1. The ability of Neolithic peoples to generate ever greater food surpluses resulted in
increased occupational specialization. Because Neolithic farming villages were
able to grow more food than was needed for immediate consumption, it became
possible for people to devote part of their time to nonagricultural tasks. As they
did, some of them developed specialized skills in areas such as brick making and
metal working.
2. A major difference between ancient Athens and Sparta was the Athenians
developed a more dynamic and creative culture. Unlike the Spartans, whose
culture placed strong emphasis on discipline and order, the Athenians developed a
well-rounded culture that encouraged people to develop all their talents and
honored the contributions of artists, playwrights, poets, and intellectuals.
3. A shared characteristic of Hinduism and Buddhism is striving for release from the
cycle of birth and rebirth. Both Hinduism and Buddhism encourage believers to
strive for release from the cycle of birth and rebirth. Hindus see this as a long
term process that most often requires many lifetimes of gradual purification.
Buddhism believes it is possible for people to achieve sufficient enlightenment in
ones lifetime to escape the cycle.
4. The Bantu migrations that began around 1000 BCE most influenced the economic
and cultural development of central and southern Africa. The Bantu migrations,
which proceeded east and south from West Africa beginning around 500 BCE,
resulted in the development of major central and southern African states such as
the Kongo Empire and Great Zimbabwe.
5. The Islamic Empire during the eighth century CE extended westward from the
Arabian Peninsula through Egypt and across North Africa into Spain. To the north
and east it included Syria, Palestine, Persia and parts of India.
6. Medieval Europe feudalism can best be described as a social system based on
well defined rights and responsibilities. European feudalism was a system of
social relationships in which lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military
aid and other services. The pledge of loyalty that vassals made to lords sealed the
relationship.
7. By the late 6th century CE, China had reestablished a unified empire while Europe
remained a continent of numerous small states. A major reason for this difference
was the greater cultural similarities among different groups in China. After the
fall of Rome, 6th century Europe split into its component cultures and diverse
languages. During the same period, China had much greater ethnic and cultural
homogeneity, including a common written language.
8. The use of the horse for transportation in Native American societies best describes
a significant consequence of the Columbian exchange between Europe and the
Americas during the Age of Exploration. Introduced during the Spanish conquest
of the New World in the 16th century, horses were adopted by, and ultimately
transformed, Native American cultures.
9. The popular discontent with government tax policies is a cause of both the
American and French revolutions of the 18th century. Just as popular discontent
with France’s inefficient and unfair tax system contributed to the coming of the
French revolution, British tax measures such as the Stamp Act and the
Townshend Acts prompted colonial resistance that would result in the American
revolution.
10. Work became more specialized was an important consequence of the Industrial
Revolution. Industrialization entailed a consistent application of the principle of
the division of labor. As it was applied in early factories, this principle broke
down the overall production process for a given product-once performed by a
single artisan-into a series of specialized tasks.
11. Isaac Newton influenced the development of modern science by formulating a set
of natural laws that explains the fundamental principles of motion.
12. A major long-term development of the Age of Exploration is when western
societies established a military advantage over the other civilizations that they
would retain for centuries. Thanks to technological advances in weaponry,
explosives and navigation. Western societies were able to establish military
hegemony over other civilizations during the Age of Exploration. This advantage
became ever greater as a scientific research and industrialization continued to
produce innovations in military technology.
13. The reformation teachings of John Calvin placed strong emphasis on the
importance of faith in attaining salvation. Although Calvin thought it likely that
strict obedience to God’s laws indicated that a person was predestined for
salvation, he believed people be saved only by God’s grace, which endowed them
with faith in Christ.
14. Production of crops and minerals for export markets increased is an important
economic change that occurred in most regions where European imperialists
established colonies during the 19th centuries. European imperialists used their
colonies in Asia and Africa to meet the growing demands for minerals, cotton,
rubber, and other raw materials created by the Industrial Revolution.
