PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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COVER PAGE
Name of heritage asset
The Church of the Holy Trinity (Cerkev sv. Trojice)
Popular name: the Castle (Grad)
Type of heritage asset
Immovable Cultural Heritage , Sacral Architectural Heritage, Object
Global coordinates (X, Y, Z)
N 45˚30’34.75’’; E 13˚54’ 06.82’’; Elevation 173 m
Country
Slovenia
Data compiled by
Name
Barbara Vodopivec
Affiliation
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Ljubljana,
Slovenia
e-mail address
barbara.vodopivec@fgg.uni-lj.si
Date of compilation
25. 09. 2012
Characteristic photography
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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SUMMARY
Historic background
The Church of the Holy Trinity (Slovene: Cerkev sv. Trojice) is a historical building in Hrastovlje, Slovenia. There
are two hypotheses about its origin. According to the first, it is a Romanesque church from the 12th century.
According to the second, it is an example of the Istrian variant of Early Venetian Renaissance architecture from
the 15th century. The church stands behind a wall that the local population built to protect itself from Turkish
attacks in the 16th century.
The church has been painted with Gothic frescoes by Johannes de Castua, who finished his work on 13 July
1490.This is the largest preserved medieval painting complex at the Slovenian territory, with scenes from the,
among others, Old Testament (Genesis) and with famous Dance of Death or "Danse Macabre" frescoes. They were
discovered in 1949 under the thick layers of plaster by academic sculptor Jože Pohlen.
Brief description
The church and wall were built on a bare rock, and for this reason do not have deep foundations. The church is
built mostly out of sandstone, as is typical for the entire coastal region. The stones were never entirely covered
in an outer layer of plaster, and it is thus possible to see how the church was built. One can see that top of the
church spire was rebuilt at some time, although it is not known why. The church is topped with tiles made of
thick plates (škrle). These are characteristic for older roofs in the Mediterranean region.
The church was probably built with a wall, which was later strengthened. It is 8 metres thick and is made out of
limestone. It would be hard to determine exactly when the wall was built, but it is estimated that it was
constructed sometime around the end of the 15th century, therefore definitely later than the church itself. The
wall encloses the entire building and only the bell-tower with its cross peeks out over the top. It was first built
as a defensive measure against the Turks and is shaped like an irregular rectangle. There are two towers in the
corners. One stands in the northeast, the other protects the entrance from the village side.
The church was last renovated and rehabilitated in 1979—80.
Frescoes were last restored in 1981—85.
The church is regularly maintained and is well preserved.
The church together with fortification wall (tabor) is proclaimed monument of local importance since 1993.
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
Illustrations
Location of the church
Plan of the church
Frescoes »Dance Macabre«, detail
North façade
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PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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1.0 Names and References
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
Standards
1.1
Type of heritage
asset
Immovable Cultural Heritage
Sacral Architectural Heritage
Object
Cultural Heritage Protection
Act
(OG RS, 16/2008, dated
15.02.2008)
1.2
Name of heritage
asset
The Church of the Holy Trinity (Cerkev sv.
Trojice)
Popular name: the Castle (Grad)
1.3
Unique reference
numbers of asset
179 (Unique reference number, based on
Slovenian national cultural registry database;
http://rkd.situla.org/)
1.4
Dates compilation
1.4.1
Date of initial
compilation
20.09.2012
1.4.2
Date of last
update
25.09.2012
1.5
Record originator
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and
Geodetic Engineering
1.6
Cross-reference to
related asset
record
1.6.1
Related record
reference number
Encyclopedia of Slovenian Natural and
Cultural Heritage
Available at:
http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/139-cerkevsv-trojice-v-hrastovljah - accessed
21.09.2012
1.6.2
Qualifier of
Relationship
Art historical description, definition of
location, protection regime, photos of the
site and references
1.6.3
Originator of
Reference
Slovenian Academy of Arts and Science,
Franc Stele Art History Institute
Simona Kermavnar, art historian
1.6.1
Related record
reference number
Stopar, I. 1990: Hrastovlje. Umetnostni
spomeniki. Enciklopedija Slovenije, 4.
Ljubljana. [COBISS-ID 17411]
Available at Slovenian Virtual Library:
www.cobiss.si – accessed 21.09.2012
1.6.2
Qualifier of
Relationship
Art historical description
1.6.3
Originator of
Reference
Ivan Stopar, art historian
Rules on the Register of
Cultural Heritage
(OG RS, 66/2009, dated
21.08.2009)
Reference is cited according
to COBISS.SI
Standardized system (Cooperative Online
Bibliographic System and
Services)
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
1.6.1
Related record
reference
number
Zadnikar, M. 1973: Hrastovlje. Ljubljana.
