LABORATORY EXERCISE 1
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
indexed to Ross &Pawlina Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th edition, 2011)
R & P (page number)
plate #, & figures
Slides numbers from histology slide boxes
1. Simple Cuboidal (733)
Plate 76, Fig. 1-2
Slide 2, Kidney
Notes: You need not be able to distinguish the various segments of the nephron (proximal
and distal tubules, collecting ducts, etc.) for this lab. We’ll learn the difference in those structures
when we investigate the kidney in Lab # 10. For now, we examine the renal tubules as
representative of a simple cuboidal epithelium
2. Simple Columnar (661)
Plate 67, Fig. 2
Slide 57, Gall bladder
3. Simple Squamous
Plate 1, Fig. 2. (153)
Slide 1, Squamous epithelium
(look for cobble-stone appearance)
Note: Most of our slides are lightly stained with silver and are whole mounts which means
the tissue has not been sectioned and you’re looking through two layers of simple squamous
epithelium above and below a very thin middle layer of connective tissue.
4. Pseudostratified columnar
Plate 2, Fig. 4 (155)
Fig. 5.
Slide 4, Trachea
Slide 72, Epididymis
with cilia
with stereocila
5. Stratified squamous (515)
Plate 42, Fig. 1&3
Slide 5, Tongue
Slide 6, Skin, sole
Slide 73, Vagina
6. Stratified cuboidal & Stratified Squamous
Plate 3, Fig. 2 (157) Slide 7, Scalp
Plate 42, Fig. 1 (515)
Note: The only stratified cuboidal tissue in skin is the duct of sweat glands.
7. Transitional
Plate 3, Fig. 4 (157)
Slide 8, Bladder (urinary)
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 2
CONNECTIVE TISSUE and ADIPOSE TISSUE
1. Loose Connective tissue (193)
Plate 4, Figs. 1-3
Slide 65, Inactive mammary gland
Slide 73, Vagina
2. Dense Regular Connective Tissue (195)
Plate 5, Fig. 1-2
Slide 13, Tendon
(also note adipose cells)
No need to deal with endo-, peri-,
and epi-tendineum terms.
3. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (517)
Plate 43, Fig. 3
Slide 6, Skin, sole
4. Elastic fibers (197)
Plate 6, Fig. 2
Fig. 3.
Slide 10, Areolar tissue spread
Slide 39, Aorta
(H&E does not show elastic lamellae well...
look at silver-stained slides if available.)
5. Reticular fibers
Text, p. 171, Fig 6.12 Slide 9, Lymph node Best seen in silver stained slides.
Not visible in H&E stained slides.
Reticular fibers are not easily seen with H&E. Most boxes have slides of lymph nodes stained with
H&E. A few boxes have silver-stained lymph nodes that do reveal reticular fibers. Look at the
silver-stained lymph nodes from Boxes 1, 7, and 14.
6. Hyaline cartilage (211)
Plate 7, Fig. 1-3
7. Elastic cartilage (215)
Plate 9, Fig. 1-2
Slide 15, Developing endochondral bone. Ignore bone formation;
Study the lightly basophilic hyaline cartilage.
Slide 16, Elastic cartilage
8. Fibrocartilage (217)
Plate 10, Figs. 1 & 2 Slide 17, Fibrous cartilage
(our slides don’t look like text figures)
Look for isogenic groups of chondrocytes embedded in dense connective tissue.
Box 9 has a very nice slide with a Mallory stain.
9. Adipose Tissue
Text, p. 258, Fig. 9.2
Text, p. 505, Fig.15.13B
Slide 6, Skin, sole
Slide 7, Scalp
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 3
BONE and BONE DEVELOPMENT
Because endochondral ossification involved the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone, it may
be useful to review hyaline cartilage (see 6-8 of Laboratory Exercise 2.)
An excellent overview of long bone development is presented Fig. 8.17 p. 236. It is prudent to
review this figure as a prelude to understanding endochondral ossification.
