FGD SUMMARY REPORT
Discussion on hazards, impacts and Sector vulnerability
Major Hazards
The pastoral and agro pastoral communities in Fafen and Jigjia zones engage diversified household economic
activities; in the FGD, consultations were made with farming, Village finance, livestock and dairy production female
and male livelihood activity/producer groups. In Ararso and Obale Woredas Jerer zone, the local community mainly
depends on livestock and dairy production economic activities; in Halahago and Tikdem of Fafen zone, the pastoral
and agro pastoral households engage both Rainfed crop production and livestock and dairy production economic
activities. Hartsheikh of Fafen zone, local people practice livestock, crop production and off- farm and market based
economic activities.
The consulted livelihood groups of fafen and jerer posses a wide range of natural, financial, human and social
resources that are important for their livelihood activities; Hence, the key resources are livestock, farmlands, pasture
water, market, human labor, social infrastructures, income generating unions, traditional and customary institutions
etc.
These resources have so long been affected by climatic or non-climatic hazard. For these Woredas (Gursum,
Kebribeyah, Degahbur, and Ararso), drought has been identified as the major hazard affecting the community
livelihoods and business activities ,The consulted livelihood groups pointed out the existence of erratic and unpredictable rainfall as the main driving force for frequent drought affecting their main livelihoods. In Halahago Kebele
of Gursum Woreda male farm group focus discussion have described the appearance of new and un- familiar weeds on
farm lands during dairy season, which make farming activities more difficult and tire some.
The other life challenging hazards mentioned include livestock diseases/crop pests, deforestation (as one of the main
three hazards), , Floods, heat stress, and human diseases.
Both pastoralism and agriculture are considered to be highly climate-sensitive sectors. In countries like Ethiopia,
however, where dry land pastoralism and rain-fed agriculture predominate, the productivity of many livestock, pasture
and crop species, which are already near their maximum temperature and drought tolerance, is expected to decrease,
even with minimal increases in temperature (IPCC, 2001)
Hazard impacts
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Hazard
Impacts
Drought
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Erratic rainfall
Livestock disease
Flood
Los of pasture availability and productivity
water shortages
loss of livestock weight loss( Death of livestock)
Decreased livestock productivity (milk and meat)
Decreased livestock disease resistance
Decreased livestock prices
Reduced incomes
Crop failure (mentioned in agro‐pastoral communities in Gursum
Woreda)
Human and livestock migration
increased human diseases and death
conflicts over scarce grazing land (in Degahbur Ararso and Harshin
boundaries)
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Decrease of available pasture
water shortages
Poor condition of livestock and weight loss
Death of livestock
Decreased livestock milk and meat
livestock disease and death
Loss of livestock market/prices
Crop failure (in Gursum)
Food insecurity and malnutrition (mostly affecting children,
pregnant women and old people)
 Human migration
 conflicts over scarce resources
 Bush encroachment
 Livestock weight loss
Livestock weight loss
Reduced livestock meat and milk
Reduced livestock breeding
Livestock deaths
Loss of market access
Loss of incomes
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Human and livestock death
Water born disease
Displacement community
Damage community asset
Invasive weeds /plants
Deforestation
Heat stresses
 Crop damage
 Food shortages
 Damage of pasture lands
 High heat stress
 Loss of forest shades for livestock
 loss of forest products
 high floods and soil erosion
 poor crop growth
 Land is bare to exposed wind and rain erosion
 Losses of medicinal and indigenous forest
 Losses of pasture for livestock
Displacement of community
 Shortage of water
 Losses of pasture
 Losses of crop production
 Decreased human activities
 Poor condition of livestock and weight loss
 Decreased livestock milk and meat
Vulnerability
Communities visited in the Fafen and Jerar zones are either pure pastoral or agro-pastoral. Both
pastoralism and Rainfed agriculture are considered to be highly climate-sensitive sectors. Pastoral and
agricultural systems are impacted by changes in rainfall patterns (usually erratic), frequent droughts,
Heat stress, pests and diseases, temperature, floods, conflicts.
