AIMS REVIEW QUESTIONS
SCIENTIFIC METHOD/INQUIRY
1.Write the six steps of the Scientific Process in order:
1. OBSERVATION
4. EXPERIMENT
2. QUESTION
5. ANALYZE DATA
3. HYPOTHESIS
6. CONCLUSION
2. There are two different types of questions, ___CAUSAL_________ and _____DESCRIPTIVE____.
The first kind of question inquires into the ___CAUSE_________ of a phenomenon by asking “why”
or “how”. The second kind asks ___”WHAT”, “WHERE”, WHEN, “WHO”_ of an object, event or
situation.
3. A hypothesis statement has three parts: __IF____, ___AND____, and ____THEN___. The first part of
the statement is the ___HYPOTHESIS__; the second part tells what the ___EXPERIMENT_____
will be, and the third part __PREDICTS____________ what will happen.
4. Given the following scenario: A) write what each of the variables is
B) construct a data table of the
data given and C) draw a graph of the data. Don’t forget labels!
Janelle observed that different kinds amounts of fossils were present in a cliff behind her house. She
wondered if changes in fossil content occurred from the top to the bottom of the bank. She marked the
bank at five positions: 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 25 m from the surface. She removed one bucket of
soil from each of the positions and determined the amount of fossils in each sample. Her data were:
5 meters: 25 fossils
10 meters: 45 fossils
15 meters: 12 fossils;
20 meters: 57 fossils
25 meters: 32 fossils
A) IV =________DEPTH OF FOSSIL_____ DV =____CONCENTRATION (#) OF FOSSILS_
Constant(s) = ______DIGGING SITE, DIGGER, METHOD ____
Number of Fossil at Various
B)
C)
Depths of Cliff
Depth of Fossil
# of Fossils
5
10
15
20
25
25
45
12
57
32
# of
Fossils
Depth of Fossils
5. Determine which kind of science is being practiced in the following scenarios:
a. Scientists research how to convert milk into biofuel:
_______________APPLIED SCIENCE___________________________
b. Scientists study how cutting off blood supply to tumors can diminish their size. They are
contributing to the effort to make cancer drugs that work in new and different ways:
_______APPLIED SCIENCE___________________
c. Particle physicists try to determine if there is a “God Particle”:
____________PURE SCIENCE______________________
CELLS (ORGANELLES AND TRANSPORT) –
6. Every living thing is made up of _CELLS_.
7. State the three fundamentals of the cell theory:
i. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS.
ii. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE & FUNCTION IN AN ORGANISM.
iii. CELLS ONLY COME FROM THE REPRODUCTION OF OTHER CELLS.
8. The two broadest types of cells are _PROKARYOTIC_ and _EUKARYOTIC_.
9. The differences between plant and animals cells are as follows:
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
10.
-have CHLOROPLASTS
-have no CHLOROPLASTS
-have CELL WALL
-have no CELL WALL
-has large VACUOLE
-has small VACUOLE
-has no CENTRIOLOES
-has CENTRIOLES
ORGANELLE
Cell Wall
FUNCTION
Provides structure & support for the cell. Protects the cell.
Cell Membrane
Allows certain things in & or out of the cell; selectively permeable
Nucleus
Control center of the cell. Stores the heredity information ;DNA
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Lysosome
Moves molecules from one end of the cell to the other
Vacuole
Clean up crew. They contain digestive enzymes that break up
molecules; old organelles & foreign substances
Stores enzymes, metabolic waste, & water
Chloroplast
Converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy for the cell
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Transforms energy from organic compounds (food) into ATP
(chemical form of energy that the cell can use).
Organizes the synthesis (putting together) of proteins
Golgi Bodies
Where substances are processed & packaged for export.
Cytoplasm
Region of the cell between the nucleus & cell membrane.
Nuclear Envelope
Allows certain things in and or out of the nucleus
Centrioles
They “tell” the organelles that are involved with cell division, where to
go.
Where ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled.
Nucleolus
11. The cell membrane is made of a ___lipid bilayer__ with proteins.
12. There are two types of movement in and out of a cell:
PASSIVE TRANSPORT_: the movement of substances __THROUGH_ the cell membrane
without any input of energy by the cell, molecules move __DOWN_
the concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
_ACTIVE TRANSPORT: the movement of substances _THROUGH_ the cell membrane with input of
energy by the cell, molecules move _UP_ the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
13. The three types of passive transport are: _DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, and _FACILITAED
DIFFUSION.
14. The three types of active transport are: _ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS, and _PROTEIN PUMP.
15. _DIFFUSION is the simplest form of passive transport. It is the movement of _MOLECULES from
an area of _HIGH_ concentration to _LOW______ concentration.