15. One can best understand how the assassination of an Austrian archduke in 1914
resulted in a major international conflict by examining the operation of the prewar
European alliance system. The prewar European alliance system was constructed
in such a way that a war between any two countries could ignite a chain reaction
that involves those nations’ allies. In the weeks following the assassination of the
Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist, one European nation after
another was drawn into armed conflict by the commitments each country had
made to other countries.
16. Organizing groups opposed to colonial rule into a sustained mass movement best
describes the strategy adopted by Kwame Nkrumah in his efforts to establish an
independent Ghana after WWII. After establishing a political coalition of farmers,
trade unionist, and women suffragists, Nkrumah founded the Convention People’s
Party in 1949, with whose support he won election as prime minister of the Gold
Coast 2 years later. As a black African representative in government increased
over the next few years, pressure for independence grew, and in 1957 the Gold
Coast merged with other British territories to become the nation of Ghana, the
first European colony in sub-Sahara Africa to achieve self-rule in the postwar
period.
17. U.S.-Soviet disagreement immediately after WWII centered on Soviet intentions
in Eastern Europe. At the end of WWII, Soviet forces occupied countries
throughout E. Europe. The U.S. wanted to see democratic governments
established in these nations. When they became communist dictatorships under
Soviet domination instead, the ideological confrontation between two
superpowers became the decades long Cold War.
18. Increased degradation of the natural environment was a major consequence of the
global surge in economic growth that took place during the late 20th and 21st
centuries. Global increases in fossil fuel use from rapid economic growth in
newly industrializing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America generated a
substantial risk in industrial pollution and contributed to mounting concerns about
global warming.
19. During the 20th century, Dadaism, cubism and surrealism were part of a broader
cultural movement in which visual artists expressed their ideas through abstract
images. Cubist art involves the breaking up and reassembling of objects in
abstract form. Dadaism adopted cubist techniques to create presentations of chaos
and irrationality in artistic expression. Surrealism was an offshoot of Dadaism that
was strongly influenced by Sigmund Freud’s writings on free association, dream
analysis, and the unconscious.
20. An increase in the number of nations with democratic governments is an
important international political trend of the closing decades of the 20th century.
The late 20th century witnessed the establishment of the democratic governments
throughout much of E. Europe following the fall of the Soviet Union, the
overthrow of apartheid in South Africa, and the abandonment of authoritarian rule
in Brazil, Argentina, and other Latin American countries.
21. Hunting assumed an increasingly important role in Osage economic life: a major
consequence of increased contact with the French for Missouri’s Osage people
during the early 18th century. As a result of growing interaction with the French,
the Osage became increasingly dependent on European goods. To obtain the furs
that were primary basis of exchange, Osage males devoted ever greater amounts
of time to hunting activities.
22. MAP: Information presented in the map best supports which of the following
conclusions about the 13 colonies in 1775? The Pennsylvania economy was more
diversified than the New Hampshire economy. According to the map,
Pennsylvania refined sugar and produced paper, rum, iron, wheat, flour and ships,
whereas New Hampshire produced only timber, ships and iron.
23. Anglo-Dutch competition in the fur trade influenced the development of which of
the following North American colonies during the 16th century? New York. The
largest concentration of Dutch settlers in the 17th century North America resided
in New Netherland, where many of them engaged in the fur trade with Native
Americans. Objection to Dutch monopolization of the fur trade was one of several
reasons for the English conquest of New Netherland, which was afterward,
renamed New York.
24. The territorial expansion of English settlements was the most important source of
conflict between English colonists and Native Americans during the 17th century.
Native American opposition to colonial encroachment on their lands was a major
cause of King Philip’s War, Bacon’s Rebellion, and other 17th century conflicts
that pitted English settlers against Native Americans.
25. A major consequence of the Great Awakening of the 1740’s was the undermining
support for established churches in the colonies. In addition to fostering the
growth of dissenting religions such as the Baptist and Dutch and German
Reformed Churches, the Great Awakening caused divisions within established
churches in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and other colonies.
