Fisheries Quantitative Lab
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Fisheries Quantitative Lab In this activity you will be reading information, answering questions and calculating amounts in order evaluate the state of our global fisheries. The website you will be using is: http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/fisheries/index.html On this sheet I have provided a place for you to answer the questions you will encounter in Labs 1-8. Be sure to READ THOROUGHLY and answer the questions thoroughly, as well. Start with the “Fisheries Unit Overview” and continue through until you answered all of the questions below. Have fun! Key Questions addressed by this unit include: What is ecosystem-based fisheries management? What factors influence the sustainability of fisheries? What types of tools are used to facilitate ecosystem-based fisheries management? Can the future sustainability of fisheries be predicted? How does global climate change affect fisheries? LAB 1: Plenty of Fish in the Sea? Part 1A: Watery Wasteland 1. In your own words, summarize the main points of the Watery Wasteland presentation. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain what you think the narrator meant when he said that accumulating devastation of fish populations in the oceans has a "domino effect" on human populations. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 1B: Exploring Biodiversity Maps 1. How does the overall color of the map change over time? What does this imply about the overall diversity of fish in the sea? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Can you identify any "hotspots" (areas with larger concentrations of species diversity than the surrounding ocean)? Do they persist over time? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part C: Interpreting Species Density Graphs 1. Which ocean experienced the largest decline in species density between 1960 and 2000? (show your calculations) 2. Which ocean experienced the largest percentage increase in total catch of tuna and billfish between 1960 and 2000? (show your calculations) 1. Why is it important to have species diversity in the oceans? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think large predatory fish are important for maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems? Why are they important to the sustainability of the fishing industry? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ LAB 2: Are You Going to Eat That? Part 2A: Irresponsible Fishing Practices 1. Why should you choose smaller fish when eating seafood? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What types of irresponsible fishing practices were identified in the menu? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Have you ever eaten any of the types of fish on the menu? (List them) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 2B: Identifying Sustainable Seafood 1. What is the difference between Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification and seafood ranking systems? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Compare and contrast the species you found on each seafood guide. Do the same species appear on all three? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why might a restaurant or fish market sell certain fish under pseudonyms (false names)? Explain. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why do you think the recommendation for a particular species might differ between guides? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Prepare a short presentation of the information you find about your assigned species. Include the following information in your presentation: a) species name plus any vernacular (common names); __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ b) the species' role in the ecosystem; __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ c) trends in biomass and landings; __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ d) Important dates relevant to the species' sustainability status; and __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ e) The species' current sustainability status. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2) As a class, rank the species of fish each group researched from most to least sustainable under current conditions. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Part 2C: Sustainable Seafood in Your Community 1) With your group, research the availability of seafood in your community. Create a report that answers the following questions as thoroughly as possible: a) Where are fish sold/served in your community? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ b) What types of fish are available at each of these establishments? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ c) Where does the fish come from? (If possible, also find out how it is caught.) ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ d) How does the price of fish vary from place to place? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ e) What species of fish is most widely available in your community? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ f) Are any of the species you found sold/served facing depletion? (Use your seafood guides to help you determine this information.) ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Create charts or graphs that you think best convey the data you have collected (e.g., pie charts, bar graphs, etc.). You may use Excel or another graphing program. 1. Were you able to find retailers and/or restaurants in your community that carry seafood with the MSC label? How many? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. As a class, you may wish to consider encouraging businesses in your community to stock sustainable seafood. You can do this by sending them a letter or postcard like the ones available from The Marine Stewardship Council or The Monterey Bay Seafood Watch Program. LAB 3: Oh What a Tangled Web: Ecosystem-Based Management Part 3A: Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and EBM Tools 1. What are the basic principles of ecosystem-based management? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. In your own words, summarize the elements required for EBM to be a successful approach to managing fisheries. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Discuss three major obstacles standing in the way of broader implementation of EBM in the world's fisheries. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How does POST track animals __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What types of data will POST provide? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How might POST data be useful for fisheries management? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ PART 3B: Fisheries Management Challenge 1. What 3 factors are monitored to determine the overall health and sustainability of each fishery? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is by-catch? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Give one example of how the choice of fishing gear can contribute to the degradation of healthy marine ecosystems, and one example of how the choice of fishing gear can help improve the health of stressed ecosystems. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Explain why EBM is a more effective fisheries management approach than single species management. Provide specific examples from the game. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How do you think EBM of fisheries can help limit marine biodiversity loss? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ LAB 4: To Fish or Not to Fish? Part 4A: The ABCs of MPAs 1. What criteria must be met in order for a site to be considered an MMA? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the official definition of a Marine Protected Area? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Give three reasons why MPAs are important. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Who establishes and manages MPAs? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How many marine managed areas are there in the U.S.? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the five objective characteristics common to most MPAs? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the three main types of conservation focus for MPAs? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What are the six levels of protection assigned to MPAs? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Create and describe a scenario in which there might be opposing views as to whether or not to create a Marine Protected Area. What type of conservation level does this proposed MPA have? What level of protection? What is the source of the controversy? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 4B: Gulf of California: Aquarium of the World 1. Explain why the Gulf of California is an ideal location for ecosystem-based management. Provide examples from the film. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the major threats to the Gulf of California? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What recommendations have been made for conservation in this region? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ LAB 5: Gone Fishing Part 5A: Overfishing in Georges Bank 1. Describe the trends you see in the Haddock landings from 1969-2004. Are there steady trends or distinct turning points? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Calculate the difference between the greatest and least landing values. What percentage of the maximum yield was the minimum yield? In what years did these extremes occur? 3. Look carefully at the years 1985-2000. What does it mean for the fishing mortality to be consistently "high" while landings were consistently "low"? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. According to stock assessments by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, the value of FMSY for Georges Bank haddock is 0.26. During which years was Georges Bank haddock subject to overfishing? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Was Georges Bank haddock subject to overfishing as of 2004? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 5B: Overfished in Georges Bank 1. Describe the trends you see in Georges Bank Atlantic Cod Spawning Stock Biomass from 1978-2004. Are there steady trends or distinct turning points? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What do you think are the long-term consequences of declining Spawning Stock Biomass? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. According to the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, SSBMSY for Georges Bank Atlantic cod is 217,000 mt. During which years was Georges Bank Atlantic cod overfished? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Summarize how the ground fishing industry in New England changed over the course of the 20th century. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 5C: Gone Today, Here Tomorrow? If you cannot fine the WWF article, search for “The Dutch Case” article on the page you are directed to, and read the section concerning Georges Bank. 1. What actions were taken to rebuild Georges Bank groundfish stocks in 1994? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How were fishing zone closures enforced? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How did groundfish species respond to protection? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Besides the groundfish species targeted for rebuilding, what other species were effected by the closure of Georges Bank fishing grounds? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe the trends in annual landings and biomass for Georges Bank haddock and Atlantic cod since 1994. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Do you think the 1994 closures had long-term success for both species or do you think additional measures need to be taken to ensure the sustainability of Georges Bank groundfish? Explain. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ LAB 6: And On His Farm He Had Some Fish Part 6A: Aquaculture Around the World 1. What species constitutes the greatest percentage of U.S. aquaculture? 2. What percentage of U.S. aquaculture is freshwater aquaculture? 3. What percentage of the world's aquaculture production came from Asia in 2004? 4. How much of the total monetary value of world aquaculture does Asia account for? 5. What percentage of the world's aquaculture production comes from North America? 6. In 2004, global aquaculture production totaled 59.4 million tons. What percentage of this production was freshwater fish? How does this compare to the percentage of U.S. aquaculture accounted for by freshwater fish (channel catfish, rainbow trout, and American yellow perch) in 2005? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What was the global value of crustaceans in U.S. dollars per ton in 2004? 8. What was the total value in billions of dollars, of world aquaculture production in 2004? Part 6B: Trends in Aquaculture 1. Rank the species groups in order of average annual growth rate from greatest to least for the time period 1970-2004. 2. What two species had the fastest production growth rates from 2000-2004? 3. What are the five major types of fish farming methods? What types of fish are raised in each type of facility? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How does aquaculture impact the environment and wild fish populations? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 6C: Change of Scenery 1. What features in the images are represented by deep blue colors? pale pink? shades of green? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What do shrimp farms look like in the images? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the environmental impacts of mangrove destruction? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How do aquaculture ponds compromise water quality? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe how the Pacific coast of Honduras changed between 1987 and 1999. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Estimate the area of land occupied by shrimp ponds in the 1999 image. 7. Why do undersea aquaculture facilities have fewer negative ecosystem impacts than coastal fish farms? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ LAB 7: Nitrates and Phosphates and Algae, Oh My! Part 7A: Making an Algal Bloom 1. Which treatment had the highest final algae cell count? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What do algae (and other plants) need to grow and survive? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 7B: Algal Blooms in the Gulf of California 1. Describe the variation in the chlorophyll levels in the Gulf of California during the two year period covered by the animation. Are there certain times of year during which chlorophyll levels are particularly high or low? Explain why you think these differences exist. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. In general, in what area(s) of the Gulf are chlorophyll levels highest? Explain why you think this occurs. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe how the average chlorophyll concentration in the Gulf of California varies over the given time period. a. During what times of year are average chlorophyll concentrations highest? b. During what times of year are average chlorophyll concentrations lowest? 4. According to a study published in Nature, irrigation typically took place in Mexico's Yaqui Valley four times a year from 1998-2002: November, January, March, and April. Do the data from 2005-2007 indicate the same trend in irrigation events? Support your answer with evidence from your graph. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 7C: Dead Zones and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) For the article, go to Google and type in: LA Times Series: Altered Oceans 1. What are the five phases of dead zone formation? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ How is the oxygen removed from the water? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ How many dead zones have been found in the world's oceans? How has this number changed over the last several decades? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Where do the highest concentrations of dead zones occur? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What steps can be taken to help restore healthy ecosystem function where dead zones occur? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What four types of toxic algae-related human illnesses are described in the graphic? What are their associated symptoms? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. How often do harmful red tides now occur on the Florida Gulf Coast? How does this compare to the frequency of red tides in the past? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 8. How are HABs affecting the shellfish industry? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 9. In your own words, summarize the importance of reducing the number of human-induced algal blooms in the world's oceans. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ LAB 8: Hot Topic: Effects of Climate Variability on Fisheries Part 8A: Short Term Variability: El Niño 1. What is the role of upwelling along the South American coast? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why are the waters warmer and deeper in the western Pacific than they are in the eastern Pacific during a non-El Niño year? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How does El Niño alter weather patterns? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How were squid catches affected by El Niño between 1950 and 2000? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Do the effects of El Niño on California squid appear to be permanent? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Squid has only recently become a commercially important seafood. Explain how other species with long histories of commercial fishing and economic importance might be affected by an El Niño event. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 8B: Intermediate Variability: Anchovy Collapse 1. What major trends do you see in Peruvian anchovy catches between 1950 and 2000? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are some possible reasons for the low anchovy catches during the 1970s and 1980s? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Given that anchovies rely on upwelling for food, how do you think El Niño events might affect the anchovy fishing industry? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Based on your observations in Part A of how quickly California squid have typically rebounded after El Niño events, which (if any) of the trends in Peruvian anchovy catches do you think might be due to El Niño, and which (if any) do you think are due to other influences? Explain your reasoning. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What caused the 1972 anchovy collapse? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What were some of the consequences of the anchovy collapse? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What other effects has El Niño had on biospheric events worldwide? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Part 8C: Long-Term Variability: Sockeye Salmon 1. According to the report, by how much are global temperatures expected to rise by the end of the century? 2. Why are fish more sensitive to temperature changes than many other animals? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How might increased ocean temperatures impact aquaculture? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Estimate what fraction of the sockeye salmon's winter and summer habitats could be lost if current atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are doubled. 5. Discuss possible impacts of global warming on the marine food chain, including humans and other land animals that rely on the oceans for food. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