1. Compact bone (245)
Plate 11, Figs. 1-3
Slide 18, Bone ground
2. Spongy bone and Compact Bone (247)
Plate 12, Fig. 1-2
Slide 19, Developing intramembranous bone
Correction: Bottom half of upper figure is labeled “C”, should be “CB” for compact bone.
3. Intramembranous ossification (253)
Plate 15, Figs. 1-3 Slide 19, Developing intramembranous bone
Some of our Slide 19s are of developing skull or sternum bones from a rat or mouse.
These slides look nothing like Plate 15. If you have such a slide, consult Fig. 8.16 on p. 235.
Other Slide 19s are a coronal section through the head of a fetal mouse or rat. Orient by
locating the tongue (a very eosinophilic midline structure, as in Plate 15) and the bilaterally
symmetrical nasal cavities with deeply basophilic epithelium separated by a midline plate of hyaline
cartilage (not included in Plate 15 Fig.1.) Once oriented, ignore the deeply staining developing
teeth in the jaws and the roots of whiskers in the skin which are large ovoid structures.
4. Endochondral ossification (249 and 251)
Plate 13, Figs. 1 & 2 Sl
ide 15, Developing endochondral bone
Plate 14, Figs. 1 & 2 Slide 15, Developing endochondral bone
See also Fig. 8.19 p. 238 for zones of cartilage
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 4
Avoid getting immersion oil on microscope lenses other than the 100X objective! It is easy to
unintentionally spread immersion oil to the 40X objective which renders that lens useless until it is
thoroughly cleaned.
At the beginning of lab, students will be shown the proper technique for using oil immersion.
Each student will examine a blood smear slide and classify 100 leukocytes to gain practice
identifying lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Data from all
students will be compiled to determine if the percentages of leukocytes counted in our slides agree
with percentages stated in the text.
BLOOD
1. Blood
Plate 17, all figures (303)
Slide 20, Blood smear (examine with oil @ 100x)
Plate 18, top & middle figures (305) Slide 20, Blood smear
MUSCLE
1. Skeletal muscle
Plate 21, Figs. 1-4 (341)
Plate 22, Figs. 1-2 (343)
Slide 24, Skeletal muscle (ls) (examine with oil @ 100x)
Slide 25, Skeletal muscle (xs)
2. Cardiac muscle
Plate 24, Figs, 1-4 (347)
Slide 26, Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
Plate 26, Figs. 1-4 (351)
4. Motor nerve ending
Fig. 11.9 (322)
Lymphocytes
Slide 22, Smooth muscle;
Slide 23, Uterus
Slide 34, Motor nerve ending
Monocytes
Neutrophils
total
percentage
observed
percentage
expected
(from text p.302)
4
Eosinophils
Basophils
LABORATORY EXERCISE 6
BLOOD VESSELS (Consult "Aids for Identification of Blood Vessels" on next page.)
Due to the conflicts arising from the differences in vessel classification between our textbook
and the barcode guide to the laserdisk images, we will follow the textbook's criteria for vessel type
identification. Use our text/atlas’s classification scheme (summarized on the back of this sheet)
and not the naming system on the Downing disc.
Note: The fundic stomach slide is used to search for arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Other
types of blood vessels may be present as well. Look in the lamina propria beneath the epithelium
for vessels of the microvasculature and even deeper in the layer of dense irregular tissue (called the
submucosa) for larger blood vessels.
You can determine whether you’re seeing the vessel in cross section or longitudinal section by
examining the nuclear profile of smooth muscle cells. Hint: Think “circular” or “cigar.”
1. Arterioles and venules
Plate 35, Fig. 1-4 (439)
Slide 37, Fundic stomach
2. Capillaries
Plate 57, Fig. 2 (613)
Slide 37, Fundic stomach
Legend for Figure 2 does not mention capillaries. Look for capillaries which should be
numerous in the connective tissue just deep to the gastric glands, and should be just large
enough for erythrocytes to squeeze through.
3. Venule
Plate 57, Fig. 2 (613)
Slide 37, Fundic stomach
Venules not mentioned in figure legend. Be able to distinguish postcapillary venules from
muscular venules based on diameter and number of layers of smooth muscles.
