List of questions for the examination in Human Anatomy
Faculty of Medicine, the II-nd semester (Theory)
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General notions concerning splanchnology. Viscera – definition, classification, topography,
functional role. Viscera and constitutional types of the human body.
General principles of structure of the cavitary and parenchymatous organs.
Digestive system – general characteristics, components, functional role, development.
General structure of the walls of the alimentary tract. The serous and adventitial coats of the
alimentary canal, regional characteristic features and functional role.
The mucous coat of the alimentary canal - general structure and regional characteristic features.
Lymphoid structures of the alimentary canal – location, functional role.
General structure and regional characteristic features of the muscular coat of the alimentary
canal.
The oral cavity – walls, compartments, connections. Examination of the anatomical structures of
the oral cavity on a living person.
The lips and cheeks – structure, topography, age characteristic features and abnormalities.
The palate – external configuration, parts, structure, functions, abnormalities.
The tongue – external configuration, parts, structure, functions, abnormalities.
Isthmus fauceum – borders, the palatine and lingual tonsils. The scheme of the isthmus
fauceum.
The teeth and gums – general structure, classification, dentitions, functional role. Morphology of
the teeth, dental formulas.
The salivary glands – classification, structure, topography, functional role, examination on a
living person.
The pharynx – topography, compartments, connections, structure of the walls, the
lymphoepithelial ring, functions, examination on a livig person.
The oesophagus – structure, topography, segments, functions, examination on alive person.
Constrictions of the oesophagus, clinical significance, developmental abnormalities.
Deglutition and anatomical structures that contribute to deglutition and their functional role.
General data concerning abdomen, the abdominal cavity and its walls. The anatomo-clinical
regions of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen and their scheme.
General data concerning peritoneum, the peritoneal cavity, the subperitoneal and retroperitoneal
spaces, relations of the viscera towards the peritoneum, their scheme.
The stomach – external configuration, anatomical position, parts, topography, ligamentary
apparatus, projection and examination on a living person, the radioanatomical parts of the
stomach.
Structure of the gastric walls, functional role of the stomach, forms of the stomach, topography,
developmental abnormalities.
The small intestine – location, general structure of the walls, segments, functions, examination
on a living person.
The duodenum - external configuration, segments, topography, structural peculiarities, variants
of its shape and position.
The mesenterial part of the small intestine – segments, topography, structural peculiarities,
abnormalities. The duodenojejunal flexure – location, fixation elements, applied anatomy.
The large intestine – segments, location, general structure of the walls, functions. Distinctive
characteristic features, age specific features, abnormalities, examination on a living person.
The caecum and the vermiform appendix – structure, topography, relations towards the
peritoneum, functional role, variants of the appendix position.
The colon – segments, topography, external configuration, relations towards the peritoneum.
The rectum - external configuration, parts, topography, structure, relations towards the
peritoneum, functions, examination on a living person.
The liver – location, external configuration, ligamentary apparatus, functions.
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Internal structure of the liver (lobes, sectors, segments, lobules), characteristic features of
vascularization, examination on a living person. The scheme of classic hepatic lobule, of the
portal and of the hepatic acinus).
The intra- and extrahepatic bile ways. The gallbladder – structure, topography, functions.
The pancreas – external shape, parts, topography, relations with the peritoneum, structure,
functions.
The spleen external shape, parts, topography, relations with the peritoneum, structure, functions.
Projection of the liver on a living person. Examination of the bile ways, of the pancreas and of
the spleen.
The peritoneum – definition, layers, structure, derivatives, functions, relations of the viscera
with the peritoneum. The peritoneal cavity – compartments, bursae, recesses and their clinical
significance. Examination of the peritoneum on a living person.
Topography of the parietal and visceral peritoneum, sagittal and horizontal cross-sections of
peritoneum.
General data concerning endocrine system. Classification of the endocrine glands, examination
on a living person.
The hypophysis and epiphysis – external shape, topography, structure, functions.
The thyroid and the parathyroid glands - external shape, topography, structure, functions.