Vulnerability to these changes varies with time, geographic location, and economic, social, and
environmental conditions. Climate change impacts on pastoralism and agriculture are therefore highly
region- , livestock- and crop-specific, determining whether they result in net benefits or losses. For
example, while elevated atmospheric CO2 levels may augment crop productivity, higher temperatures
may offset such benefits by increasing pest and disease outbreaks (Fischer et al., 2002). In countries like
Ethiopia, however, where dryland pastoralism and rain-fed agriculture predominate, the productivity of
many livestock, pasture and crop species, which are already near their maximum temperature and
drought tolerance, is expected to decrease, even with minimal increases in temperature (IPCC, 2001).
The main livelihood resources identified by FGD groups in these Woredas are livestock, water, farmlands,
Crops/grains, manpower, water Ponds, Traditional wells and ponds, customary institutions, Livestock
products, traditional institutions, Health, education, rural roads etc.
These resources are highly affected either directly or indirectly by drought and climate-related hazards;
For example, Female FGD with village saving and livelihood activity of Hartsheik and Tikdem Kebelle
concluded drought, disease, weed, and deforestation as the mostly exposed and life challenging hazards;
this resulted frequent livestock disease, decreased pasture area, frequent crop failures, water stress, and
decreased household economic activity and opportunity therefore, livestock , pasture and farmlands are
the most sensitive resources with respect to change in local climatic conditions; Obale and Ararso FGD
with female and male described repetitive Drought, extreme heat/cold stress(day/night), erratic and un
predictable rainfalls and as main hazards affecting their livestock, water and pasture conditions.
These communities are experiencing the negative impacts of drought and extreme heat events on
natural resources such as pasture, water sources, farmland and trees. In all areas of Jerer and Fafen
zones, utility of traditional wells and ponds decreases due to due to cracking of ponds and reduced water
levels that local residents found difficult to with such labor intensive maintenance needs; due to lack of
financial and material capacity and poor nutritional status of local people. The same is also true in
Halahago faming male FGD, livestock production and Rainfed farming systems are main house hold
economic activities that are either directly or in directly affected by the recurrent climatic hazards.
The main resources upon which Fafen and Jerer communities depend include livestock and livestock
products, crops/grains, savings, market opportunity.etc. these resources have so long exposed to
repetitive climate change related hazards, the visited livelihood groups expressed the loss of economic
opportunities associated with these resources and hence, decreased household income. Therefore, one
can conclude that these communities’ financial resources are strongly impacted by drought.
As mentioned above, drought leads to decreased pasture and water availability, which in turn leads to
livestock emaciation and death, reduced livestock productivity (in terms of milk and meat), reduced
livestock disease resistance, more livestock being sold on the market, and lower livestock prices, thereby
leading to weaker terms of trade and decreased household incomes. Therefore, savings and credit
groups/cooperatives have been affected negatively, since incomes from livestock, livestock products,
crops, and activities such as petty trading, are highly reduced. In Hartsheik, which serve the main centre
of livestock and its products market of these zones, the consulted female livelihood groups expressed
there exists many market drop-outs due to decreased livestock quality and poor sales accompanied by
market inflations; therefore, local livestock unions were unable to withstand such condition.
Amongst livestock species in Fafen zone, cattle and sheep are especially vulnerable. Goats and camels
are more drought-tolerant and less affected by pasture degradation and bush encroachment (since they
are browsers rather than grazers). There used to be view camels in Gursum Woreda before 10 years ago;
but according to the livelihood groups of Halahago and tikdem Kebele families posses a significant
amount of camels relatively; but in Ararso and Obale Woredas of Jerer zone, all livestock species
including camel population have decreased compared before 10 years; this is due to recurrent water
stress seasons, loss of pasture lands and decreased palatable tree species due to excessive charcoal
production activities in the area.