16. _OSMOSIS_ is the movement of _WATER_ through a semi-permeable __MEMBRANE_ from an
area of _HIGH_ concentration to _LOW_ concentration.
17. When comparing two solutions, they can be classified as either:
_HYPOTONIC___: a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than another
_ISOTONIC___: a solution that has an equal concentration of solute as another
_HYPERTONIC__: a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than another
18. _FACILITATED DIFFUSION_ is the movement of molecules through the cell membrane through a
protein.
19. _ENDOCYTOSIS_ is when a cell engulfs _NUTRIENTS_ in a vesicle made from the cell
_MEMBRANE_ and _EXOCYTOSIS__ is when a vesicle from inside a cell fuses with cell
_MEMBRANE_ and releases __WASTE__.
CELL REPRODUCTION
20. The two types of cellular reproduction are: _BINARY FISSION____ & __MITOSIS________.
MITOSIS___ is the process your “body” cells use to reproduce. This process is ASEXUAL /
SEXUAL.
21. ____MEIOSIS__ is the reproduction of sex cells + fertilization is this process:
ASEXUAL /
SEXUAL..
22. Another word for “body” cells is _____SOMATIC______ cells.
23. Skin cells, nerve cells, and blood cells, are DIPLOID / HAPLOID. This number is represented as
2n / n.
24. Another word for “sex” cells is _____REPRODUCTIVE CELLS____.
25. The meiotic process where sperm are made is called ___SPERMATOGENESIS_. From one germ cell
____4________(how many) DIPLOID / HAPLOID viable sperm cells result.
26. The meiotic process where eggs are made is called ___OOGENESIS___. From one germ cell
______1_____(how many) DIPLOID / HAPLOID viable egg cell(s) and _______3____ polar bodies
result..
27. Sperm and egg cells are DIPLOID / HAPLOID. Another way to represent this number is 2n / n. A
fertilized egg, or _________ZYGOTE_______, is DIPLOID / HAPLOID.
28. This is an alligator’s egg cell:
a.
Is this cell haploid or diploid? HAPLOID
b.
How many chromosomes does the alligator have in a set? 8
c.
How many total chromosomes does the alligator have in a SOMATIC cell? 16
d.
What is the process that made this cell (the germ cell)? MEIOSIS
29. Koalas have 16 chromosomes in their diploid cells. How many chromosomes do they have per set?
Show work.
16/2 = 8
__C___ 30. The first phase of meiosis.
a) Cytokinesis
b) Prophase
__G___ 31. The DNA-duplicating part of the cell cycle.
__H__ 32. The phase when chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell.
c) Prophase I
d) Telophase
e) Diploid
__J___ 33. When chromosomes line up in the middle of the spindle.
f) Homologous chromosomes
g) Interphase
__A___ 34. The final part of the cell cycle, where the cell splits in half.
__F__ 35. Two chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and function.
__B__ 36. The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane and
nucleolus disintegrate.
h) Anaphase
i) Prophase II
j) Metaphase
__D__ 37. The phase when the spindle disappears and the cell cleaves.
DNA REPLICATION
38. DNA stands for _DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID_.
39. _WATSON_ and _CRICK__ are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA,
_ROSALIND FRANKLIN is not, even though it was her work that lead to the discovery.
40. DNA’s structure is a _DOUBLE HELIX__, which looks like a _SPIRAL___ staircase. It is then
wound up tightly and held together by _PROTEINS___, this is called a _CHROMOSOME___.
41. The building block of DNA is the _NUCLEOTIDE__, which is composed of: a _SUGAR___, a
__PHOSPHATE___ , and a _NITROGEN BASE _.
42. The four nitrogen bases of DNA are: _ADENINE _(_A_), _GUANINE__(_G_), _CYTOSINE_(_C_),
and _THYMINE_(_T_). _A__ is properly paired with _T__ and _G__ is properly paired with _C__.
43. The 2 enzymes that help during DNA Replication and their functions are:
_HELICASE: unzips the _DNA_ molecule
_____________: Fills in the gaps at _______________
_POLYMERASE_: Bonds the complimentary _BASES
44. How DNA Replication occurs: First, the DNA is _UNZIPPED_ by helicase and the two strands are
exposed. Then, free floating _NUCLEOTIDES_ come over and properly line up with their partner (_A
with _T_, and _G_ with _C_). Next, polymerase _BONDS the paired _BASES_ together. This results in
two _IDENTICAL daughter molecules of DNA, each with one _OLD____ strand and one _NEW_ strand.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
45. A _SECTION__ of the DNA that gives the _CODE__ for one _PROTEIN__ is a gene.
46. RNA stands for _RIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID.
47. The four nitrogen bases of RNA are: _URACIL (_U_), _ADENINE_(_A_), _CYTOSINE_(_C_), and
_GUANINE__(_G_).