4. Muscular arteries and Veins
Plate 34, Fig. 1-3 (437)
Slide 38, Artery and vein
Fig 1 is confusing because it shows a cross-section through two vessels running in parallel
that share a common wall. The tunics of the muscular artery are to the left of center and merge
with the tunics of the vein right.
5. Elastic artery
Plate 33, Figs. 1-3 (435)
6. Lymphatic vessels
Plate 35, Fig. 3-4 (439)
Plate 60, Fig. 2 (619)
Slide 39, Aorta
Slide 51, Ileum (look for lacteals in villus; difficult to see.)
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AIDS FOR INDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSEL TYPES
Due to the confusion arising from the differences in vessel classification between our textbook
and the barcode guide to the laserdisk images, we will follow the textbook's criteria for vessel type
identification. Remember: Endothelial nuclei have long axis parallel to vessel lumen.
ELASTIC ARTERIES
massive layer of elastic tissues in the tunica media
internal elastic membrane (IEM) present but may merge with elastic lamellae
MUSCULAR ARTERIES
massive (more than 8) layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media
Internal elastic membrane prominent
External elastic membrane present
SMALL ARTERIES
3-8 layers of circularly arranged smooth muscles in the tunica media
Internal elastic membrane present
wall thickness approximately same as lumen diameter
ARTERIOLES
1-2 layers of circularly arranged smooth muscles in the tunica media
Internal elastic membrane may be present or not
Much smaller lumen than muscular venules
CAPILLARY
wall consists of a simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
no other tunics present
the nucleus of a pericyte (= histiocyte = Rouget cell) can sometimes be seen.
internal diameter is about 10 micrometers or less.
POSTCAPILLARY VENULES
larger diameter than capillary
wall consists of endothelium plus pericytes with crescent-shaped nucleus
MUSCULAR VENULES
like postcapillary venules but with at most 2 layers of smooth muscle
larger lumen than arteriole
no IEM
VEINS (no attempt to distinguish between large and medium veins)
tunica media much thinner than comparable artery
frequently the lumen is partially collapsed, irregularly shaped and larger than artery
no internal elastic membrane
wall thickness much less than diameter of the lumen
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 5
NERVOUS TISSUE
1. Nerve cells of ganglia
Plate 27, Fig. 3 & 4 (391)
Slide 29, Spinal ganglion (DRG) (most are silver stained)
We do not have slides of autonomic ganglia.
We will distinguish autonomic ganglia and sensory ganglia during laserdisc review.
Read Figure legends for 1 & 2 to learn about Autonomic Ganglia.
2. Structure of peripheral nerve
Plate 28, Figs. 1-4 (393)
Slide 30, Human nerve
Slide 31, Nerve fibers
3. Cerebrum
Plate 29, Fig. 1 (395)
Slide 76, Cerebrum (silver stain)
Correction: Substitute “neurons” for “nerve” in text at top of page in yellow box.
4. Cerebellum
Plate 30, Fig. 1-4 (397)
5. Spinal cord
Plate 31, Figs. 1-3 (399)
6. Motor nerve ending
Fig. 11.9 (322)
7. Neuroglia
see text p. 367-373
Fig. 12.17 - 12.20 p. 372
Slide 75, Cerebellum
Slide 28, Spinal cord
Slide 27, Nerve cells, ox (a smear prep, not sectioned)
Slide 34, Motor nerve ending
Slide 35, Protoplasmic astrocytes
Slide 36, Fibrous astrocytes
No slide for microglia
Be sure to identify Schmidt-Lanterman clefts (p. 368 Fig. 12.13), Purkinje cells, pyramidal cells,
and molecular layer and granular layer of cerebellum in videodisc images.
Know the differences between silver, Nissl, osmium, and Golgi stains.
Other terms to know: neuropil, white matter, gray matter, dorsal horn, ventral horn, dorsal root,
ventral root, ependymal cell, endo- , peri-, and epineurium, neurilema, sheath of Schwann.
