake a course, a candidate may have to wait until the course is next offered.
7.5 Progress
Progress through the M. med programme will be assessed in two ways:
(a) Normal progress
This occurs when the candidate passes a course taken with a minimum grade point of 3.0
Probationary progress when fails one of the courses.
Grading
The course shall be graded as follows:
Marks
Letter grade
90-100
A+
80-89
A
75-79
B+
70-74
B
65-69
C+
60-64
C
55-59
D+
50-54
D
45-49
E+
40-44
E
Below 40
F
Grade point
5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0
Interpretation
Exceptional
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fairly Good
Pass
Marginal Fail
Clear Fail
Bad fail
Qualified Fail
Qualified Fail
(b)
(i) A student fails a compulsory course OR
(ii) A student obtains a grade point average (GPA) or cumulative point Average (CGPA)
of less than 2.0
6
7.6 Discontinuation
A student shall be discontinued from the programme if:(a) He/she has received three consecutive probations on the same compulsory/elective
course.
(b) He/she has received two consecutive probation based on GPA or CGPA
(c) Professional misconduct
7.7 Re-taking a course
A candidate may re-take a course when it is offered again in order to:
(a) Pass it if he/she had failed it before
(b) Improve the grade if the first pass grade was low
7.8 Submission of Dissertation
a)
A candidate shall not be permitted to formally start on research work unless he/she
has passed the taught course in the first year.
b)
A candidate shall conduct research in a chosen area with the guidance of two
supervisor (s).
The candidate will initially present the intended research work proposals at a
departmental seminar.
c)
A candidate shall submit a research proposal to the Faculty Higher Degrees
committee before the end of the second semester of the first year and begin the
research component during the first semester of the second year.
The candidate shall present their research findings in the form of a Dissertation in
accordance with common University Rules and Regulations for a Masters Degree in
all Faculties.
d)
e)
A candidate intending to submit his/her dissertation/thesis must give three months
written notice of submission to the Director, School of Postgraduate Studies and must
be endorsed by the Supervisors and Head of Department.
f)
When the candidate’s dissertation/theses is ready for submission, he/she should
submit three loose bound copies with the authority of the supervisors and Head of
Department direct to the Director, School of Postgraduate Studies.
g)
The dissertation/thesis must be presented at least three months before the date of the
final examination. The first 4 weeks of semester 2 year 3 will be for finalizing the
dissertation.
7.9 Passing the Dissertation
To pass the dissertation the candidate shall satisfy the Examiners in both the written
Dissertation and viva voce.
Revised Dissertation
(a) A candidate who fails to satisfy the examiners shall re-submit a revised dissertation in
accordance with the guidance of the Viva Voce committee
(b) Only one re-submission of a dissertation is allowed.
7
7.10 Degree Award
The degree of M.Med (Radiology) shall be awarded without classification but the degree
certificate will show the pass grades in the individual courses. To be awarded the degree of
M.Med (Radiology) a candidate must sit and pass all the prescribed courses as well as the
dissertation and viva voce examination. In addition to some specific Faculty Regulations,
the general University Examination Regulations shall also apply.
8
CURRICULUM STRUCTURE
8.0 (NO OF CREDIT UNITS PER SEMESTER)
Year
Semester Semester Recess
Total
1
II
Term
I
16
15
8
39
II
11
13
10
34
III
14
14
28
Total
41
42
18
101
8:1
CURRICULUM STRUCTURE
Key:
L/H Lecture/Tutorial/Hours, P/H = Practical/Clinical hours, CH = Contact hours,
CU = Credit Units
Year I Semester I
Code
Course
L/H
P/H
CH
CU
CEB 7101
Epidemiology, Biostastics
And Research Methods
Radiological
Anatomy and Special
Radiological
Techniques I
30
40
60
4
30
60
60
4
Radiological
Physics I
Radiography and
Radiographic
Photography I
30
60
60
4
30
60
60
4
120
220
240
16
RAD 7102
RAD 7103
RAD 7104
Total
9
Year I Semester II
Code
Course
RAD 7201
Radiological
Anatomy and
Special
Radiological
Techniques 2
RAD 7202
Computer Science,
Information technology
And Telemedicine
RAD 7203
Radiological
Physics 2
RAD 7204
Radiography &
Radiographic
Photography 2
Total
L/H P/H
45
60
CH
75
CU
5
45
60
75
5
15
30
30
2
30
30
45
3
135
180
225
15
Year 1 Recess Term
Code
Course
HSM 7301 Health systems
Management
RAD 7302 Introduction to
Clinical Radiology case
description
RAD 7303 Radiation
oncology
L/H
20
T/H
32
PH
48
CH
60
CU
4
0
0
60
30
2
0
15
30
30
2
Total
20
47
138
120
8
N.B Students are advised to develop and hand in a concept paper for their research
proposal
10
Year II Semester I
Code
Course
RAD 8101 Clinical Radiology
and imaging I
L/H
30
P/H
60
CH
60
CU
4
RAD 8102
Clinical Radiology
Case description 1
0
150
75
5
RAD 8103
Total
Nuclear Medicine
15
45
30
240
30
165
2
11
Year II Semester II
Code
RAD 8201
Course
Clinical Radiology
Case Description 2
L/H
0
P/H
150
CH
75
CU
5
RAD 8202
Clinical Radiology
and Imaging 2
15
90
60
4
RAD 8203
Echo-cardiography
and Cardiovascular
Radiology
15
90
60
4
30
330
165
13
L/T
0
CP
150
CH
75
CU
5
RAD 8302 Dissertation Proposal
0
150
60
5
Total
45
300
135
10
Total
Year II Recess Term
Code
RAD 8301
Course
Clinical Radiology
Case Description 3
11
Year III Semester I
Code
Course
RAD 8401 Clinical Radiology and
Imaging 3
RAD 8402
Interventional
Radiology and Medical ethics.
RAD 8403
Clinical Radiology
Case description 4
L/H
45
P/H
60
CH
75
CU
5
25
90
60
4
0
150
75
70
240
180
Total
Years III Semester II
Code
Course
RAD 8501
Clinical Radiology
Case description 5
L/H
0
P/H
150
CH
75
CU
5
RAD 8502
20
80
60
4
0
20
150
380
60
195
5
14
Clinical Radiology
and Imaging 4
RAD 8503 Dissertation defence
Total
12
5
14
YEAR I SEMESTER I
APPENDIX 1:
DETAILED COURSE CONTENT
(1)
Year I Semester 1
CEB 7101
Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Research Methods (4CUs)
a) Course description
In this course, the students will learn the principles and methods of epidemiology and
biostatistics. They will also acquire knowledge and skills that will enable them to design,
conduct and disseminate health research.
b) Course aims
The aims of this course are to:
 Equip students with the basic knowledge about the principles and methods of
Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Research
 Equip the students with skills of application of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and
Research methods to health
 Equip the students with skills of research proposal development and scientific
writing.
c) Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1. Describe and apply principles and methods of epidemiology.
2. Describe and apply principles and methods of biostatistics.
3. Design a research proposal according to Makerere University guidelines.
d) Teaching and learning pattern
Teaching will be by lectures, tutorial sessions and practical sessions
e) Indicative content
 Introduction to Epidemiology and the Scientific Method
 Measuring health and disease
 Vital statistics
 Epidemiological study designs
 Qualitative research methods used in health research
 Assessing the relationship between variables (Association, Cause and Effect)
 Prevention (natural history, screening and diagnostic tests, prognosis)
 Evaluation of health services
 Validity of health research (external vs internal, validity vs precision, bias,
confounding, interaction)
 Descriptive statistics
 Probability theory and distributions
 Hypothesis testing and confidence intervals
 Writing the Research proposal and research report
13