48. The three types of RNA are:
rRNA: makes up the _RIBOSOME__
mRNA: travels out of the _NUCLEUS___ and into the __CYTOPLASM__
tRNA: carries the _AMINO ACIDS_ to the mRNA going through the ribosome
49. Protein synthesis is composed of two parts: TRANSCRIPTION and _TRANSLATION.
50. How Protein Synthesis occurs:
TRANSCRIPTION: The SYNTHESIS of mRNA from a DNA blueprint. This occurs in the
NUCLEUS, then the mRNA travels out of the nucleus into the CYTOPLASM.
TRANSLATION: The information in the mRNA is TRANSLATED by a ribosome (made of
rRNA), who “reads” it. The TRANSFER RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to
drop off an AMINO ACID. The amino acids bond TOGETHER into a chain.
The CHAIN of amino acids exits the RIBOSOME & folds into a PROTEIN.
51. A protein is made up of 20 different kinds of AMINO ACIDS.
GENETICS
52. The “Father of Genetics” is __GREGOR MENDEL__. He studied __PEA__ plants to understand
genes.
53. The offspring of the P generation is the _F1___ generation. The offspring of the F1 generation is the
_F2___ generation.
54. In heterozygous individuals, only the __DOMINANT_______ allele is expressed in the individual’s
external appearance.
56. The external appearance of an organism due to the alleles is called the ____PHENOTYPE________.
57. The genetic make-up of an individual, or their letter combination (DNA) is called the
___GENOTYPE_____________.
58. There are _2____ sex chromosomes in a human. The sex chromosomes of a man are __XY___, and of
a woman they are _XX____.
59. There are __44___ non sex chromosomes in a human, they are also called _____AUTOSOMES___.
60. When one trait is being looked at in a punnet square it is called a ____MONOHYBRID_____ cross, if
two traits are examined it is called ____DIHYBRID__________ cross.
For questions 29-32 use the following information:
The trait for free ear lobes (E) is dominant to attached ear lobes (e). If a HETERZYGOUS person is crossed with a
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT person:
61. What is the genotypic ratio?
2:2:0
62. What is the phenotypic ratio?
4:0
63.What percentage of the offspring would have attached ear lobes? 0%
64.What two genotypes would you have to cross to get a 50% likelihood that the offspring would have
attached earlobes? HETEROZYGOUS X HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
For questions 65-67 use the following information:
Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked trait.
65. Draw the cross (punnett square) between a HOMOZYGOUS
DOMINANT woman with a RECESSIVE male.
XH
XH
XHXh
XHXh
Xh
66. What is the chance their daughter will have Hemophilia?
XHY
XHY
0%
67. What is the chance their son will have Hemophilia?
Y
0%
For questions 68-70 Match the explanation with the type of dominance:
Complete Dominance (A)
Incomplete Dominance (B)
Codominance (C)
68. A dominant allele will always mask a recessive allele when paired together: ___A____
69. When two dominants are paired and the phenotype shows both together but not as a blending: __C___
70. A dominant allele does not mask the recessive allele, but blends with it when they are paired: _B_
EVOLUTION 71. Spallanzani and Pasteur disproved _SPONTANEOUS GENERATION_, which is the belief that
living things arose from __NON-LIVING_________ things.
72. When a species has an inherited characteristic that _INCREASES___ it’s chance of surviving in an
environment this is known as an _ADAPTATION_. There are 3 forms of this:
A. Structural: the _FORM________ the organism takes
_B._PHYSIOLOGICAL__: the _BIOCHEMICAL___ processes happening in an organism
C.__BEHAVIORAL___: the innate __ACTIONS_____ an organism performs
73. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck hypothesized that “_ACQUIRED TRAITS” is how evolution occurred.
Charles Darwin argued and hypothesized that is “_NATURAL SELECTION__.”
_DARWIN__ was correct because a species come with _VARIED____ features and the environment
_SELECTS__ the characteristic that is most suited, so the individuals with that characteristic will survive.
74. A particular parent isotope has a half-life of 15 years. If the organism originally had
40 million isotopes, how much will be left after 45 years? Show Work!!!
40/2 = 20
20/ 2 = 10
10/2 = 5 million parent isotopes left
75.You found a fossil and did tests on it to determine the amounts of the parent isotope and the daughter
isotope. You found there were 3 atoms of the parent isotope and 21 atoms of the daughter isotope. The
half-life for this isotope is 220 years. How old is your fossil and how many half-lives did it go
through? Show Work!!!