26. Controlling the government was a major advantage of the American patriots in the
Revolutionary War. Control of local government during the Revolutionary War
facilitated patriot efforts to mobilize troops, gather supplies, and raise money for
the war effort.
27. Which of the following developments provided the primary basis for the
expanding commercial activity that took place during the first half of the 19th
century in the U.S.? (Improvements in the transportation system). The
construction of canals and turnpikes provided a major impetus for commercial
expansion during the late 19th century. With the growth of the R.R. network
during and after the 1830’s, regional markets became increasingly integrated,
particularly in the North.
28. Which of the following developments most influence the spread of slavery in the
United States between 1800 and 1860? The expansion of cotton production.
Cotton was the South’s primary cash crop during the first half before the civil war.
As planters moved westward, purchasing more and more land to cultivate cotton,
they also increased the size of the slave labor force.
29. Elizabeth Cady Stanton played a major role in the movement to obtain voting
rights for women. One of the main organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention of
1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leading proponent of woman suffrage. After
the civil war, she helped found the National Woman Suffrage Association.
30. During the 1850’s, both Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision
contributed to the intersectional discord over the expansion of slavery into the
territories. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 inflamed intersectional debate over
the question of slavery in the territories by allowing settlers in Kansas and
Nebraska to decide the manner on their own. Three years later, the Supreme
Court’s decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford declared that Congress had no
authority to prohibit slavery in the territories.
31. During the late 19th century, rising immigration from the southern and eastern
Europe to the United States had the greatest impact on the manufacturing cities of
the Northeast and upper Midwest. During the late 19th century, a sizable majority
of the immigrants who entered the United States from southern and eastern
Europe settled in urban areas of the Northern and upper Midwest, where they
formed a growing percentage of the labor force in the expanding industrial
economies of the two regions.
32. As a leading figure in the Niagara Movement, W.E.B. Du Bois believed African
Americans could best improve their status in the United States by resisting all
forms of social and political discrimination. A founding member of both the
Niagara Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People, Du Bois rejected the accommodations of Booker T. Washington and
urged African Americans to fight for voting rights, equal job opportunities, and an
end to segregation.
33. During the early 20th century, progressive reformers in the U.S. most often shared
the aims to end corporate and political abuses of power. The efforts of
Progressives to prevent unfair competition, break up industrial trusts, defend
consumers’ rights, combat political corruption, and establish good government
reflect commitment to ending the misuses of corporate and political power.
34. The 19th Amendment, which established women’s voting rights on a nationwide
basis, was ratified on August 18, 1920.
35. The military tactics used by the U.S. in the Korean War and the Vietnam War was
the most significant difference between the two wars. Whereas the Krean War
was a conventional conflict in which opposing armies fought for territory along
and established front line, U.S. forces in Vietnam had to fight mostly small unit
actions, with no front lines, against an enemy that relied largely on guerrilla
tactics of ambush, mobility, and the infiltration of civilian populations.
36. The increased ownership of automobiles mostly influenced the expansion of
suburban areas in the U.S. after WWII. The expansion of suburbia in the U.S.
after WWII was the direct result of the increased automobile ownership, which
enabled suburbanites to commute between their homes and the cities in which
many of them worked.
37. Which of the following best describes the main objective of civil rights activists
who participated in the Mississippi “Freedom Summer” project of 1964? (To
remove restrictions on African American voting rights). Organized by a coalition
of four major civil rights groups-the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People, the Colored People, the Congress of Racial Equality, the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee-the Freedom Summer campaign sought to register as
many African American voters as possible in the state of Mississippi, which up to
that time had barred nearly all of the state’s African American from voting.
38. Which of the following economic issues was a main focus of Mexican American
activism during the 1960’s? (The wages and working conditions of migrant farm
workers). A major focus of Mexican American activism during the 1960’s was
the organizational initiatives of Cesar Chavez’s United Farm Workers Association,
which sought to increase the wages and improve the working conditions of
migrant farm workers, many of whom were of Mexican decent.
39. Passage question.
40. Passage question.
41.