Goal 4: Learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life. 25-30%
4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. (Historical
development and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms,
classifying organisms using a key)
1. In the times of Linnaeus, he used binomial nomenclature to classify organisms. In the time of technology,
now we mostly use DNA technology, molecular clocks to classify organisms. (Chapter 18)
2. Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change? Due to new DNA evidence and
amino acid similarities from living and extinct organisms. These are now used to disclose common ancestry.
3. What are the three domains proposed above the kingdom level? (Page 458/459) Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya
4. What is the current seven-level classification system? (DKPCOFGS)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus & Species (Genus & Species = Scientific Name)
5. What is binomial nomenclature? A two-name naming system based in Latin to identify a single organism.
6. How do you write a “scientific name?” All in italics with the Genus capitalized and the species in
lowercase.
7. What is a cladogram? What are derived characters? (Page 453) A cladogram is a diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. Derived characters are characteristics that appear in
recent parts of a lineage but no in its older members.
8. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used
to classify organisms. They try to determine a “common ancestry.”
9. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to
this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related?
Any pairs of animals closest on the tree.
10. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?
lungfish
11. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? birds
12. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the
various kingdoms.
Archaea
Eukaryotic
Prok
or
prokaryotic
Multicellular Single
or singlecelled
Sexual or
Asexual
asexual
reproduction
Eubacteria
Prok
Protista
Euk
Fungi
Euk
Plantae
Euk
Animalia
Euk
Single
Both
Both
Multi
Multi
Asexual
Both
Both
Both
Both
Autotrophic Both
or
heterotrophic
Aerobic or
AN
anaerobic
Both
Both
Hetero
Auto
Hetero
AE
AE
AE
AE
AE
Cell walls or
no cell walls
Yes
Maybe
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.
1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2
b. leaf is broad……… go to 5
2. a. needles are short ....go to 3
b. needles are long…...go to 4
3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock
b. underside of needles silver ..balsam
13. What am I?
4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine
pitch pine
b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine
5. a. edge of leaf round…go to 6
b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7
6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen
b. no minty odor…..laurel
4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish essential
life functions including…
14-16. Fill in the charts showing how various groups of organisms accomplish the life functions listed.
Annelid worms (Pages 695-696), Insects (Pages 716-718), Amphibians (Pages 784-787), Mammals (822-827),
Gymnosperms (Pages 566-568), Angiosperms (569-572), Non-vascular Plants (Pages 556-559)
Transport of materials
Protists
Cell Membranes
Annelids
True coelom
Insects
Open circulatory. heart
Excretion
Cell Membrane
Malphighian tubules
Respiration
Cell membrane
Regulation
Cell membrane
Nutrition
Animal like, plant-like,
fungus-like
Asexual mostly
Digestive-anus
Nitrogen-nephridia
Gas exchange through
moist skin
Brain and nerve cords
ganglia
Heterotrophic-filter
feeder to predators
External fertilization
and seperate sexes
Nymph to adult
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Budding
Tracheal tubes
Brain and nerve cords
ganglia
Heterotrophic
sexual
Metamorphosis, partial
metamorphosis
Transport of materials
Amphibians
Cardiovascular system
Mammals
Cardiovascular system
Excretion
cloaca
Kidneys ,anus, cloaca
Respiration
Occurs through skin and gills
lungs
Regulation
ectothermic
endothermic
Nutrition
heterotrophic
Reproduction
Filter feeders,herbivores.