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 7
LYMPHOID ORGANS and SKIN
1. Lymph node
Plate 37, Figs. 1 & 2 (479)
Plate 38, Figs. 1-3 (481)
Slide 42, Lymph node
Slide 9, Lymph node, reticular
Slide 42, Lymph node
Slide 9, Lymph node, reticular
2. Spleen
Plate 39, Figs. 1-3 (483)
Slide 43, Spleen
Plate 40, Figs. 1-4 (438)
Slide 43, Spleen
Note: Unlike the text photographs our spleen slides are not well-perfused which means the small
lumens visible in Plate 39 will be full of erythrocytes in our slides.
3. Thymus
Plate 41, Figs. 1-3 (487)
Slide 44, Thymus
SKIN
1. Thick skin
Plate 42, Fig. 1 (515)
Slide 6, Skin
2. Thin skin
Plate 42, Figs. 2 & 3 (515)
Plate 43, Fig. 1-3 (517)
Plate 45, Figs. 1-3 (521)
Slide 7, Scalp
Slide 7, Scalp
Slide 7, Scalp
3. Sensory nerve endings
Plate 46, Fig. 1-4 (523)
Slide 32, Meissner's corpuscle (not obvious on all slides)
Slide 33, Pacinian corpuscle (find with low power)
Lymph nodes
subcapsular sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel
cortex
reticular cells
trabecular sinus
lymphatic nodules
medullary cords
post-capillary venules
afferent lymphatic vessel
germinal center
medullary sinus
hilus
Spleen
red pulp
germinal center
capsule
stave cell
white pulp
PALS
trabecular vein
cords of Billroth
central artery
myofibroblasts
venous sinus
Thymus
epithelioreticular cells
cortex
Hassall's corpuscles
medulla
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 8
ORAL CAVITY and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I (Esophagus, Stomach and Salivary Glands)
ORAL CAVITY
1.
Tongue : Review Fig. 16.4 (530) for 4 types of papillae
Plate 49, Figs. 1&2 (559)
Slide 5, Tongue
Plate 50, Figs. 1&2 (561)
Slide 5, Tongue
2. Teeth
Page 536, Fig. 16.7
Page 540, Fig. 16.10
Page 541, Fig. 16.11
Page 542, Fig. 16.13
Page 544, Fig. 16.16
3. Salivary glands
Plate 51, Fig. 2 (563)
Plate 52, Fig. 2 (565)
Demonstration, Tooth
Slide 78, Developing Tooth
Demonstration, Tooth
Slide 45, Tooth in situ
Slide 45, Tooth in situ
Slide 78, Developing tooth
Slide 54, Submandibular gland
Slide 53, Parotid gland
Slide 77, 3 types of salivary glands
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Esophagus
Plate 54, Figs. 1 & 2 (607)
Slide 46, Esophagus
2. Esophogastric junction
Plate 55, Fig. 1 (609)
Slide 47, Esophagus and stomach
3. Stomach: Fig 17.8 (576) for review of gastric mucosa and cell types.
Plate 55, Figs. 2-4 (609)
Slide 47, Esophagus and stomach
Plate 56, Figs. 1-3 (611)
Slide 37, Fundic stomach
Plate 57, Figs. 1-4 (613)
Slide 37, Fundic stomach
Plate 58, Figs. 2&3 (615)
Slide 48, Pyloric stomach
Look at tooth slide without microscope: identify gingiva, gingival sulcus, alveolar bone, and
alveolus.
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 9
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CONTINUED:
Intestines (large and small), Liver, Pancreas, Gall Bladder
1. Small intestine
Plate 59, Figs. 1&2 (617)
Plate 60, Figs. 1-3 (619)
Plate 61, Figs. 1-3 (621)
2. Large Intestine
Plate 62, Figs. 1,2,4 (623)
Slide 49, Duodenum
Slide 3, Duodenum
Slide 49, Jejunum
(Fig 1 is ls, our slides are cs)
Slide 50, Jejunum
Slide 49, Ileum
Slide 51, Ileum
Slide 52, Colon
ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
1. Liver
Plate 65, Figs. 1&2 (657) Slide 56, Liver
Plate 66, Figs. 1&2 (659) Slide 56, Liver
2. Gallbladder
Plate 67, Figs. 1-4 (661)
Warning: It is difficult to distinguish
hepatocytes in poorly perfused liver tissue.