3 + 21 = 24
24/2 = 12
12/2 = 6
6/2 = 3
(original amt)
(after 1 half life)
(after 2 half-lifes)
(after 3 half-lifes)
3 x 220 = 660 years old
76.The 4 patterns of evolution are:
Coevolution: when species are in a _DEPENDENT__ relationship on each other
_DIVERGENT__ Evolution: when related species become more dissimilar
Artificial Selection: when _UNNATURAL____ characteristics favored for breeding
_CONVERGENT____ Evolution: when not closely related organisms become more similar
77. The 3 types of structures that are studied in evolution are:
HOMOLOGOUS structures: there is evidence of a common ANCESTOR although the structure &
its function are different
Vestigial structures: the structure is _FUNCTIONLESS, but had an original purpose
ANALOGOUS_ structures: structures are similar from adaptations due to an
_ENVIORONMENTAL__change.
CLASSIFICATION
78. _TAXONOMY__ is the branch of biology that identifies and names organisms
79.To write an organism’s scientific name in binomial nomenclature you must _CAPITALIZE_ the first
word but not the _2ND________ and _ITALISIZE__ both words, or _UNDERLINE them if hand written.
80. The taxonomic levels from smallest to largest are: _SPECIES, GENUS, FAMILY, ORDER, CLASS,
PHYLUM, KINGDOM, and DOMAIN_.
Bacteria
Archaea
81. The 3 domains are:
Archaea
The 6 kingdoms are: Bacteria
Eukarya
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
82. A _DICHOTOMOUS_is a set of statements that separate a group of organism into one of two
different groups over and over again.
83. A _PHYLOGENETIC TREE is a visual image that shows the adaptation paths taken by several
different organisms.
84. A _CLADOGRAM__ is a diagram that shows different common features of several organisms.
ECOLOGY
85. What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis and in what organelle does it occur? chloroplast
6CO2 + 12H2O + ENERGY
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20
Carbon dioxide + water
+ sunlight
glucose
+ oxygen + water
86. What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration? And what to places does it occur? cytoplasm
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 12H2O + ENERGY
& mitochondria
87. The Carbon Cycle includes: cellular respiration, __VOLCANIC________ eruptions, creation of
_LIMESTONE____ from dissolved _CO2_____ in the ocean, __CONSUMPTION__ of carbohydrates
(eating), the _DECAY_ of organic material, and the __COMBUSTION_ (and burning) of natural
resources.
88. In the Nitrogen Cycle, atmospheric nitrogen, _N2_____, is not in a useable form, so it must be
“_FIXED_.” There are 3 forms of fixation: _ATOMOSPHERIC FIXATION _(lighting),
_BIOLOGICAL FIXATION_(bacteria), & _INDUSTRIAL FIXATION _(in labs).
89. The Hydrological Cycle, _WATER__ cycle, has the following 5 processes:
__TRANSPIRATION_: the lose of water out of a plant’s leaves (plants “sweating”)
Evaporation: when water heats up enough to become _STEAM_/_VAPOR__________
Condensation: when water vapor _COOLS________, forming __CLOUDS_________
__COLLECTION___________: the accumulation of water in soil, rivers, lakes, and oceans
Precipitation: when condensation becomes too _HEAVY__, and falls as _RAIN, SLEET,
SNOW, OR HAIL_ to the earth
90. Ecology is the study of _INTERACTIONS_ between _LIVING__ and the non-living components of
their _ENVIRONMENT_.
91. Organic compounds always contain _CARBON__ and __HYDROGEN.
92. _AUTOTROPHS_ (aka: PRODUCERS) are organisms that make their own energy, while
HETEROTROPHS_ (aka: CONSUMERS) must consume other organisms for their energy.
93.The four types of consumers are:
_HERBIVORE __ : organism that consumes only plants
_CARNIVORE___: organism that consumes only meat
_OMNIVORE____: organism that consumes both plants and meat
_DETRIVORE
: organism that consumes dead/decaying organisms
94. Organisms who feed at the same level are in the same _TROPHIC LEVEL. The four levels are:
_PRODUCERS, PRIMARY CONSUMERS, SECONDARY CONSUMERS, and TERTIARY
CONSUMERS.
95. When the passage of energy through an ecosystem is mapped out linearly it is called a _FOOD
CHAIN, if it is a branching network it is called a _FOOD WEB_.