Statistical techniques used in health research (sampling, sample size estimation,
analysis)
Ethics in health research
RAD 7102
Radiological Anatomy and Special Techniques I (4CU)
Course description
This course will enable the student understand the embryology, anatomy, radiological and
imaging techniques of the musculoskeletal system and the chest
Course Objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Describe the embryology of musculoskeletal system.
 Describe the embryology of the chest and cardiovascular system.
 Describe the detailed radiological and imaging anatomy of the respiratory system
using various imaging modalities including plain radiography, Conventional
Tomography, Computed Tomography (CT), radionuclide studies, Ultrasound (US),
fluoroscopy, bronchography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), digital
radiography
 Describe the detailed radiological and imaging anatomy of the musculoskeletal
system using various imaging modalities including plain radiography, Tomography,
CT scanning, radionuclide studies, US, fluoroscopy, MRI, digital radiography.
Course content
1) Embryology and development of bones of the upper limb, lower limb and pelvis including
muscles, joints and vessels.
2) Embryology of the respiratory system. The thoracic cage, bones and muscles, upper
airway, the lungs, lung segments
3) Anatomy of the upper limb, lower limb and pelvis.
4) Anatomy of the pulmonary vasculature, the thoracic cage, bones and muscles, upper
airway, the lungs, lung segments pleura and diaphragms.
5) Special techniques relevant to above systems: contrast studies, US, CT/ MRI.
5) US technique and anatomy of the joints and surrounding soft tissues.
6) MRI technique and anatomy of the joints and surrounding soft tissues.
The student will be expected to do a minimum 180 plain radiographs, 30 contrast studies and
45 CT/MRI.
RAD 7103
Radiological Physics 1
Course Objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:



Discuss properties of radiation and matter as well as x-ray production.
Describe measurements of the different quantities of radiation.
Discuss basic radiation protection and legal requirements
14
Course content
1) Introduction to general properties of radiation and matter
 Matter, elements and atoms.

Simplified structure of the atom, molecules, Binding energy, ionisation and
excitation.

Types of radiation: - Ionising and non ionising types of radiation (directly and
indirectly ionising radiation)

Electromagnetic spectrum and characteristics of involved radiation: - A
comparison to visible light. High energy, high frequency and low wavelength.
X-rays and gamma rays as forms of electromagnetic radiation. Characteristics
of X-rays and Auger electrons.

Nuclear stability and instability:- Nuclides and their classification. Nuclear
structure and excited states of nuclides, Radionuclides and stability of
nuclides, radioactive process.

Radioactivity: - Definition, units and dosages, laws of decay, simple
calculation involving mass of a radioactive sample, specific activity,
exponential law of decay, half life, calculation on radioactive decay.
2) Production of x-rays and x-ray generating apparatus
 The discovery

Components and accessories of the X-ray equipment including functioning of
the X-ray tube and safety futures.

The X-ray spectrum:- Continuous spectrum, line or characteristic spectra,
factors affecting the X-ray spectrum.

Quality assurance of performance for standard X-ray sets.
3) Detection and measurement of X-rays and Gamma rays
4) Radiation basic protection principles and practice (shielding, time, distance and personnel
monitoring in diagnostics and radiotherapy)
5) International and national legal aspects of radiation safety
RAD 7104
Radiography and Radiographic Photography 1 (4CU)
Course Objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:


Describe the process of radiographic image formation.
Describe the properties, storage and handling of x-ray films and imaging accessories
in conventional radiography
15





Discuss radiological image quality and the related factors.
Discuss x-ray film processing darkroom and. light film processing
Discuss computed radiography
Identify common artefacts and discuss how they occur.
Perform radiological and imaging techniques of the upper and lower limb and chest
Course outline
1) Image formation, the latent image, processing of x-ray films, computed radiography.
2) Elementary sensitometry, the characteristic curve, structure of an x-ray film, radiographic
cassettes and Intensifying screens.
3) Handling and storage of films, the processing cycle, film faults
4) Radiographic contrast, radiological image quality, exposure and factors influencing them
(image quality, exposure factors, radiographic contrast, detail and definition and factors
affecting them)
5) The imaging technique for the upper limb, the lower limb and the chest
Year I Semester II
RAD 7201
Radiological Anatomy and Special Radiological Techniques 2 (5 CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:




Describe the radiological anatomy of the skull, intracranial structures and related
structures, vertebral column, Hepato-biliary, Genital urinary tract (GUT) and Gastro
intestinal tract ( GIT).
Discuss the pharmaceuticals used in radiology
Discuss and perform special radiological imaging techniques and their applications of
the above systems including abdominal ultrasound, CT, MRI and contrast studies..
Describe cross sectional anatomy of the above systems and relate it to the
radiological anatomy as seen at various imaging modalities, plain radiography,
Ultrasound, CT, MRI & contrast studies.
Course outline
1) The skull: details of skull osteology, facial bones, jaws, paranasal sinuses, the brain and
meninges.
2) The eye: contents of the orbit and eyeball: middle and internal ear.
3) The vertebral column: spinal cord and meninges. Osteology, vessels and the nerves.
4) Special radiological techniques: Fluoroscopy, ultrasound CT and MRI.
5) Contrast media and other drugs and pharmaceuticals used in Radiology.
16
6) Anatomy of the GIT and GUT.
7) Contrast studies of GIT, mouth, oral pharynx, salivary gland, oesophagus and stomach.
Lower GIT: small intestine and colon, biliary tract and related organs: liver, spleen,
pancreas and gall bladder .
8) Cross sectional anatomy of the abdomen.
9) Anatomy of the GUT: kidney, calyces, ureters, bladder, prostate and the urethra.
10) Techniques including abdominal Ultrasound, Intravenous urography,
Hysterosalpingography, cystourethrography, myelography, Orthography.
RAD 7202
Computer Science, information technology and Telemedicine ( 5 CU)
Course objective
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:



Describe the basic components of the computer and learn basic computer
applications.
Discuss data and information management.
Outline applications of information communication technology (ICT) in radiology
Course Outline
 Introduction to Computer:

Introduction to computer handling both soft and hard ware.