Recurrent drought is also affecting human resources that are important to people’s livelihoods, including
education, health, human labor and various abilities/capabilities. The decrease of food (mainly meat and
milk) in times of drought affects human health (especially among children under 5 years, pregnant
women and old people), reduces human disease resistance, human labor productivity, and human
capability to undertake different.
Recurrent drought have also impacted effectiveness and sustainability of traditional resource
management systems and institutions with droughts becoming more and more severe and frequent, the
rational resource redistribution systems is becoming impracticable, as the number of people needing
social support is increasing every year.
Social associations, such as youth associations, inter-youth support groups, and women’s income
generating groups are also negatively affected by drought impacts. Increased migration and longer
durations spent searching for water, livestock feed and food leaves little time for rest.
Analysis of preparedness and response - timing and effectiveness
Saving resources at Hand: Pastoral and agro pastoral communities are well experienced in predicting
those climatic and non-climatic hazards they are exposed to near future. Hence; they prepare to
challenge the expected and incoming hazards by properly using and saving the scare resources they at
their hand .The best strategy by which pastoral and agro pastoral communities of Fafen and Jerer
prepare and response for incoming and expected hazard by saving the available water, forage, money,
food grains, fodder to their best for the survival of the family members and livestock; Usually the
Fafen and Jerer livelihood groups expressed that they start to reduce their water and food
consumption as early as possible, just before 6 months and enclose their pasture land throughout the
year.
Storing/saving resources is the best sand effective strategy to reduce drought impacts during
shocks/droughts; food/grain, water and pasture during rainy season is best as it can cost associated
with water, food and livestock fodder.
Early selling of weak and old animals while livestock prices are still good: This strategy is to reduce
livestock losses reduce burden associated in livestock rearing during drought time; families retain only
those milking animals for family nutrition and their rearing is cost effective; in Hartsheik, families sell a
parcel of their live stocks during droughts to engage other income generating activities; mothers are
usually better and cost effective with regard to this petty trade; experience has shows those families
where mothers engage market activities are productive; as a result many families have transitioned
out pastoral based livelihoods in more positive way with improved income levels. This is more
effective when the market price is reasonable and livestock demand is high gulf countries. Female
livelihood groups that females with petty trade and market experience usually perform better than
others with no experience.
Livestock vaccination and use of crop pesticides: Pastoral and agro pastoral communities of Fafen
and Jerer are aware of the occurrence of livestock diseases and usually eager to immunize their
livestock by seeking livestock vaccination treatment from government or NGO; Pastoral and agro
pastoral people of these zones have experienced in livestock and disease management, the isolate or
slaughter those infected species as prevent disease spread to other livestock or human being.
The use pesticide is apparent in Fafen farming livelihood groups; they purchase and employ various
pest control spray and apply to their crop field just at the onset or appearance of disease symptoms.
This is usually effective method to control crop bests and disease.
Improving Pasture and Water sources: rehabilitating/repairing ponds after heavy precipitation events
via community mobilization or by means of government/NGO supports. This is undertaken when
ponds dries but communities could withstand labor demand; or when there is urban based families
merchant to contribute or cover the cost; or when there is a prominent/literate individuals that can
seek support from local NGO. This observed in Hartsheik, where there is water ponds with high
adequate volume of water capacity; that have been constructed the families merchants of Somali
land..
Communities Jerer zone usually manage their pasture land by controlling deforestation and charcoal
productions; through their customary institution and elders, they manage communal pasture lands,
by preventing illegal gazers, use rotational grazing, enforce government enclosure area, practice
various soil and water management activities as to reduce wind and water erosion across
pasturelands. Male livestock livelihood groups expressed they enclose their pasture that is close to
their homesteads, to as to feed week and milking caws during extreme drought periods when there
no pasture is available.
