Chapter Objectives: Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics
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Explain the importance of the fossil record to the study of evolution
Describe how fossils form
Distinguish between relative dating and absolute dating
Explain how isotopes can be used in absolute dating
Explain how continental drift may have played a role in the history of life
Describe how radiation into new adaptive zones could result in
macroevolutionary change
Explain how mass extinctions could occur and affect evolution of surviving
forms
List the major taxonomic categories from the most to least inclusive
Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures
Describe 3 techniques used in molecular systematics and explain what
information each provides
Distinguish between a monophyletic and a polyphyletic group and explain
what is meant by a natural taxon
Describe the contributions of phenetics and cladistics to phylogenetic
systematics
Chapter Terms:
phylogeny
specific epithet
convergent evolution
systematics
family
analogy
fossil record
order
DNA~DNA
hybridization
geological time scale
class
radiometric dating
phylum (phyla, pl)
half-life
kingdom
DNA sequence
analysis
Pangaea
taxon (taxa, pl)
cladistic analysis
adaptive zone
monophyletic
clade
phylogenetic trees
polyphyletic
outgroup
binomial
paraphyletic
synapomorphies
genus (genera, pl)
homology
restriction maps
parsimony
phylogenetic biology
Chapter Outline Framework
A. The Fossil Record and Geologic Time
1. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils
2. Paleontologists use a variety of methods to date fossils
3. The fossil record is a substantial but incomplete chronicle of
evolutionary history
4. Phylogeny has a biogeographical basis in continental drift
5. The history of life is punctuated by mass extinction followed by
adaptive radiation of the survivors
B. Phylogeny and Systematics
1. Taxonomy employs a hierarchical system of classification
2. The branching pattern of a phylogenetic tree represents the
taxonomic hierarchy
3. Determining monophyletic taxa is a key to classifying organisms
according to their evolutionary history
4. Molecular biology provides powerful new tools for systematics
5. The search for fossilized DNA continues despite recent setbacks
C. The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics
1. Phenetics increased the objectivity of systematic analysis
2. Cladistic analysis uses novel homologies to define branchpoints on
phylogenetic trees
3. Phylogenetic systematics relies on both morphology and molecules