Portál perštiny:
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Ethnologue report for Eastern
Farsi (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=PRS)
Ethnologue report for Western
Farsi (http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=PES)
Easypersian.com (http://www.easypersian.com/)
Persian language:
Některé perské znaky se nezobrazují správně, pokud chce uživatel studovat uvedený
text v původním znění, stačí přejít na adresu:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language
Persian (‫)ف ار سی‬, also known as Farsi (local name in Iran and Afghanistan), Parsi
(older local name, but still used by some speakers), Tajik (a Central Asian dialect) or
Dari (local name in Afghanistan), is a language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan,
Tajikistan, Bahrain and Uzbekistan. It has official-language status in the first three
countries. There are over 75 million native speakers
[1] (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1000). It belongs to the IndoEuropean language family. It is of the Subject Object Verb type.
Persian ( ‫ ف ار سی‬/ Farsi )
Spoken in:
Iran, Afghanistan, Bahrain,
Tajikistan and parts of Uzbekistan
Region:
Middle East
Total speakers:
est. 61.7–110 million
Ranking:
29
Genetic
classification:
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
Western
Southwestern
Modern Persian
Official status
Official language Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan
of:
Regulated by:
Academy of Persian Language
and Literature
Academy of Sciences of
Afghanistan
Language codes
ISO 639-1
fa
ISO 639-2
per (b)/fas (T)
SIL
PRS
See also: Language - List of languages
History
Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family
it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch. Scholars believe the Iranian subbranch
consists of the following chronological linguistic path: Old Persian (Avestan and
Achaemenids Persian) → Middle Persian (Pahlavi, Parthian, and Sassanids Persian)
→ Modern Persian (Dari, c. 900 to present).
Old Persian, the main language of the Achaemenid inscriptions, should not be
confused with the non-Indo-European Elamite language (see Behistun inscription).
Over this period, the morphology of the language was simplified from the complex
conjugation and declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely
regularized morphology and rigid syntax of Modern Persian, in a manner often
described as paralleling the development of English. Additionally, many words were
introduced from neighboring languages, including Aramaic and Greek in earlier times,
and later Arabic and to a lesser extent Turkish. In more recent times, some Western
European words have entered the language (notably from French and English).
The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries. Due to technological
developments, new words and idioms are created and enter into Persian like any
other language. In Iran the Academy of Persian Language and Literature is a center
that evaluates the new words in order to initiate and advise its Persian equivalent. In
Afghanistan, the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan does the same for Afghan
Persian (among other languages).
[edit]
Nomenclature
Persian, the more widely used and official name of the language in English, is the
Hellenized form of the native term Parsi. Farsi is the Arabicized form of Parsi due to a
lack of the /p/ phoneme in Standard Arabic. Its use in the English language is very
recent. Native Persian speakers typically call it "Farsi" in modern usage. ISO, the
Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and many other sources call the
language Persian. The government of Afghanistan uses both "Dari" and "Persian" in
English communications.
The Academy of Persian Language and Literature as well as most linguists and
lexicographers believe that "Farsi" is not the appropriate term used for the Persian
language in English. In the ISO 639-1, the local names form the basis for the
language codes and for this reason "fa" is the designation for the Persian language in
that system.
[edit]
Dialects and close languages
Communication is generally mutually intelligible between Iranians, Tajiks, and
Persian-speaking Afghans; however, by popular definition:
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Dari is the local name for the eastern dialect of Persian, one of the two official
languages of Afghanistan, including Hazaragi — spoken by the Hazara people of
central Afghanistan.
Tajik could also be considered an eastern dialect of Persian, but, contrary to Iranian
and Afghan Persian, it is written in the Cyrillic script.
The following are some of the closely related languages of various Iranian peoples
within modern Iran proper:
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Guilaki, or Gilaki — spoken in northern Iran, mainly in the province of Guilan.
Talysh, or Talishi — spoken in northern Iran and southern parts of the Republic of
Azerbaijan.
Luri, or Lori — spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian province of Lorestan.
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Tat (a.k.a. Tati, or Eshtehardi) — spoken in parts of the Iranian provinces of East
Azarbaijan, Zanjan and Qazvin.
Dari or Gabri — spoken originally in Yazd and Kerman by the Zoroastrians of Iran.
Also called Yazdi by some.
Dzhidi or Judæo-Persian — a collection of languages or dialects spoken by the many
varied and ancient Jewish communities throughout the former greatest extent of the
Persian Empire, one of the many Jewish languages.
[edit]
Orthography and vocabulary
Modern Persian uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet (see below). After the
conversion of Persia to Islam, it took approximately one hundred fifty years before
Persians adopted the Arabic alphabet as a replacement for the older alphabet.
Previously, the Persian language (Middle Persian or Pahlavi at that time) used two
different alphabets: a modified version of the Aramaic alphabet, and a native Iranian
alphabet called Dîndapirak (literally: religion script).
Despite their shared alphabet, however, Persian and Arabic are entirely different
languages, from different linguistic families and with different phonology and
grammar. Human languages, and the alphabet used to represent those languages in
written form, are two different concepts, and alphabets are not intrinsic to human
languages, so a shared writing system does not imply a broader relationship.
Persian adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet for its use, due to the fact that the
four sounds that exist in Persian do not exist in Arabic. Additionally, it changes the
shape of another two. Some people call this modified alphabet the Perso-Arabic
alphabet. The additional four letters are:
sound shape Unicode name
[p]
[tʃ] (ch)
[ʒ] (zh)
[g]
‫پ‬
‫چ‬
‫ژ‬
‫گ‬
Peh
Tcheh
Jeh
Gaf
The letters different in shape are:
sound
[k]
[j] and [i:], or rarely [a:]
original Arabic letter modified Persian letter name
‫ك‬
‫ ي‬or ‫ى‬
‫ک‬
‫ی‬
Kaf
Yeh
The diacritical marks used in the Arabic script, a.k.a. harakat, are also used in
Persian, although some of them have different pronunciations. For example, an
Arabic Damma is pronounced as /u/, while in Persian it is pronounced as /o/.
Persian also adds the notion of a pseudo-space to the Arabic script, called a Zero
Width Non-Joiner (ZWNJ) by the Unicode Standard. It acts like a space in
disconnecting two otherwise-joining adjacent letters, but does not have a visual
width.
It should also be noted that many Persian words with an Arabic root are spelled
differently from the original Arabic word. Alef with hamza below ( ‫ ) إ‬always changes
to alef ( ‫ ;) ا‬teh marbuta ( ‫ ) ة‬usually, but not always, changes to teh ( ‫ ) ت‬or heh ( ‫;) ه‬
and words using various hamzas get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that
‫ م سؤول‬becomes ‫)م س ئول‬.
Other languages, such as Pashto or Urdu, have taken those notions and have
sometimes extended them with new letters or punctuation.
There are many loanwords in the Persian language, mostly coming from the Arabic,
English, French, and Turkic languages. Also, the words that have originated in the
languages spoken in the region before the Arab invasion are usually changed in the
pronunciation.
Pinglish is the name given to texts written in Persian using the English alphabet. It is
common for writing emails, posting to forums, and chatting.
[edit]
Phonology
The functional contrast for vowels appears to be between long ( /i:/, /u:/, /ɑ:/) and
short ( /e/, /o/, /æ/). Therefore, it seems possible to represent the vowels as ( /i:/, /u:/,
/a:/) and ( /i/, /u/, /a/). Also note that /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are affricates, not stops. The
following chart is adapted from this Structural Sketch of
Persian (http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/languagesofla/farsi/fars-sketch.htm). Certain
fonts (http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipafonts.html) may be needed to view phonetic
characters.
Vowels
front
high
i:
back
u:
mid-high
e
o
low
æ
ɑ:
Consonants
labial alveolars palatals velars glottals
voiceless stops
p
t
ʧ
k
voiced stops
b
d
ʤ
g
voiceless fricatives
f
s
ʃ
x
voiced fricatives
v
z
ʒ
ɣ
nasals
m
n
liquids
glides
ʔ
h
l, r
j
[edit]
Morphology
Suffixes predominate, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can
express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number.
There is no grammatical gender.
[edit]
Syntax
Normal sentences are structured as "(S) (PP) (O) V". If the object is definite, then the
order is "(S) (O + "rɑ:") (PP) V".
[edit]
Persian and Urdu
The Persian language was crucial in the formation of a common language of the
central, north and northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent. Following the Mughal
conquest of India and the resulting vast Islamic empire, especially in the north and
middle areas, a hybrid language of Hindi and Persian began to form around the 10th
and 11th centuries CE, one that would eventually be known as Urdu ("tent" in
Turkish, in allusion to the army barracks of visiting troops). It grew from the
interaction of (often Persian-speaking) Muslim soldiers and native Hindu peoples,
merging with the local Prakrit and Sanskrit-based Khari boli (standing tongue), a
proto-Hindi dialect of the north. Soon, the Persian script and Nasta'liq form of cursive
was adopted, with additional figures added to accommodate the Indian phonetic
system, and a new language based on Indian grammar with a vocabulary largely
divided between Persian (and indirectly some Arabic) and Hindi. Elements peculiar to
Persian, such as the enclitic izaafat, and the use of the takhallus, were readily
absorbed into Urdu literature, both religious and secular.
Urdu soon gained distinction as the preferred language in Persian courts of India and
to this day retains an important place in literary and cultural spheres. Many distinctly
Persian forms of literature, such as ghazals and nazms, came to both influence and
be affected by Indian culture, producing a distinct melding of Middle Eastern and
South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was Amir Khusro, whose Persian
and Hindvi (proto-Hindi-Urdu) couplets are to this day read in India and Pakistan.
Persian has frequently been termed an adopted classical language of India beside
Sanskrit due to its role in Indian tradition.
[edit]
See also
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Dzhidi language
Persian literature
Persian grammar
List of English words of Persian origin
[edit]
References
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Mace, J. (2003). Persian Grammar: For reference and revision. Routledge-Curzon,
London.
Mahootian, S. (1997). Persian. Descriptive Grammars. Routledge, London.
Windfuhr, G. L. (1987). Persian. In Comrie, B., editor, The Worlds Major Languages,
pages 523–546. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[edit]
Použitý zdroj: Encyklopedie Wikipedia