Using Camels, donkeys and water trucks: for the transportation of grass, hay and water from remote
areas
Increased migration/mobility: This includes migration of livestock and humans to where they can find
better pasture, water points and food for humans in times of difficult hazards and drought; moving
livestock to riverine areas or where pore holes with permanent water sources exists, shifting human
settlements to urban centers where they can seek support from urban areas and social redistribution
of is accessible; migration of young men and women to nearby towns and across borders (e.g. to
somaliland or Djibouti) to find employment; Mobility is the final alternatives for pastoralists and
usually undertake and best effective when family couldn’t support itself and its livestock
Mass clan/relative/NGO support (restocking and food sharing): to those who have lost livestock or
crops; but this going to be less effective as the number of affected families beyond traditional risk
sharing.
Reducing the amount of food and water consumed: during drought times; this usually common
response strategy; for example, the livelihood groups of Ararso and Obale Woreda of Jarar Zone that
they decrease average water consumption to 4 jarikans per day; and food consumption of health and
strong family members to 1 meal per day;
Informing and looking for assistance: from the government and external agencies. All discussions
with the livelihood activity groups of Fafen and Jarar zones recommended that existing coping
strategies are not adequate to tackle the current climatic hazards; that additional external support will
be needed.
It is important to note that not all current local strategies to cope with hazards are efficient or
appropriate for long term adaptation. Some strategies, based on short-term considerations, survival
needs, lack of information or imperfect foresight, can worsen environmental degradation and thereby
diminish future adaptive capacity and livelihood options (Eriksen, 2001). The sustainability of different
coping strategies also depends on the intensity, duration and frequency of hazards. For example,
traditional coping strategies such as charcoal and firewood selling, food rationing, and traditional
asset redistribution mechanisms, might be efficient coping strategies when there is a major drought
every 6-8 years, as there used to be. However, if there is a major drought almost every year, charcoal
and firewood selling leads to massive deforestation, making this strategy obsolete in the long run, and
leading to intensification of climate change impacts; continuous food rationing leads to malnutrition,
decreased disease resistance and human capabilities, and sometimes even death; and traditional
asset redistribution mechanisms become obsolete strategies if there are too many losses and too
many people in need every year.
The livelihood groups of Fafen and Jerer zones long term sustainable adaptation strategies to climatic
changes and related hazards
Maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of water infrastructure: In general, pastoral and agro
pastoral livelihoods are characterized with erratic and un-predictable rainfall and waters stresses;
coupled with the recent climatic challenges, the rainfall has became both in intensity, frequency,
magnitude, and duration; making pastoralists more difficult deal with the trend; and hence, frequent
droughts. Discussion with the various livelihood groups of Fafen and Jerer zones equally mentioned the
importance of improved and adequate water sources as a pillar for the development of their livelihood
resources. All Female livelihood groups suggested the persistent water shortage can be reduced by
constructing enough permanent water points, such as pore holes and cisterns at their vicinity.
Male livestock groups of Gursum Woreda suggested that segregated and adequate water sources
(boreholes, ponds, cisterns, etc) for livestock; crop farming and household consumption would reduce
water shortages, family migration and fragmentations. In Ararso livestock production livelihood groups
suggest there exists permanent pore holes drilled by Emperor H/selassie government in the area but
closed by silt deposit; rehabilitation of these pore holes could cover half of their livestock water
demands; plus excavating/constructing adequate water ponds can solve existing livelihood water
demand at their locality. The discussed groups of these zones equally recommend rehabilitation of the
existing traditional wells, ponds, and boreholes with adequate management capacity and skills at
community level would likely reduce the water stress conditions and improve their future resiliency.