carnivores
External ferti
Growth and development
metamorphosis
Placental, non-metamorphic
Sexual
Transport of materials
Non-vascular Plants
Osmosis
Gymnosperms
Xylem and phloem
Angiosperms
Xylem and phloem
Excretion
N/A
N/A
N/A
Respiration
Osmosis
Transpiration
Transpiration
Regulation
Osmotic Pressure
Capillary Action
Capillary Action
Nutrition
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesisq
Photosynthesis
Reproduction
Spores
Naked Seeds
Fleshy Fruits
Growth and
development
Spores – adult
Seed – Cones
Seeds - Fruits
17. Compare the following two types of cells. (Page 459)
Prokaryotic
Membrane-bound organelles
NO
Ribosomes
YES
Types of chromosomes
Loose (Plasmid, circular DNA)
Size
Small
4.3
Eukaryotic
YES
YES
Found in a nucleus
Large
Assess, describe and explain adaptations affecting survival and
reproductive success (structural adaptations in plants and animals,
disease-causing viruses and microorganisms, co-evolution)
18. Label the following parts on the flower and give their functions:
Stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, anther, filament
Stigma – Female part of the flower – captures pollen
Style – Female part of the flower – transmits pollen to ovary
Petal – Nonsexual part of the flower – attracts pollinators
Sepal – Nonsexual part of the flower – protects petals
Anther – Male part of the flower – attaches pollen granules
Filament – Male part of the flower – stalk that supports pollen
Ovary- Contains Egg Cells
19. Fill in the following charts with the information required.
Feeding Adaptations
Protists
Animal-like, Fungus-like, and Plant-like, covers the canvas of feeding
Annelid worms
Heterotrophic
Insects
Heterotrophic
Amphibians
Heterotrophic
Mammals
Heterotrophic
Adaptations to life on Land
Protists
Reproduction Adaptations
Asexual & Sexual
Annelid worms
Asexual & Sexual
Legs, respiration through skin
Insects
Mostly Sexual
Legs, lungs
Amphibians
Mostly Sexual
Legs, metamorphosis, lungs
Mammals
Sexual
Internal Fertilization
Non-vascular
plants
Gymnosperms
Asexual & Sexual
Uses water for external fertilization
Asexual & Sexual
Angiosperms
Mostly Sexual
Uses a hard cone structure for
reproduction
Uses a fleshy fruit to entice animals for
reproduction
Viruses: (Page 479)
20. Describe the basic structure of a virus. What is it made of? A protein coat and DNA. A core of DNA or
RNA surrounded by a protein coat
21. What is the relationship between disease and mutations in the agents that cause disease?
Mutations lead resistance to drugs.
22. For the following diseases, give the agent and the symptoms.
Type of pathogen
Symptoms of Disease
HIV
Supresssed Immune system due to failure of T-helper
Virus
cells.
Influenza
Virus
Body aches, fever, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache.
Cough, fatigue
Smallpox
Virus
High fever, fatigue, head and back aches, rash
Streptococcus
(Strep Throat)
Bacteria
Fever. Sore throat, swollen glands
23. What is meant by coevolution? Where two different species evolve in tandem through
mutualisitic goals with one another. (A.k.a. if made for one another.)
24. Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and then describe how coevolution
works. (How does it ensure the survival of a species?)
the orchid that looks like a female bee to lure the males to try to have sex with it in order
to pollinate.
4.04 Analyze and explain the interactive role of internal and external factors in health and disease
(genetics, immune response, nutrition, parasites, and toxins)
25. Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria.
In a hertozygous form the sickle cell gene provides resistance to malaria
26. Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use.
The tobacco is a carcinogen that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth
27. Explain the relationship between skin cancer, vitamin D, folic acid and sun exposure.
Sun burns destoy folic acid in the skin which helps prevent cancer. The skin needs sun to make vitamin D
28. Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics.
Potential for diabetes can be genetic and good diet and exercise can help maintain health blood glucose
levels
29. Explain the relationship between PKU and diet.
A person with PKU must be on a low phenylalanine diet to make up for the lack of enzyme production
that breaksdown phenylalanine.
Immune Response (Chapter 40)
30. What are some of the non-specific first lines of defense? Mucus, Skin,
31. What are some of the non-specific second lines of defense? __inflammatory response, white blood cells
32. What is Humoral Immunity? What type of cell does it involve? What do they produce? B cells,
antibodies
Immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids. B cells.
33. What do B cells produce?
Plasma cells and memory B cells
34. What is happening at letter C?
Antibodies are attacking the pathogens
35. What is the function of helper T-cells?
They activate killer T cells and produce memory T
cells
36. What is the function of killer T-cells?
Track down and kill pathogens
37. What is the function of suppressor T-cells?
Shut down killer T cells when the job is done
38. What kind of cells are produced at letter D that keep you from becoming re-infected? (Secondary
infection?) Memory B Cells
39. What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
Active is the body's response to vaccines. Passive is the injection of other animals antibodies
40. Explain what vaccines do to the immune system. They induce the body's development of antibodies
41. Are antibiotics used against viruses? What is used against viruses?
No, they only work against bacteria. You need anti-viral meds against viruses.