Slide 57, Gallbladder
3. Pancreas
Plate 68, Figs. 1&2 (663) Slide 55, Pancreas
4. Salivary glands
Plate 51, Fig. 2 (563)
Plate 52, Fig. 2 (565)
Slide 54, Submandibular gland
Slide 53, Parotid gland
Slide 77, 3 types of salivary glands
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 10
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and URINARY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Trachea
Plate 71, Figs. 1-3 (693)
Slide 4, Trachea
2. Lung
Plate 72, Figs. 1-3 (695)
Plate 73, Figs. 1-4 (697)
Slide 58 & 81, Lung
Slide 58 & 81, Lung
Slide 80, Emphysema (note size of alveoli)
Slide 79, Smoker’s lung (look for carbon particles)
URINARY SYSTEM
1. Kidney
Plate 75, Figs. 1-2 (731)
Plate 76, Figs. 1-4 (733)
Plate 77, Figs. 1&2 (735)
Slide 2, Kidney
Slide 2, Kidney
Slide 2, Kidney
2. Ureter
Plate 78, Figs. 1-2 (737)
Slide 59, Ureter
3. Urinary bladder
Plate 79, Figs. 1-3 (739)
Slide 8, Bladder
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 11
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Seminiferous tubules
Plate 86, Figs. 1&2 (819)
Page 791, Text figure 22.6
Slide 41, Testis
(oil immersion***)
2. Efferent Ductules and Epididymis
Plate 88, Figs. 1&2 (823)
Slide 72, Epididymis
3. Ductus (vas) deferens
Plate 89, Figs. 1&2 (825)
Slide 60, Ductus deferens
4. Prostate gland
Plate 90, Figs. 1-2 (827)
Slide 62, Prostate
5. Seminal vesicles
Plate 91, Figs. 1&2 (829)
Slide 61, Seminal vesicle
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Ovary
Plate 92, Figs. 1-4 (873)
Plate 93, Figs. 1-5 (875)
Slide 63, Ovary
Slide 63, Ovary
2. Corpus luteum
Plate 94, Figs. 1-4 (877)
Slide 64, Corpus luteum
3. Uterus
Plate 96, Figs. 1&2 (881)
Plate 97, Figs. 1&2, (883)
Slide 23, Uterus
Slide 23, Uterus
4. Mammary gland
Plate 102, Figs. 1&2 (893)
Plate 103, Figs. 1&2 (895)
Slide 65, Mammary gland, inactive
Slide 66, Mammary gland, active
@@@
*** find spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, early spermatids, late spermatids, spermatozoa,
Sertoli cells, Leydig cells.
@@@ find primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles, Graafian follicles (may not be
present in your slide), and atretic follicles.
Be able to correlate stages in the ovary (follicular and luteal) to stages in the uterus (proliferative,
secretory, and menstrual) and the hormones responsible (p. 846.)
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LABORATORY EXERCISE 12
ENDOCRINE GLANDS and ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
1. Pituitary
Plate 80, Fig. 1-3 (773)
Slide 67, Pituitary (hypophysis)
2. Thyroid
Plate 83, Fig. 2 (779)
Slide 69, Thyroid gland
3. Adrenal gland
Plate 84, Figs. 1-4 (781)
Slide 68, Adrenal gland
The clearest representation of the adrenal gland is in Figure 12.23 on page 768.
ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE
1. Eye
Plate 104, Fig. 1 (921)
Plate 105, Figs. 1-2 (923)
Plate 106, Figs. 1-2 (925)
Plate 107, Figs. 1-7 (927)
Slide 70, Eye
Slide 70, Eye
Slide 70, Eye
Slide 70, Eye
2. Cochlea
Plate 109, Figs. 1&2 (949)
Slide 71, Cochlea
Know the cell types, percentages, and general staining patterns of adenohypophysis as presented
in Table 21.2 on p.748.
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