Modifying livestock diversity, composition and numbers: The consulted livelihood groups of Fafen
and Jerer zones suggested the importance of diversified livestock compositions and improved
production system. Before ten years, livestock composition of Ararso was dominated mainly by cow
population; Both male and female livestock livelihood groups expressed the increased family holding
of goats and camels; this is due to that cow population is very sensitive to water stresses and droughts
and therefore difficult to manage; goats provide alternative livelihood opportunities for pastoral
families income and their milk is very nutritious for young children; Both livestock livelihood groups
expressed the combination of goats and camels as best assets for the resilience and adaptation the
frequent droughts in the area, but they are overwhelmed by the increased charcoal production
activities that are negatively affecting local forests across their pasture lands;
A Community elder from Ararso livelihood group members expressed as follows:
“Historically, we were affected by the culture of keeping large number of single livestock populations;
for hundreds of years, we were busy to what our livestock population needs, in terms of pasture and
water, but not what we need from it for our survival. Due to frequent droughts, we found difficult to
fulfill the water and forage needs for such huge number. I can say we are livestock herders rather
beneficiaries; but now our community (Somali) understood this and ready to focus the benefit side of
livestock; by diversifying livestock composition as to house hold living conditions and withstand such
frequent droughts”.
Diversifying livelihood activities: Agro pastoral livelihood groups of Fafen zone suggested engaging in
planting multiple and early maturing crops to diversify income and food sources. They also suggested
they ready to start some irrigation agriculture if they get adequate water supply systems. In Gursum,
female groups suggested supporting Camel milk marketing cooperative and horticultural plants would
generate better income. All livelihood groups of Fafen and Jerer suggested engaging in different kinds
of income generating activities such as petty trade, wage labor, starting businesses, poultry
production, producing and trading honey etc.
Improved rangeland Management: livelihood groups of Fafen and Jerer the importance of improved
pasture and water sources for the wellbeing of their communities and livestock. In these zones
degraded rangelands is the main cause of family migration.
A Clan Elder from Obale livestock production groups emotionally complained the increasing rangeland
destruction by ongoing charcoal production activities, he said:“Our pasture is not giving adequate pasture as before; the problem is not the increased livestock
number or overgrazing. For these land to give enough forage or grass for animal, one thing should be
controlled i.e. Deforestation. No grass can grow without tree, no livestock or wild animal can
withstand prolonged water stress without forest. Good forage grows only when there is good forest
cover, livestock can survive only when there good forage, and our community can survive only when
our livestock lives where it can survive. Rangeland management is all about forest protection. We the
have the knowledge to manage our pastureland as a community, but we lack the support to stop
charcoal production activities. Government should create another job opportunities for families
engaged in charcoal production. If the Government doesn’t bring any solution, we and our livestock
couldn’t survive any longer; we will extinct in the near future”.
Modification of farming practices: Agro-pastoral livelihood groups in Fafen zone suggested shifting to
crop species and varieties that grow within a shorter period of time and with less rainfall. These
communities are ready to improve their crop production activities, but they lack the knowledge and
inputs to shift to diversified and improved crops.
Establishing community groups/cooperatives: All livelihood groups of Fafen and Jerer zones
suggested the establishment of youth associations for undertaking diverse social and economic
activities such rangeland, water sources and social infrastructures to overcome the negative impacts
of drought. Members of Female Dairy and Village finance groups of Hartsheik and Gursum Woreda
mentioned the benefits of their groups and associated activities (Camel milk ,vegetables, shoat
marketing), which they support their family throughout the year; and help them survive during
droughts.
More effective, efficient and participatory management of available natural resources: All livelihood
groups expressed them lack the necessary technical skill, material and motivational capabilities. They
expressed harvesting and storing as much water as possible during rainy season and properly manage
at community levels would effectively reduce the overall water stress of their area. Natural resources
are presently exclusively controlled by elders, prompting females to have say in decision making over
natural resources would bring more efficient use of resources at family/household level and would
the ease of implementing various adaptation strategies across the these zones
Tree planting: The conducted FGD across the fafen and Jerer zone suggested the reforestation of their
rangelands. They suggested the tree to be distributed for plantation should be indigenous plants that
have been eroded from the areas and can adapt to these climate.
