U.S. Pat. No. 5472841, Jayasena, S.D., Gold, L., Methods for identifying nucleic acid ligands of human neutrophil (1995)
U.S. Pat. No. 5637459, Burke, D., Tarasow, T., Eaton, B.E., Gold, L., Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: chimeric selex (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 20050106594, Ellington, A., Rajendran, M, In vitro selection of aptamer beacons, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 6706481, Rajendran, M., Ellington,A.D., Jhaveri, S.D., In vitro selection of signaling aptamers
(2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 20020127581, Rajendran, M., Ellington,A.D., Jhaveri, S.D., In vitro selection of signaling aptamers (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 20010046674, Ellington,A., Signaling aptamers that transduce molecular recognition to a differential signal (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 6994963, Murphy, L., Setterquist, R.A., Ellington, A.D., Methods for recombinatorial nucleic
(2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 20030104520, Ellington, A.D., Hesselberth, J, Marshall, K.A., Robertson, M.P., Sooter, L,
Davidson, E; Cox, J.C., Reidel, T., Regulatable, catalytically active nucleic acids, (2003)
U.S. Pat. No. 20040126882, Ellington, A.D., Hesselberth, J, Marshall, K.A., Robertson, M.P., Sooter, L,
Davidson, E; Cox, J.C., Reidel, T., Wilson, C; Cload, S.T., Keefe, A.D., Regulatable, catalytically active nucleic acids, (2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 6429298, Ellington, A.D., Matsumura, I., Assays for identifying functional alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 20060057627, Ellington, A.D., Chelliserrykattil, J, Selection scheme for enzymatic function,
(2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 5840867, Toole, J.T., Griffin, L.C., Bock, L.C., Latham, J.A., Aptamer analogs specific for biomolecules, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 5660985, Pieken, W., Tasset, D., Janjic, N., Gold, L., Kirschenheuter, G.P., High affinity nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides, (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 5668264, Janjic, N., Gold, L., High affinity PDGF nucleic acid ligands (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 7138233, Griffiths, A., Tawfik, D., IN vitro sorting method, (2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 5476766, Tasset, D., Gold, L., Ligands of thrombin, (1995)
U.S. Pat. No. 6846655, Wagner, R.W., Wright, M.C., Kreider, B, Methods for generating highly diverse libraries, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 5270163, Gold, L., Tuerk, C., Methods for identifying nucleic acid ligands, (1993)
U.S. Pat. No. 5595877, Gold, L., Tuerk, C., Methods for identifying nucleic acid ligands, (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 5670637, Gold, L., Tuerk, C., Nucleic acid ligands, (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 5475096, Gold, L., Tuerk, C., Nucleic acid ligands, (1995)
U.S. Pat. No. 5567588, Gold, L., Ringquist, S., Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment:
Solution SELEX, (1996)
U.S. Pat. No. 20020106652, Gold, L., Willis, M., Koch, T., Ringquist, S., Jensen, K., Atkinson, B., Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: photoselection of nucleic acid ligands and solution selex,

(2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 6387620, Smith, J.D., Gold, L., Transcription-free selex, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 20020102599, Smith, J.D., Gold, L., Transcription-free SELEX, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 5625047, Been, M.D. Rosenstein, S.P, Perrotta, Anne T., Enzymatic RNA molecules, (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 20030104520, Regulatable, catalytically active nucleic acids, Ellington, A.D., Hesselberth, J.,
Marshall, K.A., Robertson, M.P., Sooter, L., Davidson, E., Cox, J.C., Reidel, T., (2003)
U.S. Pat. No. 20040126882, Ellington, A.D., Hesselberth, J., Thompson, K., Robertson, M.P., Sooter, L.,
Davidson, E., Cox, J.C., Riedel, T., Wilson, C., Cload, S.T., Keefe, A.D., Regulatable, catalytically active nucleic acids, (2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 7141665, Joyce, G.F., Breaker, R.R., Enzymatic DNA molecules,
(2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 6713456, Usman, N., Cedergren, R.J., Perreault, J., Yang, J., Rich, A., Nucleozymes, (2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 7074601, Usman, N., Cedergren, R.J., Perreault, J., Yang, J., Rich, A., Nucleozymes, (2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 5882867, Ullman, E.F, Western, L.M, Rose, S.J., Detection of nucleic acids by formation of template-dependent product, (1999)
U.S. Pat. No. 5792614, Western, L.M., Rose, S.J., Ullman, E.F., Detection of nucleic acids by targetcatalyzed product formation, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 6121001, Western, L.M., Rose, S.J., Ullman, E.F., Detection of nucleic acids by targetcatalyzed product formation, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 6368803, Western, L.M., Rose, S.J., Ullman, E.F., Detection of nucleic acids by targetcatalyzed formation, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 6110677, Western, L.M., Rose, S.J., Ullman, E.F., Oligonucleotide modification, signal amplification, and nucleic acid detection by target-catalyzed product formation, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 20050260635, Dirks, R, Pierce, N.A., Hybridization chain reaction, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 20060234261, Pierce, N.A., Dirks, R., Padilla, J.E., Colorimetric readout of hybridization chain reaction, (2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 20060228733, Pierce, N.A., Dirks, R., Fraser, S.E., Hybridization chain reaction amplification for in situ imaging, (2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 6403340, Oultram, J.D., Template chain reaction, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 20050227259, Zhang, D., Yurke, B., Winfree, E., Enzyme-free isothermal exponential amplification of nucleic acids and nucleic acid analog signals, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 20060194228, Rakitin, A., Ginovker, A., Dudelzak, A.E., DNA sequence recognition, (2006)