The adrenal glands and paraganglia – topography, structure, functions.
The respiratory system – general characteristics, components, functional role. Structural
characteristic features of the walls of the respiratory ways. Development of the respiratory
system, abnormalities.
The external nose – parts, structure, functions, individual, sex and age peculiarities, examination
on a living person.
The nasal cavity – walls and their structure. Compartments and connections of the nasal cavity,
examination on a living person.
The paranasal sinuses – location, connections, functional role, age characteristic features,
examination on a living person.
The larynx – general structure, external shape, topography, functions.
The cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, joints and ligamentary apparatus of the larynx, the
fibroelastic membrane.
The muscles of the larynx – classification, structure, topography, functions.
The cavity of the larynx – compartments, internal structure. The mucous coat of the larynx –
structure, the reflexogenous zones, the lymph structures of the larynx.
Projection and examination of the larynx on a living person, age and sex peculiarities.
The trachea and the main bronchi – structure, topography, functions. Intrapulmonary
ramifications of the bronchi, the scheme of the bronchial tree.
The lungs – external shape, topography, functions. The pulmonary hilum and pulmonary pedicle,
its components, and topographical relations.
Internal structure of the lungs – lobes, segments, secondary pulmonary lobules, acinuses,
primary pulmonary lobules. The scheme of the alveolar tree.
The projection lines of the thorax. Projection and examination on alive person of the trachea,
bronchi and lungs.
The pleura – structure, layers, functions, the pleural cavity, the pleural domus and the pleural
recesses. The role of the pleura in respiration.
Topography of the pleural sacs, the interpleural areas and their clinical significance, examination
on a living person. The scheme of the pleura on a frontal and horizontal cross-section.
The mediastinum – limits, contents, topography, compartments (by BNA and by PNA),
examination on a living person.
The heart – anatomical position, external shape, individual, age and sex characteristic features.
Chambers of the heart, internal shape of the atria and of the ventricles. The great blood vessels
originating from the chambers of the heart and the ones opening into them .
The valvular apparatus of the heart – components, structure, location, functions. The general
scheme of the blood circulation.
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The structure of the cardiac walls, morphological characteristic features at the level of the atria
and at the level of the ventricles. The fibrous skeleton of the heart, its conducting system.
Development of the heart, developmental abnormalities of the heart.
Examination of the heart on a living person, topography of the heart, projection and limits of the
heart on the thoracic wall. Projection of the valves of the heart and of the auscultation points of
the heart (scheme).
The pericardium – layers, structure, functions, cavity, sinuses, ligamentary apparatus,
examination on a living person.
The kidneys – external shape, topography, fixation apparatus, the renal hilum and the renal
pedicle.
The macromicroscopic and segmental structure of the kidney, the nephron (scheme).
The renal calices and the renal pelvis – structure, functions. The fornical apparatus of the
kidneys (scheme). The ureter – parts, structure, functions. The scheme of the parts and
sphincters of the ureter.
The urinary bladder – external and internal shape, parts, structure, topography, fixation
apparatus, functions. Structures that have an antireflux role.
Development of the urinary organs, variants and developmental abnormalities.
Age and sex peculiarities of the urinary organs, examination on a living person.
The testis – external shape, structure, endocrine components, functions. Scheme of the internal
structure of the testis, descent of the testis.
The epididymis and the deferent vas – parts, structure, topography, functional role.
The prostate, the seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral glands – location, structure, functions.
The penis – parts, structure, fixation apparatus. The male urethra – parts, structure, functions,
curvatures, constrictions and dilatations, their clinical significance. The scheme of the
ejaculatory ways of the semen.
The spermatic cord – limits, portions, components. Scrotum – structure, coats (scheme).
Development of the male genitals, abnormalities. Examination on alive person of the male
genitals.
The ovaries and its rudimentary annexes – external shape, fixation apparatus, topography,
structure, functions. The endocrine formations of the ovary.
The uterus and the uterine tubes – external and internal shape, parts, structure, fixation apparatus
(scheme), position, topography, functions.
External female genitals, the vagina and the female urethra – components, structure, topography.