Raising community awareness on climate change issues, including projections and potential
adaptation strategies so that communities can prepare as much as possible
Summary of preparedness and response strategies
1. Conserving water for dry periods.
2. Digging deeper wells and boreholes
3. Preserving/storing grains and crop residues
4. Reserve water for animals and humans
5. Transporting water and forages from remote areas by donkeys, camels, and humans
6. Collecting wild foods
7. Purchasing food and feed
8. Receiving food aid
9. Borrowing livestock and money from relatives
10. Feeding animals with tree branches
11. Enclosing pasture land (close to homes, farmland and small)
12. Conducting rangeland rehabilitation activities (Re-seeding, soil and water conservation, area
enclosure)
13. Feeding ,relief food for lactating and weak animals
14. slaughtering unproductive livestock for family nutrition
15. Using water supplied by NGOs and government
16. selling animals for saving family life
17. Accessing Zakat, Irmaansi, or Maal, from rich/relatives.
18. Purchasing and using traditional and modern medicines and pesticides
19. Isolating sick animals from the herd.
20. Re‐planting crops when they fail because of pests.
21. Bringing sick people or animals to heath posts for treatment
22. Promoting hygiene, sanitation and health education
23. Engaging in alternative income generating activities, such as charcoal and firewood selling (Most
common)
24. Vaccination by Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs)
25. Reporting livestock diseases to the government
26. Using traditional asset redistribution mechanisms
27. selling sick livestock at cheaper prices,
28. Praying.
29. Et.c
Discussion on resource access and decision-makers
One of the most important factors shaping the adaptive capacity of individuals, households and communities is
their access to and control over natural, human, social, physical and financial resources. Examples of resources
affecting adaptive capacity include: Human (Knowledge of climate risks, conservation agriculture skills, good
health to enable labor) Social (Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer-based organizations, traditional
welfare and social support institutions), Physical (Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain storage facilities)
Natural (Reliable water sources, productive land, vegetation and trees), and Financial (Micro-insurance,
diversified income sources).
Access to and control over these resources also varies within countries, communities and even households. It is
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influenced by external factors such as policies, institutions and power structures.
For instance, women are often particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to their limited
access to information, resources and services. Similarly, pastoralist men may find it easier than women to adapt
to changing rainfall patterns because their culture allows for greater mobility amongst men. In other societies,
more men than women may survive a flood, as many poor women do not know how to swim. However, it is
important to note that adaptive capacity can vary over time based on changing conditions, and may differ in
relation to particular hazards. etc.(CARE_CBA_Toolkit).
Pastoral and agro pastoral communities of Fafen and jerer zones posses diversified livelihood resources such as
water, livestock, rangelands, manpower, markets, trade, rural roads, health and education infrastructures,
customary laws and traditions. Etc. however, the level of access, control and decision making of these
community resources varies with time, place, gender, etc. Fafen and Jerer zones are similar in accessing,
controlling and decision making of the available livelihood resources. Water is one of the pillars of livelihood
activities in these zones; the major water users include Pastoralist, agro pastoralist, farmers, livestock traders,
and other external and internal consumers. Due to water stress conditions of pastoral and agro pastoral areas
of the zones, they are the first users as their livestock survival is highly dependent on water. Water user
decision making mainly depends on the area under concern, time, availability and existing traditional
customary laws. Usually the available water sources across the pastoral areas of jerer zones are communal with
commonalities in such away any one/member of the community can access as agreed and traditional water use
laws of that community, less control is put to external users when the available water is quantity enough; but
customary laws allows female headed households with no able bodied and week families who couldn’t
contribute communal water harvesting can access freely any time. Water committees and clean leaders are
the primary decision makers for the available waters; Pastoralist, agro pastoralist and farmers are making their
own decision for their water sources such as private birkas and ponds etc.
In general water accessibility is gender balanced and even more positive; it is generally perceived any decision
concerning resources management is usually run community elders which are exclusively males with no female
representative; but in both Fafen and jerer zone, female have adequate representative members in water
committees of the area. Both male and female livelihood groups of these zones have greater trust of decisions
based the water user committees, but the community elders have the greatest trust to any committee and
posses the final decision for water related agenda of the area.
