ENVI 121 - Fall 2005
Review Sheet - First Exam
I. History of Marine Biology
A. Early – Aristotle, Explorers, Cook, Darwin
B. Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) – Forbes, Thomson, scope and significance of cruise
C. Marine Labs – Examples and approximate time frame
D. Modern Marine Biology – SONAR, SCUBA, Research Vessels, Computers, Remote Sensing
II. Scientific Method
A. Process – Induction, Deduction, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Results/Interpretation, Theory
B. Field Observations vs. Controlled Experiments – in situ, ex situ, uncontrolled variables, controlled
variables
III. Geography
A. World Ocean – Four major basins, marginal seas, 71% of earth’s surface, few barriers, characteristics
of major basins (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern), marginal seas
IV. Geology
A. Internal Structure of Earth – Core, mantle, crust (continental, oceanic)
B. Plate Tectonics – Continental drift, mid-ocean ridge system, trenches, “Ring of Fire”, magnetic
anomalies, other evidence, sea-floor spreading, rifts, spreading centers, lithosphere, asthenosphere, ,
plates, subduction, subduction zones, transform faults
C. Continental Drift – Pangaea, Panthalassa, Tethys Sea, Sinus Borealis, Laurasia, Gondwana
D. Geological Provinces – Continental margins (shelf, shelf break, slope, rise, submarine canyons, deepsea fans, active vs. passive margins), Deep-ocean floor (abyssal plain, seamounts, guyots, rises), Midocean ridges (rift valley, black smokers), Hot spots
V. Water
A. Properties – Polar, Hydrogen bonding, Surface tension (cohesion), Viscosity (adhesion), Changes in
state, Heat capacity, Latent heat of melting (latent heat of fusion), Latent heat of evaporation, Solvent
properties, Density, Dissolved gases, Transparency, Pressure
B. Dissolved salts – Major constituents, Sources, Salinity, Rule of Constant Proportions, Factors
affecting salinity
VI. Circulation
A. Coriolis Effect – Nature, effects
B. Wind Patterns – Origin, trade winds, doldrums, westerlies, horse latitudes, polar easterlies
C. Surface Currents – Origins, Ekman spiral, anticyclonic gyres, heat transport
D. Waves – Crest, trough, wavelength, period, fetch, seas, swell, surf
E. Tides – Origins, cycle, spring, neap, period, semidiurnal, mixed, diurnal
F. Vertical Circulation – Thermohaline, Great Ocean Conveyor
VII. Challenges of Life in the Sea
A. Salinity – Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, hypo-osmotic, isosmotic, hyperosmotic,
osmoconformers, osmoregulators, freshwater vs. marine fishes, euryhaline, stenohaline
B. Temperature – Polar, cold temperate, subtropical (warm temperate), tropical, ectotherms,
endotherms, poikilotherms, homeotherms, eurythermal, stenothermal
C. Surface-to-Volume Ratio – Nature, consequences
Review Session: Tuesday, Sep 20, 7-9 pm, ST 129?