Table S1 Examples of quantitative links between four indices
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Appendix S1 Examples of quantitative links between four stand structural diversity indices and forest dwelling species diversity. Range of values in the Vercors mountain Study area Index range, French Alps Link to biodiversity References country (measured at the plot level) Understory herb and shrub diversity USA Auclair and Goff 1971 Understory diversity USA Crozier and Boerner 1984 Richness of non-saproxylic beetles Finland Martikainen et al. 2000 Bryophytes species richness Australia Pharo et al. 2000 Vascular plants species richness Belgium Dumortier et al. 2002 Estonia Ingerpuu et al. 2003 International Gosselin and Laroussinie 2004 Belgium Branquart and Liégeois 2005 Herb-layer diversity Germany Mölder et al. 2008 Understory heterogeneity USA Franklin et al. 1981 Habitat diversity ; forest bird diversity USA Buongiorno et al. 1994 Habitat diversity within stands Great-Britain Ferris and Humphrey 1999 Italy Bagnaresi et al. 2002 Habitat diversity Finland Rouvinen and Kuuluvainen 2005 Saproxylic beetle richness Finland Siitonen 1994 Saproxylic species abundance Norway Økland et al. 1996 Bark beetle richness Finland Martikainen et al. 1999 Saproxylic beetles Finland Martikainen et al. 2000 Saproxylic beetles Australia Grove 2002 Forest birds, beetles Europe Humphrey et al. 2004 Polypore species Finland Penttilä et al. 2004 Richness of threatened species Finland Similä et al. 2006 USA Franklin et al. 1981 Epiphytic and epixylic lichens Finland Kuusinen and Siitonen 1998 Rare forest beetle species Finland Tree species 1-9 Bryophytes and herb-layer species richness richness Habitat and resource diversity Habitat and resource diversity ; canopy richness Diameter 17.6 - 80.2 heterogeneity Natural forest regeneration ; vegetation diversity Dead wood 0 - 48 volume (m3) Cavity dwellers ; micro-habitat Basal area of diversity mature trees 0 - 31.5 (m²) Kolström and Lumatjärvi 2000 Threatened and saproxylic species Europe Nilsson et al. 2002 Cavity-tree species USA Fan et al. 2003 Saproxylic syrphids Europe Speight and Good 2003 Beetle richness Europe Humphrey et al. 2004 Epiphytic lichens and bryophytes Germany Friedel et al. 2006 Micro-habitats Germany Michel and Winter 2009 References Auclair AN and Goff FG (1971) Diversity relations of upland forests in the Western Great Lakes area. 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For Ecol Manage 158: 85102. Fan Z, Larsen DR, Shifley SR, and Thompson FR (2003) Estimating cavity tree abundance by stand age and basal area, Missouri, USA. For Ecol Manage 179: 231-42. Ferris R and Humphrey JW (1999) A review of potential biodiversity indicators for application in British forests. Forestry 72: 313-28. Franklin JF, Cromack K, Denisson JW, McKee A, Maser C, Sedell J et al. (1981) Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-118. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 48 p. Friedel A, Oheimb V, Dengler J, and Härdtle W (2006) Species diversity and species composition of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens - a comparison of managed and unmanaged beech forests in NE Germany. Feddes Repert 117: 172-85. Gosselin M and Laroussinie O (2004) Biodiversité et gestion forestière : connaître pour préserver. Cemagref, INRA, Nogent-sur-Vernisson. Grove SJ (2002) Tree basal area and dead wood as surrogate indicators of saproxylic insect faunal integrity: a case study from the Australian lowland tropics. Ecol Indic 1: 171-88. Humphrey JW, Sippola AL, Lemperiere G, Dodelin B, Alexander KNA, and Butler JE (2004) Deadwood as an indicator of biodiversity in european forests : from theory to operational guidance. In Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality. Marchetti M (ed.), Vol. 51, pp. 193-206. European Forest Institute, Joensuu. Ingerpuu N, Vellak K, Liira J, and Pärtel M (2003) Relationships between species richness patterns in deciduous forests at the north Estonian limestone escarpment. J Veg Sci 14: 773-80. Kolström M and Lumatjärvi J (2000) Saproxylic beetles on aspen in commercial forests: a simulation approach to species richness. For Ecol Manage 126: 113-20. Kuusinen M and Siitonen J (1998) Epiphytic lichen diversity in old-growth and managed Picea abies stands in southern Finland. J Veg Sci 9: 283-92. Martikainen P, Siitonen J, Kaila L, Punttila P, and Rauh J (1999) Bark beetles (Coleoptera,Scolytidae) and associated beetle species in mature managed and old-growth boreal forests in southern Finland. For Ecol Manage 116: 233-45. Martikainen P, Siitonen J, Punttila P, Kaila L, and Rauh J (2000) Species richness of Coleoptera in mature managed and old-growth boreal forests in southern Finland. Biol Conserv 94: 199-209. Michel AK and Winter S (2009) Tree microhabitat structures as indicators of biodiversity in Douglas-fir forests of different stand ages and management histories in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. For Ecol Manage 257: 145364. Mölder A, Bernhardt-Römermann M, and Schmidt W (2008) Herb-layer diversity in deciduous forests: Raised by tree richness or beaten by beech ? For Ecol Manage 256: 272-81. Nilsson SG, Niklasson M, Hedin J, Aronsson G, Gutowski JM, Linder P et al. (2002) Densities of large living and dead trees in old-growth temperate and boreal forests. For Ecol Manage 161: 189-204. Økland B, Bakke A, Hågvar S, and Kvamme T (1996) What factors influence the diversity of saproxylic beetles? A multiscaled study from a spruce forest in southern Norway. Biodivers Conserv 5: 75-100. Penttilä R, Siitonen J, and Kuusinen M (2004) Polypore diversity in managed and old-growth boreal Picea abies forests in southern Finland. Biol Conserv 117: 271-83. Pharo E, Beattie AJ, and Pressey RL (2000) Effectiveness of using vascular plants to select reserves for bryophytes and lichens. Biol Conserv 96: 371-8. Rouvinen S and Kuuluvainen T (2005) Tree diameter distributions in natural and managed old Pinus sylvestrisdominated forests. For Ecol Manage 208: 45-61. Siitonen J (1994) Decaying wood and saproxylic Coleoptera in two old spruce forests: a comparison based on two sampling methods. Ann Zool Fenn 31: 89-95. Similä M, Kouki J, Mönkkönen M, Sippola A-L, and Huhta E (2006) Co-variation and indicators of species diversity: Can richness of forest-dwelling species be predicted in northern boreal forests? Ecol Indic 6: 686-700. Speight MCD and Good JA (2003) Development of eco-friendly forestry practices in Europe and the maintenance of saproxylic biodiversity. In International symposium "Legno Morto: una chiave per la biodiversità". Mason F, Nardi G, andTisano M (ed.), Vol. Suppl.2, pp. 73-7, Mantova.