Structural modification of the female genitals according to their functions.
Development of the female genitals, abnormalities. Examination of the female genitals on a
living person.
The perineum – components, structure, topography, sex characteristic features, examination on a
living person. Scheme of the ischiorectal fossa.
General data concerning central nervous system (components, general structure, types of neurons,
functional role).
Reflex activity of the nervous system, simple and complex reflex arcs, and the scheme of the
simple reflex arc.
Development of the nervous system, abnormalities of development. Primary and secondary
cerebral vesicles, and their derivatives.
The spinal cord – topography, limits, external shape, parts. Segmental structure of the spinal cord.
Number of segments and their projection related to the vertebral column on an alive person.
The scheme of a medullary segment.
Internal structure of the spinal cord, macroscopic three-dimensional aspect of the white and grey
matter (scheme). Topography of the grey mater and notions concerning its laminar structure
(scheme).
Topography of the white matter of the spinal cord (scheme). The segmental apparatus, (the
intersegmental fascicles) of the spinal cord.
Ventral and dorsal roots, origin of their fibers. Spinal ganglia. Spinal nerves and their formation
(scheme).
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88. The meninges of the spinal cord – structure topography, spaces, connections. Examination of the
spinal meninges on a living person.
89. General data concerning brain stem. The medulla oblongata – external shape and internal structure
(scheme), functional role.
90. The pons - external shape and internal structure (scheme), functional role.
91. The cerebellum – external shape, structure (scheme), functional role.
92. The rhomboid fossa – external shape, limits, relief. Topography of the grey matter of the
rhomboid fossa (scheme).
93. The IV ventricle – topography, walls, connections. The isthmus rhombencephali, its components.
94. The midbrain – components, external shape and internal structure (scheme), functional role.
95. The prosencephalon and diencephalon – general data, components, functional role.
96. The thalamencephalon – external shape, components, structure, functional role.
97. The hypothalamus and the subthalamic region – components, structure, functional role.
98. The third ventricle – location, walls, connections.
99. The reticular formation – its functional and morphologic characteristics, scheme of the reticular
formation nuclei, the pathways of the reticular formation (scheme).
100. The telencephalon – general data, components. External shape of the cerebral hemispheres
(surfaces, margins, poles and lobes).
101. The relief of the superolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.
102. The relief of the medial and inferior surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere.
103. The structure of the cerebral cortex, notions concerning cytoarchitectonics, myeloarchitectonics
and cortical zones.
104. General data concerning analyzers (information systems), cortical centres of the analyzers and
signalising systems.
105. Location in the cortex of the main functional areas (cortical segments of the analysers).
106. Associative neurons of the cerebral cortex. General data concerning dominant cerebral
hemisphere.
107. The rhinencephalon. The limbic system, its functional role.
108. The basal ganglia of the cerebral hemispheres – location, external shape, structure, relations,
functions.
109. The white matter of the cerebral hemispheres – structure, types of nervous fibers and anatomical
structures they form.
110. The internal capsule – shape, relations, parts, topography of the pathways that pass through it
(scheme).
111. The lateral ventricles of the brain – general aspect, location, relations, walls, connections.
112. The meninges of the brain – components, derivatives, spaces, functional role.
113. The venous sinuses of the dura mater – structure, location, relations, functional role.
114. General data concerning blood supply of the brain, Scheme of the arterial circle of the brain. The
cerebrospinal fluid – composition, secretion, circulation, functional role.
115. Examination of the brain, ventricular system, cerebral vessels and cerebrospinal fluid in vivo.
116. General data concerning pathways of the central nervous system. The exteroceptive pathways –
general characteristics, classification, scheme.
117. The proprioceptive pathways – general characteristics, classification, scheme.
118. The efferent pathways - general characteristics, classification, scheme.
119. General data concerning immunity system and organs of haematopoiesis. The thymus –
topography, structure, age characteristic features, functions.
120. The bone marrow, the lymph nodes and the lymphoid tissue of the organs of the digestive,
respiratory and urinary systems.
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