U.S. Pat. No. 5846726, Nadeau, J.G., Pitner, J.B., Schram, J.L., Linn, C.P., Vonk, G.P., Walker, G.T.,
Detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence quenching, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 5958700, Nadeau, J.G., Pitner, J.B., Linn, C.P., Schram, J.L., Detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence quenching, (1999)
U.S. Pat. No. 6054279, Nadeau, J.G., Pitner, J.B., Schram, J.L., Linn, C.P., Vonk, G.P., Walker, G.T.,
Detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence quenching, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 6130047, Nadeau, J.G., Hsieh, H.V., Pitner, J.B., Linn, C.P., Detection of nucleic acids by fluorescence quenching, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 5876924, Zhang, D.Y., Brandwein, M., Nucleic acid amplification method hybridization signal amplification method (HSAM), (1999)
U.S. Pat. No. 5942391, Zhang, D.Y., Brandwein, M., Hsuih, T.C.H., Nucleic acid amplification method: ramification-extension amplification method (RAM), (1999)
U.S. Pat. No. 4883750, Whiteley, N.M., Hunkapiller, M.W., Glazer, A.N., Detection of specific sequences in nucleic acids, (1989)
U.S. Pat. No. 5645987, Richards, R.M., Enzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotides, (1999)
U.S. Pat. No. 5650271, Richards, R.M., Enzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotides, (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 6033881, Himmler, G., Schlederer, T., Method for one step isothermal non-transcription based amplification of nucleic acids, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 6312928, Van Gemen, B., Van Strijp, D.A., Schukkink, A.F., Transcription based amplification of double stranded DNA targets, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 6143495, Lizardi, P.M., Caplan, M., Unimolecular segment amplification and sequencing,
(2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 6448017, Auerbach, J.I., In vitro amplification of nucleic acid molecules via circular replicons,
(2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 5714320, Kool, E.T., Rolling circle synthesis of oligonucleotides and amplification of select randomized circular oligonucleotides, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 6096880, Kool, E.T., Circular DNA vectors for synthesis of RNA and DNA, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 6218152, Auerbach, J.I., In vitro amplification of nucleic acid molecules via circular replicons,
(2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 6420144, Chen, Z., Ruffner, D.E., Method for automated molecular cloning, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 6620597, Chen, Z., Ruffner, D.E., Method for in vitro amplification of circular DNA, (2003)

U.S. Pat. No. 6830884, Hafner,G.J., Giffard, P.M., Wolter, L.C., Dale, J.L., Stafford, M.R., Yang, I.C.H.,
Voisey, J. Method of amplification, (2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 6287824, Lizardi, P.M., Molecular cloning using rolling circle amplification, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 5863730, Masson, J., Boe, F., Procedure for the polymerization of nucleic acid sequences and its applications, (1999)
U.S. Pat. No. 6977153, Kumar, G.; a, P., Rolling circle amplification of RNA, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 5854033, Lizardi, P.M., Rolling circle replication reporter systems, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 6183960, Lizardi, P.M., Rolling circle replication reporter systems, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 6210884, Lizardi, P.M., Rolling circle replication reporter systems, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 6344329, Lizardi, P.M., Rolling circle replication reporter systems, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 6797474, Lizardi, P.M., Rolling circle replication reporter systems, (2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 6054300, McKendree, W.L., Single-site amplification (SSA): method for accelerated development of nucleic acid markers, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 6423495, Oultram, J.D., Coutts, J.C., Amplification of nucleic acids, (2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 5547861, Nadeau, J.G., Walker, G.T., Detection of nucleic acid amplification, (1996)
U.S. Pat. No. 5523204, Singer, R.H., Mathys, J.M., Lohman, K.L., Detection of nucleic acids in cells by strand displacement amplification, (1996)
U.S. Pat. No. 6261784, Nadeau, J.G., Hsieh, H.V., Pitner, J.B., Linn, C.P., Detection of nucleic acids by strand displacement, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 5756702, Lohman, K.L., Ostrerova, N.V., Van Cleve, M., Reid, R.A., Detection of nucleic acids in cells by thermophilic strand displacement amplification, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 6379899, Ullman, E., Wu, M., Isothermal exponential RNA amplification in complex mixtures,
(2002)
U.S. Pat. No. 6225062, Dunn, J.M., Digby, T.J., Method and kit for direct isothermal sequencing of nucleic acids, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 6974670, Notomi, T., Hase, T., Method of synthesizing nucleic acid, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 6686156, Kurn, N., Methods and compositions for transcription-based nucleic acid amplification, (2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 6946251, Kurn, N., Methods and compositions for amplification of RNA sequences using RNA-
DNA composite primers, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 6692918, Kurn, N., Methods and compositions for linear isothermal amplification of polynucleotide sequences, (2004)
U.S. Pat. No. 5487973, Nilsen, T.W., Prensky, W., Methods for detecting and assaying nucleic acid sequences, (1996)
U.S. Pat. No. 5354668, Auerbach, J.I., Methods for the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid molecules,
(1994)