96. The ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems is the _SUN_. Plants gain _1%__ of the sun’s energy
and organisms who consumer other organism gain _10%__ of the their food’s energy and all of their
__NUTRIENTS_. Energy is passed on in this fashion through an ecosystem with the majority of it
released as _HEAT_, thus it is not _RECYCLED_. Nutrients are _RECYCLED_ because upon death
an organism’s nutrients are returned to the _SOIL__.
97. Compare Biotic and Abiotic, and give and example of each.
BIOTIC REFERS TO LIVING THINGS (LIONS, PLANTS, CELLS)
ABIOTIC REFERS TO NON-LIVING THINGS (CHEMICALS, ROCKS)
98. Compare Habitat and Niche, and give and example of each.
HABITAT- ENVIRONMENT OR HOME OF AN ORGANISM
NICHE – ORGANISMS JOB OR ROLE OUT IN THE ENVIRONMENT
99. Compare Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors, and give and example of each.
D-D: DISEASE
D-I: NATURAL DISASTER/ WEATHER
100. The levels of organization from largest to smallest are: biosphere, ECOSYSTEM, COMMUNITY,
POPULATION, ORGANISM, ORGAN SYSTEMS, ORGANS, TISSUE, CELLS, ORGANELLES,
MOLECULE, ATOM.
101.Two ways to approximate a population are RANDOM SAMPLING and CATCH TAG & RELEASE.
102. Population density is the NUMBER of individuals in a population per AREA/SPACE.
103. Dispersion is the _SPACIAL_____ distribution of a _POPULATION_, 3 types are:
_CLUMPED__: individuals clustered together
_RANDOM _: individual’s location is independent of another’s
_UNIFORM or EVEN__: individuals are separated by fairly even distance
104. The growth of a population is EXPONENTIAL, which produces a J-SHAPED curve when graphed.
If limiting FACTORS are present then the population will hit CARRYING CAPACITY, which produces
a _S-SHAPED curve when graphed. If the population fluctuates around the carrying capacity then
LOGISTICS GROWTH is seen when graphed.
105. SYMBIOSIS is an ecological relationship in which 2 or more organisms live together in a close long
term relationship. 3 types are:
COMMENSALISM: one species benefits, the other is not helped or harmed
PARASITISM: one species feeds on another (known as the host)
MUTUALISM: both species are benefited, neither is harmed
Human Systems- honor’s biology only
109. State the function(s) and major organs of each system:
System
Function
Major Organs
Also, know pathways and interdependence of the systems. On a separate piece of paper write out in
detail the pathways of the Nervous, Digestive, Reproductive, Respiratory, & Excretory Systems.
Determine the interdependence between the various systems covered.
Need to know the functions of all the organs in the various systems.
CORE BIOLOGY ONLY:
Viruses and Bacteria –
109. Before scientists studied viruses and bacteria, what was thought to be the cause of illnesses?
110. In _________, a biologist named ______________ ______________ purified the tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV) and discovered …
111. Viruses are ______________- something that causes a disease.
112. Viruses do not grow, do not have homeostasis, and do not metabolize, so they are not
_____________. Which means they are not made of _________, but they are made of...
113. There are 3 types of viral structures, they are: (name the type and then draw a picture)
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
114. Viruses that infect animals are generally ______________ and have ______________ all over them.
115. Viruses that infect plants are generally ______________ and their capsid proteins are in a
___________ formation around the core.
116. Viruses that infect bacteria are ______________ and have a ______________ structure.
117. Can a virus reproduce by it self? Explain.
118. Viral reproduction occurs in 4 steps:
1. _________________- __________________________________________________________
2. _________________- __________________________________________________________
a. plants & animals are infected by ___________________________________________
b. bacteria is infected by ____________________________________________________
3. _________________- __________________________________________________________
4. _________________a. ______________-_______________________________________________________
b. ______________-_______________________________________________________
119. How does HIV kill someone? Explain.
120. Bacteria is ____________, because it is a single _________________ cell.
121. Bacteria have a single _____________ piece of DNA and it is not in a ______________.
122. Bacteria reproduce by what process? Explain how it happens.
123. To move, bacteria either spin a long fiber of protein called a _____________ or wave many short
hair-like fibers called __________.
124. Bacteria can be ____________________ (causing disease) in two ways:
 _______________________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________________
125. Pathogenic bacteria in food can usually be killed by…
126. What is biowarfare? Do not use the definition in your notes.
127. The 1st antibiotic was discovered by _______________ ________________, it was
______________.
128. What are antibiotics?
129. Antibioics work against ______________ but not _______________.
130.Are all bacteria pathogenic?
131. Can bacteria be resistant to antibiotics? Explain in detail.
132. What foods have probiotics (good bacteria) in them?
133. Bacteria can be helpful, give three examples: