PRACTICAL CLASSES (LABS)
BIS Program AMERICAN and TAIWAN STUDENTS I/4 and III/6 Spring semester
LAB 1
GENERAL CELL PHYSIOLOGY
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE:
1st Lecture
Textbook of Medical Physiology by A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall the 12th ed.:
Chapter 1; Chapter 2; Chapter 3; Chapter 4; Chapter 5, pp. 57-65 and 68-70 (from
section “Excitation-The Process…”
Introduction to the studying of physiology (rules and regulations).
Obligatory sources and forms of classes. Methods of physiological investigations.
Experimental
Specifics. Equipment. Computer programs.
1. The internal environment (homeostasis. Body’s control systems. Types and mechanism of
feedback)
2. Functions of cell and its particular elements (Specifics of cell membrane. Transmembrane
movement of substances)
3. Membrane potentials. (Resting potential. Stimulus and activation. The none or all Principle.
Action potentials. Potentials recording)
Experimental part
1. Film (Registration of action potential)
2. Computer exercises (e-fizjologia)
LAB 2
NEURON. BASICS OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY. SYNAPSE.
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE:
2nd Lecture,
Textbook of Medical Physiology by A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall the 12th ed.:
Chapter 5, pp. 57-70, Chapter 45, pp. 543-558.
1. Neuron and basics of electrophysiology. (characteristic of nerve cells, biophysical
characteristic of the cell membrane, stimulus and activation, basic physics of membrane
potentials, resting membrane potential, nerve action potential, roles of ions during action
potential, propagation of the action potential, changes in excitability, characteristic of
impulses conduction in nerve fibers)
2. Synapses. (physiologic anatomy of the synapse, types of synapses, synaptic transmitters,
excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential, presynaptic inhibition, “spatial and temporal
summation”, synaptic transmission)
Experimental part:
1. Examination of conduction velocity in the nerve trunk – e-fizjologia.
2. Computer exercises – e-fizjologia.
LAB 3
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE:
3rd Lecture
Textbook of Medical Physiology by A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall 12th ed.:
Chapter 6, pp. 71-82; Chapter 7, pp. 83-89; Chapter 8, pp.90-100; Chapter 84, pp. 10311036
1. The structure of muscle. Sarcomere
2. Nerve supply of muscles.
3. Phases of contraction.
4. The kinds of the muscle contractions: single twitch, tetanic contraction:
complete and incomplete, isometric and isotonic contractions and
the physiological contraction.
5. The control of the skeletal muscle.
6. The molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction. Role of calcium ions. Triad
system.
7. Muscle work and fatigue.
Experimental part:
Films and computer exercices (e-fizjologia)
1. The detail analysis of the simple twitch contraction
2. Performance of sliding filament theory
3. Presentation of direct and indirect stimulation of the muscle.
4. Recording and analysis of skeletal muscle fatigue curve depending on the load and
contraction frequency in the animal.
LAB 4
REFLEXES, CONTROL OF THE BODY POSTURE AND MOVEMENT.
WAKEFULNESS AND SLEEP.
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE: 4 th Lecture and Textbook of Medical
Physiology by A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall the 12th ed.: Chapter 54-57, pp.655-709; Chapter
59, pp.721-728.
1. Motor function of the spinal cord: the cord reflexes. (the role of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon
organs, flexor reflex and the withdrawal reflex, crossed extensor reflex, reciprocal inhibition, reflexes of posture
and locomotion, scratch reflex, autonomic reflexes in the spinal cord, spinal cord transection and spinal shock)
2. Cortical and brain stem control of motor function. (motor cortex and corticospinal tract, vestibular
sensations and maintenance of equilibrium, brain stem nuclei and their functions in control of subconscious
stereotyped movements)
3. Contributions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia to motor control.
4. Wakefulness and sleep. (types of sleep, brain waves, epilepsy, roles of specific neurotransmitters in
psychotic behavior and dementia)
Experimental part:
1. Muscle stretch reflex testing (Achilles, patellar, radial, triceps, biceps, mandibular)
2. Cutaneus-muscular reflex testing (abdominal, plantar)
3. Defence reflex testing (corneal)
4. Movement coordination testing (finger to finger, finger to nose, heel to knee, heel to shin and
diadochokinesis) 5.Balance control and movement coordination testing (Romberg’s test, Babinski’s
test, heel and toe walking test)
LAB 5
SOMATIC SENSATIONS
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE: Textbook of Medical Physiology A. C.
Guyton and J. E. Hall 12th ed. Chapters: 46-48; pp. 559-593
Sensory Receptors. Classification of sensory neurons. Differences between receptor potential
and action potential. Adaptation of receptors. Main neuronal pathways for transmission of
sensory information. Receptive field.
The tactile and position senses.Types of pain and their pathways of transmission.
Thermal sensations.
Experimental part
Cutaneous sensation in human: touch, pressure, cold, warm – location
Deep sensation
Discriminatory sensation: stereognosis, graphestesia
The two point test – estimation of density of tactile receptors in different parts of the body.
Adaptation of touch receptors
Adaptation of thermal receptors
LAB 6
THE SPECIAL SENSES
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE: Textbook of Medical Physiology A. C.
Guyton and J. E. Hall 12th ed. Chapters: 49-53; pp. 597-652;
Optics of vision.
Receptor and neural function of retina.
Central neurophysiology of vision.
The sense of hearing.
The chemical senses: taste and smell.
Experimental part
Visual acuity,
Astigmatism chart
Visual field,
Marriotte’s experiment (examination of blind spot),
One eye vision and binocular vision-differences in visual axis
Color vision – color test charts.
Hearing sensations – air and bone conduction (Rinne’s Test, Weber’s test).
The sense of taste – localization of taste senses on tongue.
LAB 7
Blood Physiology – Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE:
Textbook of Medical Physiology by A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall, the 12th ed.:
Chapter 36, pp. 451-461
Hemostasis –explanation of main stages:
Vasoconstriction, Formation of platelet plug.
Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of clotting. Common pathway. Role of calcium ions and
vitamin K. Clot retraction. Fibrinolysis– plasminogen and plasmin.
Laboratory tests estimating hemostasis: Bleeding time, clotting time, calcium clotting time,
prothrombin time. Blood plasma composition.
LAB 8
Blood Physiology – White Blood Cells
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
Textbook of Medical Physiology by A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall, the 12th ed.:
Chapters 33-34, pp. 423-444; a part of the Chapter 35, pp. 449-450 – only the section
“Transplantations of Tissue and Organs”
General characteristic of leukocytes (types, number and function). Life span of white blood
cells in the blood and tissues. Diapedesis, phagocytosis, chemotaxis. Monocyte-macrophage
cell system. The role of basophils and eosinophils.
Innate and Acquired Immunity. Antigensm and antibodies. The role of complement system.
Antigen –presenting cells and MHC proteins. Tissue transplants.
LAB 9
Blood Physiology – Red Blood Cells
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
Textbook of Medical Physiology by A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall, the 12th ed.:
Chapters 32, pp. 413-422; a part of the Chapter 35, pp. 445-449 – without the section
“Transplantations of Tissue and Organs”
Erythrocytes: number, function , place of production, factors that influence on
RBC maturation (Vitamins B12, folic acid and ferrum). Hemoglobin: composition,
kinds of hemoglobin and content in erythrocytes.
Laboratory indicators for RBC number, shape and function.
Hematocrit: normal values and states that can change hematocrit.
Resistance of red blood cells – factors that can changed it.
Hemolysis. Factors which cause it. Diseases in which hemolysis is present.
The main blood types. ABO system and The Rh factor ( inheritation, erythroblastosis fetalis)
Cross trial – conditions for blood transfusion. Transfusion reactions.
Practical part
Hematocrit determination
Blood typing
LAB 10
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE: 5th Lecture and Textbook of Medical
Physiology A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall 12th ed. Chapters: 9-10; pp. 101 -120
Structure of the heart.
Physiology of specialized excitatory and conductive tissue.
Absolute and relative refractory period.
Heart as a pump. Causes of heart sounds.
The role of the end-diastolic ventricular volume.
Mechanism of sympathetic and parasympathetic effect.
Experimental part
Films and computer exercices (e-fizjologia)
• Stannius ligatures.
• Effect of temperature on the heart.
• Effect of potassium and calcium ions on heart function - computer program.
• Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on cardiac rhythm and conduction
(ventricular escape)
• Effect of norepinephrine and acetylocholine administration on cardiac
rhythm, excitability and conduction.
Patient examination:
• Auscultation of the heart (heart sounds, areas of normal heart sounds)
• Viewing and palpation heart’s area. Localization of apical impulse in the
standing, sitting and lying position.
LAB 11
Electrocardiogram
CONTROL TEST (10 QUESTIONS)
OBLIGATORY THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE: 13th Lecture and Textbook of Medical
Physiology– A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall 12th ed. Chapters: 11-13; pp. 121-153
1. Electrocardiographic leads
• Bipolar limb leads
• Augmented unipolar limb leads
• Chest leads
2. Voltage and time calibration of the electrocardiogram
3. Vectorial analysis of potentials in different leads
4. Determining the electrical axis from standard lead electrocardiograms
5. The correct times for the waves, segments and intervals of ECG
6. Normal sinus rhythm, cardiac rhythm and the electrocardiographic
interpretation
EXPERIMENTAL PART
- EKG recording
- ECG analysis
Lab 12
Backlog
LECTURES FOR BIS Program AMERICAN and TAIWAN STUDENTS I/4 and III/6 Spring semester
LECTURE 1 GENERAL CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Definition of physiology. Homeostasis of internal environment. Body’s regulatory systems.
Mechanism of feedback. Main functions of cell and its elements. Specifics of cell membrane,
transmembrane movement. Excitable structures. Resting membrane potential. Stimulus. The
none or all principle. Action potentials and its phases for the nerve cell.
LECTURE 2
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials. Generation, propagation, stages. Events after
action potential. Role of ions. Excitable tissue characteristics. Nerve and muscle action
potential. Transmission in nerve trunks. Refractory period.
LECTURE 3
MUSCLES
The roles and types (classification) of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle fiber –composition.
Motor unit. The muscle twitch. The different types of contraction skeletal muscles.
Neuromuscular junction. Electromechanical conjugation. General mechanism of muscle
contraction. Muscles in exercise: power, strength and endurance of skeletal muscles. The
metabolism of muscle contraction. Smooth muscle action and function-comparison with
skeletal muscle.
LECTURE 4 REFLEXES, MOVEMENT AND POSTURE – BRAIN REGULATION
Motor system. Elements of motor axis. Superior and inferior motor neuron. Motor function of
the spinal cord. Cortical control over motor functions. Role of the brain stem and associated
structures in movements controlling. Control of motor functions by cerebellum. Functions of
basal ganglia in motor activity. Regulation of posture and equilibrium.
LECTURE 5
RECEPTORES, SENSATION, SOMATIC SENSORY CORTEX
Tactile, pain and thermal sensation. Principle of specific sences energy. Projection law.
Function of thalamus in sensory functions. Somatic sensory cortex. Reception and perception.
LECTURE 6
HEART PHYSIOLOGY
The heart. Heart muscle. The heart as a pump and function of the heart valves. Heart sounds.
Rhythmical excitation of the heart-parts and role of excitatory and conductive system.
Electrical changes in heart muscle. Cardiac cycle. Ejection volume, stroke volume, cardiac
output. Frank-Starling’s law. Regulation of the heart work.
LECTURE 7
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cerebral Hemispheres, Memory, Limbic system, The reward system, sleep.
LECTURE 8
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM and Limbic System
Autonomic pathways. Organ’s response. Neurotransmitters. Adrenergic receptors. Muscarinic
and nicotinic receptors. Autonomic reflexes.
LECTURE 9
BOOD PHYSIOLOGY
Blood – basic informations: Composition and function.
Cells and mechanisms protecting the body against infection. Phagocythosis, diapedesis,
chemotaxis. Reticuloendothelial system. Blood coagulation: the main stages, cells and facors
taking part in this process, extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. Fibrinolysis and substances
preventing blood coagulation in the body-anticoagulants.
LECTURE 10
SEMESTRAL TEST
50 questions (mostly multiple choice questions, a few descriptive questions and some truefalse questions) which covers the material from labs and lectures of spring semester.