AP EURO: LECTURE OUTLINE pp. 593-597
REVOLUTION AND REFORM 1830-1850:
1. First changes in the conservative order happen in 1830
2. Major revolutions sweep across Europe in 1848
3. Liberals and nationalists think a new order is being created
ANOTHER FRENCH REVOLUTION:
In 1830 King Charles X dissolves the Legislature and calls for new election
Liberals win the new elections
Charles X issues the July Ordinances =
1. Imposes rigid press censorship
2. Dissolves the legislative assembly again
3. Reduces voting rights in preparation for new elections
The July Ordinances result in the July Revolution 1. Revolution breaks out
2. A provisional government is declared
3. Charles X is overthrown and he flees to England
4. Moderate liberals support Louis-Philippe as a new constitutional monarch
King Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) 1. Comes to power in the July Revolution of 1830
2. Supported by upper middle class - comes to be called “the Bourgeois Monarch”
3. Dresses and acts middle class
4. Middles class liberals expand voting rights only slightly - still only the upper middle class can vote
5. Lower middle class and working class are disappointed with the July Revolution - left out
6. New French legislature = the Chamber of Deputies
7. The Party of Movement - led by Adolphe Thiers
Ministerial responsibility
Active foreign policy
Limited expansion of the franchise
8. The Party of Resistance - led by Francois Guizot
Wanted no changes to the government
Dominated the Chamber of Deputies
Cooperated with Louis-Philippe to suppress ministerial responsibility
* The July Revolution = the Revolution of 1830 was a “liberal revolution”
REVOLUTIONARY OUTBURSTS IN BELGIUM, POLAND, AND ITALY:
Three other outbursts of revolution in 1830 - motivated by nationalism
1. Belgium - splits from the Dutch and becomes and independent constitutional monarchy
2. Poland - crushed by Russia
3. Italy - crushed by Austria
REFORM IN GREAT BRITAIN:
The Whigs come to power in Britain in 1830 1. This marks the end of Tory control which dominated from 1815-1830
2. Whigs understand that industrial upper middle class need to get voting rights
3. Reforms were done to avoid a revolution
4. Expansion of the franchise/extend voting rights
The Reform Act of 1832 1. Was a response to industrialization and the rise of the new upper middle class
2. Got rid of 56 rotten boroughs
3. Gave some parliamentary representation to the new industrial urban areas
4. Voting rights are extended from 1% to 3%
The Poor Law of 1834 - punish poor people for being poor then they won’t “want” to be poor
Repeal of the Corn Laws 1. Anti-Corn Law League formed in 1838
2. Headed by Richard Cobden and John Bright
3. In 1846 the Corn Laws are repealed/cancelled
4. Liberals supported repeal because they wanted “free trade” = no tariffs or trade restrictions
* The Reform Act of 1832 and the repeal of the Corn Laws helped Britain to avoid revolution in 1848
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848:
1. Successful revolutions had taken place in Greece, France, and Belgium
2. But, the old regimes still maintained control and conservative order
3. Forces of liberalism and nationalism continue to grow
4. Liberalism and nationalism explode into revolution in 1848
5. The Revolutions of 1848 begin in France
6. The revolutions spread all across Europe
YET ANOTHER FRENCH REVOLUTION:
France on the eve of the Revolution of 1848 1. Industrial and agricultural depression = bad economic conditions
2. Lower middle class, working class and peasants suffering
3. Unemployment
4. Scandal and corruption in the government
5. Government refuses extend the franchise = no expansion of voting rights
The February Revolution 1848 1. Protest political banquet organized - government forbade it - people show up anyway
2. This banquet sparks a revolution
3. King Louis-Philippe abdicates = steps down from power and flees to England
4. Provisional government created = France is a republic now
5. Elections held to create a constituent assembly to write a new constitution - universal manhood suffrage
6. Creation of “national workshops” pushed by Louis Blanc
The National Workshops 1. These were supposed to be the “seeds of socialism” - financed by the govt but owned and run by workers
2. They turn into nothing more than government jobs for the unemployed
3. Cost of the program gets bigger and bigger
4. Working class radical republicans support the workshops
5. Middle class liberal republicans oppose the workshops
In the new elections for the National Assembly
Moderate republicans - 500 seats
Monarchists - 300 seats
Radical republicans - 100 seats
Unemployed in the national workshops swell from 10,000 to 120,000 - breaking the government and
scaring the moderates
In June of 1848 the government closes the national workshops
Workers in Paris try to overthrow the government - crushed by the government
Thousands killed
Thousands deported to Algeria
The Second French Republic 1. Established after the February Revolution/Revolution of 1848
2. No monarchy - so France is a republic
3. Universal male suffrage
4. Single house legislature
5. Elected president
6. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte the nephew of Emperor Napoleon is elected president of the 2 nd Republic