Chapter 8 Power Point Lecture Notes
Aquatic Biodiversity
Name: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________ Assignment #________
1. Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (1)
a. Biodiversity
b. Formation
i. Tiny animals (polyps) and algae _____________________________________________
ii. Polyps secret calcium carbonate shells, which become coral reefs
2. Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (2)
a. Important ecological and economic services
i. Moderate atmospheric temperatures
ii. Act as __________________________________________________coasts from erosion
iii. Provide habitats
iv. Support __________________________________________________businesses
v. Provide jobs and building materials
vi. Studied and enjoyed
3. Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (3)
a. Degradation and decline
i. Coastal development
ii. Pollution
iii. Overfishing
iv. Warmer ___________________________________________________________: kill
algae and thus the polyps
v. Increasing ocean acidity
4. A Healthy Coral Reef in the Red Sea
5. 8-1 What Is the General Nature of
Aquatic Systems?
a. Concept 8-1A Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost three-fourths of the
earth’s surface, with oceans dominating the planet.
b. Concept 8-1B The key factors determining biodiversity in aquatic systems are temperature,
dissolved oxygen content, availability of food and availability of light, and nutrients necessary
for photosynthesis.
6. Most of the Earth Is Covered with
Water (1)
a. Saltwater: global ocean __________________________________________________
i. Atlantic
ii. Pacific
iii. Arctic
iv. Indian
b. Freshwater
7. Most of the Earth Is Covered with
Water (2)
a. Aquatic life zones
i. Saltwater life zones (marine life zones)
1. _________________________
2. Coastlands and _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
b. Freshwater life zones
i. Lakes
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ii. Rivers and streams
iii. Inland wetlands
8. Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (1)
a. Plankton: free floating
i. Phytoplankton
ii. Primary
______________________________________________________________________
iii. Zooplankton
1. __________________________________________________
2. Single-celled to large invertebrates like _________________________
iv. _________________________
1. Tiny photosynthetic bacteria
9. Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (2)
a. _________________________
i. Strong swimmers: fish, turtles, whales
b. _________________________
i. Bottom dwellers: oysters, sea stars, clams, lobsters, crabs
c. _________________________
i. Mostly bacteria
10. Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (3)
a. Key factors in the distribution of organisms
i. Temperature
ii. Dissolved oxygen content
iii. Availability of food
iv. Availability of light and nutrients needed for photosynthesis in _____________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Turbidity: degree of cloudiness in water
i. __________________________________________________
11. 8-2 Why Are Marine Aquatic
Systems Important?
a. Concept 8-2 Saltwater ecosystems are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity and provide
major ecological and economic services.
12. Oceans Provide Vital Ecological
and Economic Resources
a. Estimated $12 trillion __________________________________________________
b. Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones
i. Coastal zone
1. Warm, __________________________________________________
2. Shore to __________________________________________________
3. Usually high NPP from ample _________________________________________
c. Open sea
d. Ocean bottom
13. Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (1)
a. Estuaries and __________________________________________________
i. Where rivers meet the sea
ii. Seawater mixes with freshwater
iii. Very productive ecosystems: _______________________________________________
iv. _________________________
v. Inlets
vi. Bays
vii. Sounds
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viii. _________________________
ix. Mangrove forests
14. Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (2)
a. Seagrass Beds
i. Grow underwater __________________________________________________
ii. Support a __________________________________________________
iii. Stabilize shorelines
iv. Reduce wave impact
b. Mangrove forests
i. Along tropical and subtropical coastlines
ii. 69 different tree species that _______________________________________________
15. Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (3)
a. Important ecological and economic services
i. Coastal aquatic systems maintain water _______________________________________
1. Toxic pollutants
2. Excess __________________________________________________
3. Sediments
b. Absorb other pollutants
c. Provide food, __________________________________________________
d. Reduce storm damage and coast erosion
16. Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms
a. Intertidal zone
i. Rocky shores
b. Sandy shores: __________________________________________________
c. Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes
d. Importance of _________________________
17. Coral Reefs Are Amazing Centers
of Biodiversity
a. Marine __________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________
18. The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species (1)
a. Three vertical zones of the open sea
i. _________________________
1. Phytoplankton
2. Nutrient levels low
3. Dissolved oxygen levels high
ii. _________________________
1. Dimly lit
2. Zooplankton and smaller fishes
iii. _________________________
1. Dark and cold
2. High levels of _________________________
3. Little _________________________
4. Deposit feeders
5. Filter feeders
b. Upwelling brings nutrients to euphotic zone
c. Primary productivity and NPP
19. 8-3 How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems?
a. Concept 8-3 Human activities threaten aquatic biodiversity and disrupt ecological and
economic services provided by saltwater systems.
20. Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems
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a. Major threats to marine systems
i. Coastal development
ii. Overfishing
iii. Use __________________________________________________
iv. Runoff of __________________________________________________
v. Point source pollution
vi. Habitat destruction
vii. Introduction _________________________
viii. Climate change from __________________________________________________
ix. Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries
21. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble (1)
a. Largest estuary in the US; polluted since 1960
b. Human population increased
c. Point and nonpoint __________________________________________________
d. Phosphate and nitrate levels too high
e. Excess sediments from runoff and __________________________________________________
22. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble (2)
a. Oysters, a keystone species, greatly reduced
b. 1983: Chesapeake Bay Program
i. Integrated __________________________________________________, state, federal
governments and citizens’ groups
c. 2008 update:
i. 25 years and $6 billion
ii. Program met only 21% of goals
iii. Water quality “very poor”
23. 8-4 Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important?
a. Concept 8-4 Freshwater ecosystems provide major ecological and economic services, and are
irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity.
24. Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (1)
a. Standing (_________________________) bodies of freshwater
i. Lakes
ii. Ponds
iii. Inland wetlands
b. Flowing (_________________________) systems of freshwater
i. Streams
ii. Rivers
25. Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (2)
a. Four zones based on depth and distance from shore
i. _________________________ zone
1. Near shore where rooted plants grow
2. High biodiversity
3. Turtles, frogs, crayfish, some fish
ii. _________________________ zone
1. Open, sunlight area away from shore
2. Main photosynthetic zone
3. Some larger fish
iii. _________________________ zone
1. Deep water too dark for photosynthesis
2. Low oxygen levels
3. Some fish
iv. _________________________ zone
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1. Decomposers
2. Detritus feeders
3. Some fish
4. Nourished primarily by dead matter
26. Some Lakes Have More Nutrients
Than Others
a. _________________________ lakes
i. Low levels of nutrients and low NPP
ii. Very clear water
b. _________________________ lakes
i. High levels of nutrients and high NPP
ii. Murky water with high turbidity
c. _________________________ lakes
d. __________________________________________________of lakes from human input of
nutrients
27. Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Water from the Mountains to the Oceans
a. Surface water
b. Runoff
c. Watershed, drainage basin
d. Three aquatic life zones
i. Source zone
ii. Transition zone
iii. Floodplain zone
28. Case Study: Dams, Deltas, Wetlands, Hurricanes, and New Orleans
a. Coastal deltas, __________________________________________________: natural protection
against storms
b. Dams __________________________________________________in deltas: significance?
c. New Orleans, Louisiana, and Hurricane Katrina: August 29, 2005
d. Global warming, sea rise, and New Orleans
29. Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are
Vital Sponges (1)
a. Marshes
b. Swamps
c. Prairie potholes
d. Floodplains
e. Arctic tundra in summer
30. Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are
Vital Sponges (2)
a. Provide free ecological and economic services
i. Filter and degrade toxic wastes
ii. Reduce flooding and erosion
iii. Help to replenish streams and ______________________________________________
iv. Biodiversity
v. Food and timber
vi. Recreation areas
31. 8-5 How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems?
a. Concept 8-5 Human activities threaten biodiversity and disrupt ecological and economic
services provided by freshwater lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
32. Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Freshwater Systems
a. Impact of __________________________________________________
b. Impact of __________________________________________________
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c. Impact of __________________________________________________, rivers, and lakes
d. Impact of drained wetlands
33. Three Big Ideas
a. Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost three-fourths of the earth’s surface, and
oceans dominate the planet.
b. The earth’s aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services
c. Human activities _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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