[COBISS-ID 6726201]
Available at Slovenian Virtual Library:
www.cobiss.si – accessed 21.09.2012
1.6.2
Qualifier of
Relationship
Art historical description
1.6.3
Originator of
Reference
Marijan Zadnikar, art historian
1.6.1
Related record
reference
number
Zadnikar, M. 1988: Hrastovlje. Romanska
arhitektura in gotske freske. Ljubljana.
[COBISS-ID 7632640]
Available at Slovenian Virtual Library:
www.cobiss.si – accessed 21.09.2012
1.6.2
Qualifier of
Relationship
Art historical descriptions
1.6.3
Originator of
Reference
Marijan Zadnikar, art historian
1.6.1
Related record
reference
number
BOSILJKOV, Vlatko, GOSTIČ, Samo, KRŽAN,
Meta, ANTOLINC, David, ŽARNIĆ, Roko.
Izdelava in demonstracija modela za
načrtovanje ohranjanja
umetnostnozgodovinske dediščine v vojnih
spopadih : končno poročilo za CRP MIR M40207. Ljubljana: UL FGG: ZRMK Institut, 2009.
69 f., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 4809057]
Available at Slovenian Virtual Library
www.cobiss.si – accessed 21.09.2012
1.6.2
Qualifier of
Relationship
Structural analysis, risk assessment, results of
on-site investigations
1.6.3
Originator of
Reference
University of Ljubljana,
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Vlatko Bosiljkov, civil engineer, Samo Gostič,
civil engineer, Meta Kržan, civil engineer,
David Antolinc, civil engineer, Roko Žarnić,
civil engineer
1.7
Cross-reference
to records of
fixtures, fittings
collections and
artifacts
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Reference is cited according to
COBISS.SI
Standardized system (Cooperative Online
Bibliographic System and
Services)
Reference is cited according to
COBISS.SI
Standardized system (Cooperative Online
Bibliographic System and
Services)
Reference is cited according to
COBISS.SI
Standardized system (Cooperative Online
Bibliographic System and
Services)
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
1.7.1
Reference
number
Höfler, J. 1996: Srednjeveške freske na
Slovenskem, 2: Primorska. Ljubljana. [COBISSID 68695552]
Available at Slovenian Virtual Library
www.cobiss.si – accessed 21.09.2012
1.7.2
Originator of
Reference
Janez Hoefler, art historian
1.7.1
Reference
number
Vignjevič, T. 2005: Mrtvaška plesa v Bermu in
Hrastovljah. Prispevki k ikonografiji motivike
plesa smrti v istrski slikarski šoli (The Dances
of Death of Beram and Hrastvolje. Contribution
to the Iconography of the dance-of-death motif
in the Istrian Painting School). Annales.
Ser.hist.sociol., 15/2005, 2.
Available at:
http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC9KYYP8JG/ - accessed 21.09.2012
1.7.2
Originator of
Reference
Tomas Vignjevič, art historian
1.8
Cross-reference
to
documentations
1.8.1
Reference
number
http://giskds.situla.org/evrd/ - accessed
21.09.2012
1.8.2
Type of
documentation
Protection regimes and legislation, including
cartographic representation of protection
regime borders
1.8.3
Originator of
Reference
Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and
Sport of the Republic of Slovenia
1.8.1
Reference
number
http://giskd2s.situla.org/Dokumenti/p0707_1.
pdf - accessed 21.09.2012
1.8.2
Type of
documentation
Link to the proclamation act, dated
02.02.1993; including description of cultural
significance of the object
1.8.3
Originator of
Reference
Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and
Sport of the Republic of Slovenia
1.9
Cross-reference
to
archaeological
records/events
ARKAS – Archaeological cadastre of Slovenia
records nine archaeological finds from the area
of Hrastovlje; none related to the Church of
the Holy Trinity
1.9.1
Reference
number
ID030106
1.9.2
Originator of
Reference
Institute of Archaeology of the Research
Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences
and Arts
1.9.3
Start date of
recording event
1972
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Reference is cited according to
COBISS.SI
Standardized system (Cooperative Online
Bibliographic System and
Services)
http://arkas.zrcsazu.si/index.php?kaj=home.ma
in – accessed 24.09.2012
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
1.9.4
End date of
recording event
/
1.10
Crossreferences to
environmental
records
/
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PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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2.0 Location
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
2.1
Administrative
location
Owner of the site is the Roman Catholic parish
Kubed. According to the constitution of the
Republic of Slovenia (OG RS, 33/91, dated
28.12.1991) state and church are separated.
According to the church organisation the
Church of the Holy Trinity falls within Diocese
Koper, parish Predloka, Predloka 14, 6275 Črni
Kal, and state administrative location is given
below. The church is proclaimed monument
and for preservation issues falls under the
jurisdiction of the Slovenian Institute for the
protection of Cultural Heritage, unit Piran.
2.1.1
Country
Slovenia
2.1.2
Geo-political unit
Primorska (coastal region)
2.1.3
Administrative
subdivision
municipality Koper
2.2
Address
2.2.1
Postal name
Walled church is located on a small hill just
above the village Hrastovlje, in the upper
valley of the river Rižana
2.2.2
Name of
street/road
/
2.2.3
Number in the
street/road
/
2.2.4
Locality
Hrastovlje
2.2.5
Town/city
Koper/Capodistria
2.2.6
Postal or location
code
6000
2.3
Cartographic
reference
2.3.1
Spatial referencing
system
Geographic Information System (GIS)
2.3.2
Global coordinates
(X, Y, Z)
45˚30’34.75’’ S
13˚54’ 06.82’’ V
Elevation 173 m
Standards
Slovenia has not yet adopted
regional legislation,
therefore Primorska is
informal regional unit (as on
21.09.2012)
Interactive map available at:
http://giskds.situla.org/gisk
d/ - accessed 21.09.2012
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
2.4
Cadastral
reference/land unit
Cadastral reference: Hrastovlje 2617
Land unit: 2328/0
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According to the Land
Registry of the Republic of
Slovenia, which is conducted
by the Supreme Court of the
Republic of Slovenia
https://evlozisce.sodisce.si/
esodstvo/index.html accessed 24.09.2012
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
3.0 Functional Type
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
3.1
Generic
Church
3.2
Usage
From its inception on it is used for religious
purposes.
At the end of the 15th century defence wall
was constructed and church had fortified
function (tabor) in the 16th and the 17th
century. People sought refuge behind the
walls from Uskok and Turkish invasions.
It is important tourist destination mainly
because of its art historical importance.
3.1.1
Dates of usage
From 1475 (date of consecration) till today:
religious function
16th and 17th century: also fortified function
From 1962 on, when it was open for public:
also tourist function
Standards
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PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
4.0 Dating
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
4.1
Date range
Date of construction: 12th century/15th
century
Date of consecration: 1475
Date of frescoes creation: 15th century,
finished 1490
4.2
Method
Art historical, historical interpretation,
critical sources analysis
Standards
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PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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5.0 Structure
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
Standards
5.1
Type of structure
B1 churches
Romanesque three-naved barrel-vaulted
church with a high tower, situated in the
middle of a high fortification wall.
According to FP7 project
Perpetuate methodology
http://www.perpetuate.eu
/ - accessed 24.09.2012
(Table 2)
5.2
Structural material
Sandstone masonry
5.2.1
Foundation
Build on a solid rock, foundations are not
deep; build of sandstone
5.2.2
Walls/pillars
sandstone
5.2.3
Interstorey
structure
sandstone
5.2.4
Roof
timber structure above sandstone masonry
vaults
5.3
Finishing material
5.3.1
Foundation
none
5.3.2
Walls/pillars
Interior: Lime plaster, frescoes
Façade: Lime plaster; not entirely plastered
5.3.3
Interstorey
structure
Lime plaster, frescoes
5.3.4
Roof
Cooper roof on timber structure (chestnut),
covered with »škrle« - limestone tiles
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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6.0 Current Physical Condition
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
6.1
Date of assessment
16.09.2009
6.2
Assessment
originator
Dr. Vlatko Bosiljkov, University of Ljubljana,
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
6.2
General condition
Regularly maintained
Construction: well preserved, no risk
Frescoes: no special features, age
deterioration
Bell tower: well preserved, no risk
Exterior: well preserved, no risk
No visible damages
6.3
Condition of critical
elements
/
Standards
Assessed according to the
methodology of:
BOSILJKOV, Vlatko, GOSTIČ,
Samo, KRŽAN, Meta,
ANTOLINC, David, ŽARNIĆ,
Roko. Izdelava in
demonstracija modela za
načrtovanje ohranjanja
umetnostnozgodovinske
dediščine v vojnih spopadih
: končno poročilo za CRP
MIR M4-0207. Ljubljana: UL
FGG: ZRMK Institut, 2009.