Livestock resource and Rainfed crop production determines the overall livelihood activity of pastoral and agro
pastoral community of Fafen and Jerer. All visited areas of Fafen and Jerer zones, livestock rearing and farming
management is mainly decided by the male or household if alive, if not, female HH head would lead the
responsibility; and finally if both parents are not available oldest person (usually male but also female ) would
be responsible for this task.
All family members of the family members have equal rights for the benefits derived from livestock production
and crop farming. With regard decision making, males have the final decision of what to do about their
livestock and farm crops (when, where, and what to buy for the sell). Jerer zone communities are
predominantly pastoral; male livestock group expressed that females/mother are responsible in livestock dairy
management and marketing; the same is also true for female livestock groups that males have rights over
livestock sales and marketing issues.
But, male FGD of Fafen zone slightly differ. More males expressed that since both livestock number and dairy
has decreased due to the frequent droughts, females are better to deal; therefore, they completely left the
overall livestock and products management to their wife. Male heads usually undertake labor intensive tasks,
such as watering, and foraging and crop production activities.
During FGD with both male and female livestock groups, it is observed that trend of livestock production
management is shifting towards female dominated across the value chain. This is because female are more
efficient and effective in managing livestock production for the wellbeing of family members. Female livelihood
groups of Gursum and Obale explained that there is consultation among family members about issues
regarding households’ livestock harvested crop grains.
The level of trust in managing livestock production tasks mainly depends on the level of trust between husband
and mothers; some female members from Ararso livestock group expressed that they are discontent about the
decision of their husband over their livestock; as it is always wastage compared to other families where females
have more decision in livestock and products sales and marketing.
It is always inevitable that livestock production and products managements may lead to a conflict between
husband and wife; and therefore, clan elders may interfere about the issue and pass the proper decision .This
indicates that pastoral communities place a greater trust over community elders; therefore, community leaders
are responsible to solve for the external and internal socio-economic matters and conflict matters of pastoral
communities.
Pastoral communities of Fafen and Jerer have been exposed to frequent droughts and water stress. They are
struggling for the survival of their livestock for the wellbeing and nutrition of their family members. However,
incomes associated with their livestock and products is very less compared to the energy they invested in
rearing livestock through such life threatening, harsh, and hostile pastoral environment.
Resource
1. man power
2. market
3. trade
4. water
Access
Pastoralist/trade/consumer
Pastoralist/farmer/trade/agropastorals
Female pastoralist/male
pastoralist
Pastoralist /agro
pastoralist/farmers / livestock
trader
Decision makers
Clan leaders/ethnics leader
/house hold leaders
Pastoralist /farmers/traders
Male pastoralist /female
pastoralist
Water commute /clean
leader/Pastoralist/agro
pastoralist/farmers
5. livestock
Pastoralist /agro pastoralist
6. farmland
7. rangeland
8.
Farmers/agro pastoralist
Pastoralist/agro pastoralist
Pastoralist /agro pastoralist
/clean leaders
Farmers/agro pastoralist
Clean leaders/ethnics leaders
Other important observations/impressions
During the assessment of CVCA focus group dissection in different district community to observation
there has been a slightly improvement rain fall in most working kebele of different district that
slightly improved the surface of water and pasture with slightly increase in the livestock body
condition
The humanitarian situation of working kebele and district the food security situation are better, with
improved pasture and water as well as food support through PSNP and for selecting for farming and
dairy kebele of gursum district have benefited by the good price of grain and milk
The village saving group of kebibayaha district of hatashiek kebele cooperative have good
institutional building and income generation through the establishing and strengthening business.
Sector recommendations for follow-up action/next steps
Develop a detail implementation plan for each sector unit at district and kebele level and
implementation the plan accordingly by license of program