Health and Nutrition
42. What type of diet contributes to optimal health? (High in what and Low in what?) High in fiber/protein,
low in fat.
Balanced diet. High-carbs and fruits and vegetables
Low- fats oils and sweets
43. What type of diet contributes to obesity? Diabetes? (Page 1008) High in sugar (see question 42.)
high in complex carbohydrates and low in saturated fats.
44. What type of diet contributes to malnutrition?
A lack of vitamins and minerals
45. What happens when someone is deficient in Vitamin C? Scurvy Vitamin D? Rickets
Vitamin A?
46. What are some of the concerns over skin cancer, folic acid and sun exposure? (Pages 974)
same as 27
47. What are some of the concerns over lung and mouth cancer from tobacco use? (Pages 962)
same as 28
Parasites (Malaria)
48. Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite. (Page 503)
What is the vector?
What are the symptoms?
Mosquitoes
severe chills and fever
control
What are the treatments?
drugs, vaccines, and mosquitoes
Environmental Toxins
49. Explain the effects on human health of:
Lead: _increased blood pressure, anemia, brain and kidney damage
Mercury: brain damage, mental retardation, blindness, seizures
4.05 Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment.
50. What is a stimulus? What is a response? (Page 871)
any kind of signal that carries information and can be detected. Response – a reaction to a stimulus
51. Why is it important that organisms are able to respond to their environment and surroundings?
Allows for interaction with the environment and increased fitness.
52. What are some ways that animals communicate? (Pages 881-882)
visual signals, chemical signals, sound signals, language.
53. Compare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning. (Pages 874-875)
classical is based on punishment and reward - Operant is based on repeated behavior.
54. What is habituation? Why is it good for the animal and evolution as a whole?
The process by which animals decrease or stop response to repetitive stimulus that neither rewards or
harms. Decreases use of unnecessary expense of energy.
55. What is imprinting? Why is this important? (Page 876)
recognizing and following the first thing a baby sees to move. It keeps young animals close to their
mothers
56. Describe insight learning and explain which type of species has this kind of behavior. (Page 875)
Reasoning. The ability to apply something learned to a new situation. Common among humans and other
primates.
57. Complete the following Chart of Animal Behavior. (Chapter 34)
Type of Behavior
Explanation of Behavior
Survival Value of Behavior
This is when an organism is born knowing
Suckling
Allows for newborns to get nutrition
how to ‘suckle’ or obtain milk from its
mother.
Positive Phototaxis and Negative
Insects moving
Feeding and protection
away or toward
light
Phototaxis
Migration
Estivation
Hibernation
Habituation
Imprinting
Classical
conditioning
Trial and error
Communication
using pheromones
Courtship dances
Territoriality
This is when organisms move from one
place to another periodically, generally in
response to temperature or food availability.
This is when an organism goes dormant for
a long period of time to escape hot
temperatures.
This is when an organism goes dormant for
a long period of time to escape cold
temperatures.
This is when an organism learns to ignore a
stimulus because it is repetitive and is not
providing any valuable information.
This instinctive behavior is when some
baby bird species will follow the first
moving object they see, usually the mother.
Any time an animal learns to make a
connection between a certain behavior and a
given reward or punishment.
When faced with two choices, an organism
can learn to choose the option with the best
reward.
Chemical signals
Maintaining food source
When an individual performs some ritual –
either sounds, visual display, pheramones,
etc. – in order to attract a mate.
This is when an organism will defend or
mark a defined living space.
same
58. Which of the above behaviors are innate (or instinct)?
All but those listed in 59
59. Which of the above behaviors are learned?
Classical conditioning and trial and error
60. Which of the above behaviors are social?
Courtship and territoriality
Surviving extreme conditions (hot)
Surviving extreme conditions (cold)
Conservation of energy
Keeps newborn close to mother for food and
protection
Allows animal to make beneficial choices
same
Increases fitness through mating
Decreases competition