Management of imaging data as well as other information and data relevant to
Radiology

Equipment for IT Technology (World wide web, DICOM and PACS systems, and
Telemedicine)
RAD 7203
Radiological Physics 2 (2CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Describe interaction of charged and uncharged type of radiation with matter.
 Describe X-ray interactions in the patient and radiological image formation.
 Discuss image receptors and the physical principles of contrast enhancement.
 Discuss basic radiobiology principles
 Describe the physical principles of mammography, fluoroscopy, CT, MRI,
Ultrasound and Radionuclide imaging
 Discuss radiation protection principles and practice
17
Course content
1) Interaction of charged particle radiation with matter: - Bragg curve, linear energy transfer,
stopping power, ionisation, energy losses; range, range-energy relationship and shielding.
2) Interaction of uncharged radiation with matter
3) X-ray interactions in the patient and attenuation process in relation to subject contrast.
4) Interaction of X-ray photon with the intensifying screen and production of light photon.
5) Interaction of the light photon with the X-ray film and formation of latent and
radiological image.
6) Film gamma, latitude and speed
7) Factors affecting radiological film contrast
8) Factors affecting image quality
9) Direct and indirect action of radiation
10) DNA Strand Breaks and Chromosomal aberrations
11) Radiosensitivity and cell age in the mitotic cycle
12) Radiation damage,
13) Hereditary effects of radiation
14) Physical principles of mammography, fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, Ultrasound and
radionuclide imaging
15) Radiation-protection, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)
RAD 7204 Radiography & Radiographic Photography 2(3CU).
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Discuss and perform the technique of Special Radiological Procedures including
contrast studies of the GIT, Genito urinary studies and Central Nervous system.
 Describe radiographic techniques ,skull , and abdomen.
 Contrast studies of the GIT and accessory organs including sialograms and
cholecystograms
 Contrast studies of the GUT including hysterosalpingograms, cystourethrograms,
intravenous pyelograms.
 Contrast studieso f the CNS including Angiograms and myelograms
 Critique x-ray films
Course outline
1) Special radiological procedures Describe day light film processing
2) Radiography of Skull, spine and abdomen.
3) Radiographic and imaging techniques, skull abdomen.
4) Contrast studies of GIT, GUT and CNS
YEAR I RECESS TERM
HSM 7301
Health Systems Management(4CU)
Course objectives
By the end of this course, students will be able to: Outline the heath policy & system
 Lead the process of preparing strategic & operational plans for their organisations.
18



Work with and supervise other health workers.
Undertake financial management
Collect and utilise information for management division making.
Content:
Unit 1: Concepts in health policy, planning and management
Unit 2: Management of personnel in a health care organisation.
Unit 3: Introduction to concepts in health economic and financial management
Unit 4: Management of materials (drugs, medical supplies, medical equipment, transport,
and health infrastructure).
Unit 5: Information systems and basic performance indicators.
Unit 6. Medico-legal aspects of health care management and regulations.
RAD 7302
Introduction to Clinical Radiology Case Description (2CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Outline the principles of radiological case study writing
 Describe and document cases of radiological interest
 Write a concept paper for research proposal
Course outline
1) Clinical radiology case studies
2) Case documentation (at least 5 cases).
3) Follow up the cases with the relevant disciplines (team work)
4) Introduction to research proposal writing
RAD 7303 Radiation Oncology (2CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:




Describe the basic principles and practice of Radiotherapy and Nuclear medicine
Outline radiotherapy management of various cancers with emphasis of the most
prevalent in the Uganda population.
Discuss radical and palliative treatment
Discuss radiation dose prescription and treatment planning.
Course outline
1) Basic principles and practice of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine. Emphasis will be
on the topics below:- General principles of Radiation Oncology, Radiobiology, TLD,
tissue Tolerance therapeutic ratio and 4R’s, Radiation pathology, Determination of
treatment policy, Radio-sensitivity, Radiocurability,
2) Radiotherapy management of common cancers like cancer
tumours and side effects of radiotherapy
19
breast, cervix and ENT
3) Radiotherapy management of Genito-urinary cancers, Bones and soft tissue sarcoma, Ca
bronchus, Lymphoreticular tumours, Paediatric Tumour, CNS & Eye, Skin cancers,
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
4) Radical and palliative treatment
5) Radiation dose prescription, simulation and treatment planning
YEAR II SEMESTER I
RAD 8101
Clinical Radiology and Imaging 1.
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:




Describe the basics and principles of film interpretation of the chest
Special imaging examinations of the chest
Report chest radiographs and other chest images
Discuss radiological chest pathology and its radiological and imaging appearances
Course outline
1) Basics and principles of film interpretation
2) Performance of special x-ray examinations of the chest.
3) Film reporting in chest radiography, (at least 180 plain films)
4) Radiological chest pathology and its radiological appearance: The chest wall (congenital,
traumatic, inflammatory neoplastic diseases others). The pleura (pneumothorax, hydrothorax, tumours), the diaphragm, the mediastinum, consolidation, lung collapse, PTB
general, primary PTB, complications of PTB, other lung infections, chest trauma, Ca
bronchus, (Pulmonary nodules ), other pulmonary neoplasm , diffuse lung disease
(industrial and collagen disease, Bronchitis, asthma obstructive airway disease,
Emphysema), pulmonary embolism and infarction, pulmonary oedema. The chest and
AIDS infection.
RAD 8102
Clinical Radiology Case Description 1(5CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:

Describe and document cases of radiological interest
Course outline
1) Advanced clinical radiology case studies with greater clinical content and detail
2) Case documentation (at least 5 cases).
3) Follow up the cases with the relevant disciplines (team work)
20
RAD 8103
Nuclear Medicine. (2CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Describe the principles of Nuclear medicine
 Discuss the radionuclide imaging techniques
Course outline
1) Principles of nuclear medicine.
2) Nuclear medicine in-vivo and in-vitro consisting of: Bone scan, thyroid, Genito urinary
tract, Lungs, Hepatobilliary, Brain, spleen, Pancreas etc. Cardiovascular scans.
YEAR II SEMESTER II
RAD 8201
Clinical Radiology Case Description 2 (5CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Describe and document cases of radiological interest

Course outline
1) Advanced clinical radiology case studies with greater clinical content and detail
2) Case documentation (at least 5 cases).
3) Follow up the cases with the relevant disciplines (team work)
RAD 8202
Clinical Radiology and Imaging 2 (5CU).
By the end of the course the student should be able to understand Women’s health and
imaging
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Describe the obstetric and gynaecological anatomy
 Outline the different imaging technique applied to women’ health
 Perform an obstetric and gynaecological ultrasound
 Discuss the radiological findings using the different imaging modalities in women’s
health
 Discuss obstetric & gynaecology pathology as seen at ultrasound
 Discus the breast imaging examinations
 Describe breast imaging Pathology
Course outline
1) Obstetric and gynaecological ultrasound
2) Imaging using modalities such as Fluoroscopy, Mammography, Ultrasound ,CT and
MRI
3) Image interpretation of Women’s imaging
21
4) The student shall perform at least 60 special x-ray examinations, 40 mammograms,
20 breast ultrasound scans, 2 Galactograms, 50 obstetric ultrasound examinations, as
well as 45 CT/MRI.
5) Radiological interpretation of mammography of Benign and malignant lesions
6) Soft tissues imaging
RAD 8203 Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Radiology.
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:


Discuss radiological anatomy and investigations of the heart and blood vessels and
specific disease conditions both congenital and acquired
Outline the radiological pathology of the various diseases of the heart and great
vessels
Course outline
1) Radiological anatomy and studies of the heart and great vessels including
echocardiography and MRI
Angiocardiography ,Angiography, Phlebography and, & Lymphangiography
2) Radiological pathology of various disease conditions.
Cardiac enlargement, Congenital heart disease (L-R shunts) (Acyanotic), Cyanotic heart
disease (R-L Shunts), Fallot's Tetralogy and Eisenmenger complex, Pulmonary
circulation, Cardiac tumours, Pericardial lesions, Acquired heart disease valvular,
Hypertension and coronary heart disease, Cardiomyopathies (EMF) etc.
3) Introduced to the following imaging techniques:- Angiography, Selective and superselective angiography, Carotid angiography, Venography, Lymphangiography and
4) Doppler studies, including Physics of Doppler, Duplex Doppler ultrasound of the lower
and upper limbs, carotid Doppler, renal Doppler and Doppler of the upper and lower
limbs arteries.
YEAR II RECESS TERM
RAD 8301
Clinical Radiology Case Description 3 (5CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:

Describe and document cases of radiological interest
Course outline
1) Advanced clinical radiology case studies with greater clinical content and detail
2) Case documentation (at least 5 cases).
3) Follow up the cases with the relevant disciplines (team work)
22
RAD 8302 Dissertation Proposal (5CU).
Course Objectives:
1) To develop a research proposal for M.Med. Dissertation
Content:
Introduction and literature review
Methodology
YEAR III SEMESTER I
RAD 8401
Clinical Radiology and Imaging 3 (5CU).
Musculo skeletal Radiology and CNS
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:




Discuss congenital and acquired disease conditions of the bones and joints
Discuss congenital and acquired disease conditions of CNS
Describe the radiological appearances of the congenital and acquired conditions of
bones and joints and CNS
Perform radiological imaging techniques of the musculoskeletal system and CNS,
ENT, Ophthalmology
Course outline
1) Congenital bone lesions
2) Bone trauma fractures and dislocations,
3) Bone infection – osteomyelitis, syphilis, TB
4) Benign and malignant bone tumours and secondaries
5) Arthritis – Acute and chronic, rheumatoid arthritis, gout arthritis and other arthritides.
6) Endocrine and metabolic bone diseases.
7) Imaging techniques: Fluoroscopy, Myelography, Arthrography, Musculoskeletal
ultrasound
8) Radiological interpretation of Paranasal sinuses
9) Radiological interpretation of intracranial calcifications
10) Radiological interpretation of the CNS including the pituitary fossa, benign and
malignant tumours, Stroke, Trauma etc
(11) The student shall do at least 180 plain radiographic reports, $% CT and MRI and a
minimum of 5 myelograms.
23
RAD 8402 Interventional Radiology and Medical Ethics (4CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
 Discuss medical ethics relevant to radiology
 Perform interventional radiological procedures.
 Discuss the radiological findings of interventional procedures
 Discuss forensic Radiology
Course outline
1) Image guided procedures: biopsy, abscess drainage, nephrostomy, cyst puncture,
Antegrade pyelography, percutaneous cholangiography and other techniques as facilities
allow.
2) Medical ethics
3) The student shall participate in at least 20 interventional procedures and document them in
the logbook.
4) Forensic Radiology
RAD 8403 Clinical Radiology Case Description 4 (5CU(
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:

Describe and document cases of radiological interest
Course outline
1) Advanced clinical radiology case studies with greater clinical content and detail
2) Case documentation (at least 5 cases).
3) Follow up the cases with the relevant disciplines (team work)
N.B* The student shall assume a gradual independent role in the above studies
YEAR III SEMESTER II
RAD 8501
Clinical Radiology Case Description 5 (5CU)
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:

Describe and document cases of radiological interest
Course outline
1) Advanced clinical radiology case studies with greater clinical content and detail
2) Case documentation (at least 5 cases).
24
3) Follow up the cases with the relevant disciplines (team work)
4) The student shall compile 30 of all cases in the Clinical Radiology Case Description
course into a single book for presentation
N.B* The cases are expected to cover all fields and body systems including
Gastrointestinal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal ,Central nervous
system and Urogenital.
RAD 8502
Clinical Radiology and Imaging 4 (4CU)
Abdomen – GIT & GUT
Course objectives
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
1) Apply wider knowledge of all radiological imaging procedures and interpret them
logically to formulate diagnosis and differential diagnosis for the GIT.
2) Apply wider knowledge of all radiological imaging procedures and interpret them
logically to formulate diagnosis and differential diagnosis for the GUT
3) Interpret Plain abdominal X-rays
Course outline
1) Radiological interpretation of abdominal radiographs of Intestinal obstruction, Abdominal
masses, abdominal calcifications, Extra- luminal air and loculated air, Ascites.
2) Clinical practices of techniques such as: Plain radiography, Fluoroscopy, My) Ultrasound,
CT & MRI, Abdominal CT and plain radiography.(Oral and intravenous
Cholangiography, Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTHC) and ERCP
(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
3) The student shall perform a minimum of 180 plain films, 60 contrast studies, 40 (8202)
100 abdominal ultrasound, 100 obs/gynae ultrasound and 45 CT/MRI.
4) Ultrasound of Testis
RAD 8503 Dissertation defence (5CU)
As stipulated in the assessment and examination requirements for this programme the
student shall write and submit a dissertation as required by the school of postgraduate
studies.
25
Appendix 1
7: 2 Resources
7.20 Human Resources
The course is run on a multi-disciplinary basis using specialists from within and without the
Radiology Department. The Department of Radiology has seven established staff who
participate in teaching the academic courses. There are assisted by Ministry of Health
Radiologists working at Mulago Hospital. It also utilises other experts in the relevant
departments of Anatomy, Pathology, Surgery, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Institute of Public Health and Orthopaedics.
7:21 Physical:
The programme shares the same physical facilities with the x-ray and Radiotherapy
Departments of Mulago Hospital. There is a tutorial room, which is used for the main
lectures and tutorials. The postgraduate have free access to all the x-ray rooms, ultrasound
rooms, CT room, Cobalt room, simulator room etc for their practical training, and
departmental library.
7:23 Equipment:
Mulago Hospital offers modern diagnostic facilities for the training of Radiologist namely
general radiographic units, Fluoroscopic units with closed circuit TV monitor,
mammography units, ultrasound units and a modern CT scanning unit.
Two PC computers, one with Internet connections and a wide range of physics laboratory
equipment for quality control of x-ray equipment are also available.
26
APPENDIX II
PERSONNEL TO TEACH THE program
APPENDIX III
PERSONNEL AVAILABLE FOR TEACHING
No.
Name
Qualifications
Rank
Specialization
Work status
Load
(Hrs/week
1
2
3
Assoc Prof. E. Kiguli-
MBChB, M.Med,
Malwadde
MScHPE
Assoc Prof. Kawooya
MBChB, M.Med,
Michael
PhD
Dr Iga Matovu.
MBChB, M.Med
Assoc. Prof.
Radiology
5
Dr Kigula Mugambe.
Mr. Ddungu Matovu.
10 hrs
(Makerere)
Assoc. Prof
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
Senior
Radiology
Consultant
4
Full time
MBChB, M.Med,
Senior
MSc
Consultant
BSc, MSc
Lecturer
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
Radiotherapy
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
6
Dr. Byanyima Rose
MBChB, M.Med
Consultant
Radiology
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
7
Dr. Oola Sam
MBChB, M.Med
Senior
Radiology
Consultant
8
Dr. Kamya Lubowa
MBChB, M.Med
Radiologist
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
Radiology
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
9
Dr. Kisembo Harriet
MBChB, M.Med,
Consultant
Radiology
MPH
10
Dr. Baguma Pontiano
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
DCR, MBChB,
Consultant
Radiology
M.Med, Dip.
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
Clin. Oncol.
11
Dr. Luutu Israel
MBChB, M.Med
Consultant
Radiology
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
12
13
Mr Kavuma A.
Dr. Musana Patrick
BSc, MSc, PhD
Medical
(c)
Physicist
MBChB, M.Med
Consultant
Radiotherapy
Full time
(MoH)
Radiology
Full time
(MoH)
27
4 hrs
4 hrs
14
Dr. Bugeza Sam.
MBChB, M.Med