U.S. Pat. No. 5591609, Auerbach, J.I., Methods for the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid molecules,
(1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 5614389, Auerbach, J.I., Methods for the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid molecules,
(1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 5733733, Auerbach, J.I., Methods for the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid molecules,
(1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 5834202, Auerbach, J.I., Methods for the isothermal amplification of nucleic acid molecules,
(1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 5215899, Dattagupta, N., Nucleic acid amplification employing ligatable hairpin probe and transcription, (1993)
U.S. Pat. No. 5508178, Rose, S., Goodman, T.C., Western, L.M., Becker, M., Ullman, E.F., Nucleic acid amplification using single primer, (1996)
U.S. Pat. No. 6936470, Liang, X., Teng, A., Chen, S., Xia, D., Felgner, P.L., Rapid and enzymeless cloning of nucleic acid fragments, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 5364760, Chu, B., Kramer, F.R., Lizardi, P., Orgel, L.E., Replicative RNA reporter systems,
(1994)
U.S. Pat. No. 5455166, Walker, G.T., Strand displacement amplification, (1995)
U.S. Pat. No. 5916779, Pearson, R.E., Dickson, J.A., Mehrpouyan, M., Strand displacement amplification of
RNA targets, (1999)
U.S. Pat. No. 5744311, Fraiser, M.S., Spargo, C.A., Walker, G.T., Van Cleve, M., Wright, D.J., Little, M.C.,
Strand displacement amplification using thermophilic enzymes, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 5756702, Lohman, K.L., Ostrerova, N.V., Van Cleve, M., Reid, R.A., Detection of nucleic acids in cells by thermophilic strand displacement amplification, (1998)
U.S. Pat. No. 5665545, Malek, L., Sooknanan, R., Terminal repeat amplification method, (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 5616478, Chetverin, A.B., Chetverina, H.V., Method for amplification of nucleic acids in solid media, (1997)
U.S. Pat. No. 4965188, Mullis, K.B., Erlich, H.A., Gelfand, D.H., Horn, G.; Saiki, R.K., Process for amplifying, detecting, and/or cloning nucleic acid sequences using a thermostable enzyme, (1990)
U.S. Pat. No. 20050227259, Zhang, D., Yurke, B., Winfree, E., Enzyme-free isothermal exponential amplification of nucleic acids and nucleic acid analog signals, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 6255469, Seeman, N., Winfree, E., Liu, F., Wenzler S.L., Periodic two and three dimensional nucleic acid structures, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 20050112614, Cook, M.M., Rothemund, P.W.K., Winfree, E., Self-assembled circuits and circuit patterns, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 20050244865, Mao, C., Deng, Z., Molecular lithography with DNA nanostructures, (2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 7163794, Sherman, W.B., Seeman, N.C., Nucleic acid based nano-robotic system, (2007)

U.S. Pat. No. 20050136453, Sherman, W.B., Seeman, N.C., Nucleic acid based nano-robotic system,
(2005)
U.S. Pat. No. 20030219790, Seeman, N., Yan, H., Zhang, X., Shen, Z., Polynucleic acid nanomechanical device controlled by hybridization topology, (2003)
U.S. Pat. No. 20060035255, Seeman, N.C., Liao, Shiping, Canary, J., Zhong, Hong, Polynucleotide nanomechanical device that acts as an artificial ribosome and translates DNA signals into polymer assembly instructions, (2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 5278051, Seeman, N.C., Zhang, Y., Construction of geometrical objects from polynucleotides,
(1994)
U.S. Pat. No. 5278051, Seeman, N.C., Zhang, Y., Construction of geometrical objects from polynucleotides,
(1994)
U.S. Pat. No. 5386020, Seeman, N.C., Chen, J. Kallenbach, N.R., Multiply connected, three-dimensional nucleic acid structures, (1995)
U.S. Pat. No. 6072044, Seeman, N., Li, X., Yang, X., Qi, J., Nanoconstructions of geometrical objects and lattices from antiparallel nucleic acid double crossover molecules, (2000)
U.S. Pat. No. 20060078910, Seeman, N.C., Ding, B., Constantinou, P.E., Wang, T., Kopatsch, J., Zhang, X.,
Sha, R., Israel, L., Polygonal nanostructures of polynucleic acid multi-crossover molecules and assembly of lattices based on double crossover cohesion, (2006)
U.S. Pat. No. 6255469, Seeman, N., Winfree, E., Liu, F., Wenzler, S.L., Periodic two and three dimensional nucleic acid structures, (2001)
U.S. Pat. No. 20030219790, Seeman, N., Yan, H., Zhang, X., Shen, Z., Polynucleic acid nanomechanical device controlled by hybridization topology, (2003)