69 f., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID
4809057]
Degree of conservation:
well preserved, no special
features, decay, damaged,
missing, restored, no data
available
Risks: no risk, age
deterioration, moisture,
microorganisms, salts,
mechanical damages, lack
of load capacity, vandalism,
other, no data available
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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7.0 Protection / Legal Status
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
Standards
7.1
Type of protection
Monument of local importance
Cultural Heritage Protection
Act (OG RS, 16/2008, dated
15.02.2008)
Rules on the Heritage Types
and Protection Regimes (OG
RS, 102/2010, dated
17.12.2010)
7.2
Grade of protection
Permanent proclamation till cancellation
7.3
Date of protection
grant
03.02.1993 -
7.4
Reference number
Odlok o razglasitvi posameznih nepremičnih
kulturnih in zgodovinskih spomenikov v občini
Koper, Uradne objave (Primorske novice), št.
1/93-4, 18/93 (popravek), Ur.l. RS, št.
57/2005-2522, 66/2010-3678
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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8.0 Major Risks
No.
Data Subfield
Received Information
Standards
8.1
Long-term
environmental
impact
A2: Climate conditions fluctuations
According to the EU-CHIC
methodology (Table 1)
Sudden
environmental
impact
B1: Wind storm
Anthropogenic
impact
C4: Vandalisms
8.2
8.3
A1: Bio-attack
B4: Earthquake
C3: Improper decisions
C1: Economic activities
According to the EU-CHIC
methodology (Table 1)
According to the EU-CHIC
methodology (Table 1)
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
Data acquisition methods
No.
Data Subfield
Method
1.0
Names and
References
Documentation survey
2.0
Location
Documentation survey
3.0
Functional type
Documentation survey
Archival research
4.0
Dating
Art historical interpretation,
Critical source analysis
5.0
Structure
In-situ visual inspection
6.0
Current physical
condition
In-situ visual inspection,
Photographic report
Visual inspection
Structural assessment
Diagnostic/Measured survey
7.0
Protection / Legal
status
Documentation survey
8.0
Major Risks
Risk analysis
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PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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Table 1. The list of major risks that influence heritage asset
A&B: Environmental Risks
C: Anthropogenic – Social
Risks
A: Long term influence
B: Sudden events
A1: Bio-attack
B1: Wind storm
C1: Economic activities
A2: Climate conditions fluctuations
B2: Fire
C2: Accidental events
A3: Aeolic impact
B3: Flood
C3: Improper decisions
A4: Water (Ground, Atmospheric)
B4: Earthquake
C4: Vandalisms
A5: Solar radiation
B5: Landslide
C5: Riots
A6: Particle matter& aerosols
B6: Avalanche
C6: Wars
A7: Long term loading
B7: Tsunami
A8: Geological conditions
(including local particularities)
B8: Volcano
PROTOCOL LEVEL 1: GENERAL DATA
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Table 2. Typology of heritage assets developed within FP7 project PERPETUATE
Class
Description
Assets
A
Architectonic assets with two main bearing structural elements:
vertical walls and horizontal floors. If they are properly
connected, mutual cooperation between the structural elements
allows the building to behave as a single box.
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
palaces,
castles,
religious houses,
caravansaries,
madrasas
B
Architectonic assets, which are characterized, by wide spaces
without intermediate floors and few inner walls. An independent
damage mechanism occurs in the different parts of the building,
and it is often possible to recognize specific structural macro
elements (façade, triumphal arch, apse, dome, transept,).
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
churches,
mosques,
temples,
baptisteries,
mausoleum,
hammam
theatres
C
Architectonic assets in which the vertical dimension prevails on
the other ones. Since usually, these buildings are characterized
by significant slenderness, their seismic response may be
assumed as a global flexural behavior.
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
towers,
bell towers,
minarets,
lighthouses,
chimneys
D
Architectonic assets in which the main structural element is an
arch or a vault. Both single arches and much more complex
constructions based on this basic structural element are
included.
D1
D2
D3
D4
triumphal arches,
aqueducts,
bridges,
cloisters
E
Massive constructions in which the wide thickness of walls, if
compared to other dimensions, doesn’t allow the idealization as
plane structural element. Local failure occurs as detachment of
external leaf.
E1 fortresses,
E2 ramparts
F
Single, isolated architectonic assets, which does not delimit an
interior space.
F1
F2
F3
F4
G
Historical centers composed of ordinary buildings’ aggregates,
which assume the relevance of cultural heritage asset as whole
in the urban context. Seismic response considers the interaction
among adjacent buildings.
columns,
trilithons,
obelisks,
ruins