Lecturer
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
15
Mr. Businge Francis.
BSc
Teaching-
Radiology
Asst.
16
Dr. Muyinda
MBChB, M.Med
Radiologist
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
Radiology
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
17
Mr. Kitimbo G.
Dip, BSc
Senior
Radiology
Radiographer
18
Mr. Ochola S
Dip, BSc
Senior
Mr. Katungwensi E
Dip, BSc.
Senior
Radiology
Mr. Mubuuke G.
BSc
Teaching Asst
Full time
5 hrs
(MoH)
Radiotherapy
Radiographer
20
5 hrs
(MoH)
Radiographer
19
Full time
Full time
6 hrs
(MoH)
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
21
Dr. Okello R.
MBChB, M.Med
Lecturer
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
22
Dr. Ameda F.
MBChB, Mmed
Teaching Asst
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
23
Ms. Nakatudde R
BSc, MSc
Asst. Lecturer
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
24
Mr. Tumwebaze M
Dip, BSc
Chief
Radiology
Radiographer
25
Mr. Bule S.
BSc, MSc
Asst. Lecturer
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
Radiology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
26
Dr. Kasolo J.
MBChB, MSc
Sen. Lecturer
Physiology
Full time
10 4 hrs
(Makerere)
27
Assoc Prof. Wako P.
MBChB, MSc,
Assoc. Prof &
PhD
Head of
Pharmacology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
Department
28
Dr. Baguma P.
DCR, MBChB,
Consultant
M.Med, Dip.
Radiologist &
Clin. Onc.
Clinical
Radiotherapy
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
Oncologist
29
Dr Luwaga A
MBChB, M.Med
Consultant
Radiotherapy
Radiologist
31
Dr William Bazeyo.
MBChB, MPH,
Assoc. Prof.
28
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH)
Public Health
Full time
10 hrs
PhD
33
Mr. Wegoye Philip
(Makerere)
DCR
Principal
Radiology
Radiographer
34
Dr. Buwembo W
BDS, MSc
Lecturer
Full time
4 hrs
(MoH))
Anatomy
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
35
Dr. Ochieng J
MBChB, MSc
Sen. Lecturer
Anatomy
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
36
Prof. Seggane Musisi
MBChB, M.Med,
Professor
Psychiatry
PhD
37
Dr Wabinga. H
Full time
4 hrs
(Makerere)
MBChB, M.Med
Professor
Pathology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
38
Dr Odida. M
MBChB, M.Med
Sen. Lecturer
Pathology
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
40
Dr M. Galukande.
MBChB, M.Med,
Sen. Lecturer
Surgery
MScHPE
41
Dr Tindimwebwa M
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
MBChB, M.Med
Sen. Lecturer
Anaesthesia
Full time
10 hrs
(Makerere)
42
Dr. Katamba A
MBChB, MSc,
Lecturer
PhD
43
Assoc Prof. Karamagi C
MBChB, M.Med,
MSc, PhD
29
Assoc. Prof
Clinical
Full time
Epidemiology
(Makerere)
Clinical
Full time
Epidemiology
(Makerere)
10 hrs
10 hrs
Appendix III
BUDGET
The program is privately sponsored apart from those students who qualify for Government
sponsorship. No tuition will be charged for the recess term
INCOME PER YEAR
Tuition fee per
semester (Ug.
Shillings)
Number of paid
semesters @ year
2,400,000
2
Total number of
students in the 3
years of study
(10 students per
year)
30
Number of years
of study for the
program
Total income @
year for all the 3
years (Ug.
Shillings)
3
144,000,000
DEDUCTIONS MADE OFF THE TOTAL INCOME @ YEAR
Item
Percentage deduction
Amount (Ug. Shillings)
Centre
10
14,400,000
Library
10
5
14,400,000
7,200,000
Maintenance
5
7,200,000
Total deduction
30
43,200,000
Salary
100,800,000
Total income @
year after
deductions
Faculty fee charges
10
10,080,000
90,720,000
Total income to the
department @ year
EXPENDITURE PER YEAR (Vote 1021)
A) Teaching
Contact hours
Rate per hour (Ug.
Amount (Ug. Shillings)
Shillings)
for
1410
courses
compulsory 15,000
B) Administration
Post
Head of department
Course manager
Rate per
Shillings)
60,000
50,000
21,150,000
month
(Ug. Amount (Ug. Shillings)
720,000
600,000
30
Clinical
Education 30,000
coordinator
Personal Tutor
10000 per student
Exams coordinator
30,000
Secretary
20,000
SUBTOTAL
360,000
C) Vote Details
Rate per semester
2010 Office tea and 100,000
entertainment
3030 Material supplies/ 200,000
office expenses
SUBTOTAL
Amount (Ug. Shillings)
300,000
4.
300,000
360,000
240,000
2,580,000
600,000
900,000
Stationary
Item per each year of study
Unit cost
Duplicating paper,
6 reams
Photocopying paper
reams
Flip chart (12)
Ruled paper 6 reams
Manila paper 5 dozens
White board (2)
Markers 5 packets
5 Catridges
Assorted Envelopes
Chalk: 6 boxes
10,000
Amount for the 3 years (Ug.
Shillings)
180,000
15 15,000
Ball pens 10 packets
675,000
20000
8,000
15,000
55,000
12000
120,000
30,000
15,000
240,000
192,000
300,000
110,000
60,000
600,000
90,000
90,000
10,000
60,000
SUBTOTAL
1,922,000
Vote 7011 Meetings
Departmental Meetings
Grand total Expenditure
Balance
500,000
27,052,000
63,668,000
Recommendations:
Foreign students should pay tuition fee of USD $ 3500.00 per Semester
31