Методична розробка № 1 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Our Student’s Hostel” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 1
1.
Вивчити слова і словосполучення по темі.
2.
Працювати над удосконаленням читання тексту.
3.
Вміти розповісти про власну квартиру.
І. Запам'ятайте слова і словосполучення:
A multistoreyed building
Багатоповерховий будинок
Private
Власний
A hostel
Гуртожиток
To move into
Переїхати
A study
Кабінет
A toilet, a lavatory
Туалет
A closet
Комірка
Modern conveniences
Сучасні зручності
Running water
Водопровід
Central heating
Центральне опалення
Rubbish chute
Сміттєпровід
An entrance-hall
Передпокій
A stand
Вішалка
A chandelier
Люстра
A nursery
Дитяча кімната
A sink
Раковина
A tap
Кран
Refrigerator
холодильник
II. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Our Flat
We live in a new flat in one of the largest residential areas. We moved into it five years ago. It is on
the fourth floor of a nine-storeyed building. We have a four-room flat. It consists of a living-room, a study, two
bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom, toilet or lavatory, and closets. It has two balconies and all modern
conveniences: running cold and hot water, electricity, central heating, telephone. There is a lift and a rubbish chute in our building.
When you come to see us you will first come into an entrance-hall. It's not very large but rather
cosy. There is a stand for hats, cots and umbrellas and a mirror on the wall. From the entrance-hall you
may get to each room through separate doors. Let's have a look at the living-room. It is the largest
room in our flat. There is not much furniture in it. Opposite the window there is a sofa, three armchairs
and a nice carpet on the floor. The door next to the window of this room leads to the balcony. We grow
a lot of flowers there. There is a color TV set, stereo tape-recorder and record-player in this room.
There are two pictures on the wall and a chandelier hanging from the ceiling. We like to receive our
guests here.
When you come into other rooms you will see that they aren't so large as this one. The smallest
is the study. There is a writing table with a table lamp on it, many book-shelves, built-in bookcases,
and a TV set.
Now a few words about other rooms. The bedrooms are the most comfortable rooms in our flat.
They face the park where there are a lot of trees, bushes and flowers and these rooms are always filled
with sunshine. There are several beds, chairs, two wardrobes and a round mirror in the corner to the
left. Before we had used one of the bedrooms as a nursery.
In the kitchen there are two tables, some stools, a cupboard, a sink with water taps. There is
also a refrigerator, a freezer and an electric cooker. We always have meals here. So we like our flat
very much.
III. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1.
Where do you live?
2.
When did you move into your flat?
3.
How many rooms are there in your flat?
4.
Do you have a balcony in your flat?
5.
Has it all modern conveniences?
6.
Describe your living-room.
7.
What is there in your study?
8.
What can you say about the bed-rooms?
9.
Describe your kitchen.
10.
Do you like your flat?
IV. Опишіть вашy квартиру, використовуючи відповідні слова та словосполучення:
our flat; to be; new and modern; well-planned; comfortable; multistory; to have modern
conveniences; a multistoreyed building; private; to move into; a study; a toilet, a lavatory; a closet;
modern conveniences; running water; central heating; rubbish chute; an entrance-hall; a stand; a
mirror; a chandelier; a nursery; a sink; a tap, refrigerator.
V. Подайте відомості про вашу квартиру, доповнюючи речення потрібною лексикою:
1. І live in ... flat. 2. Our rooms are ... 3. My friend lives in ... flat. 4. Their rooms are ....
VI. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою:
1. Наша квартира затишна і зручна. 2. Наші кімнати великі і сонячні. 3. Стіни цієї кімнати
рожеві, а підлога жовта. 4. У нас є балкон. 5. Він виходить у парк. 6. Два вікна виходять на
південь, а одне вікно – на схід.
Методична розробка № 2 для самостійної роботи по темі “Our Student’s Hostel” для
студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 2
1.
Вивчити слова і словосполучення по темі.
2.
Працювати над удосконаленням читання тексту.
3.
Вміти складати діалог та монолог по темі.
І. Запам'ятайте слова і словосполучення:
multistory
багатоповерховий
desk
письмовий стіл
cosy room
затишна (приємна) кімната
modern furniture
сучасні меблі
pillow
подушка
blanket
ковдра
sheet
простирадло, простирадло
wardrobe
гардероб
bookcase
книжкова шафа
arm-chair
крісло
chandelier
люстра
curtain
завіса, занавіска
carpet
килим
II. Прочитайте текст, намагаючись зрозуміти його зміст:
Our Students' Hostel
We have a new students' hostel. It is a large multistory building. It's well-planned and
comfortable. In front of the hostel there is a park where one can see a lot of trees and bushes.
This building has all the modern conviniences, as follows: gas, central heating, running water
and telephones. There are two hundred students' rooms and a rest-room in this hostel.
Let's enter one of the students' rooms. It is not large but it is rather cosy. There is a square table
and some chairs in the middle of the room. One can see three beds here. On the beds there are pillows,
blankets and sheets. A wardrobe stands near one of the walls. In the corner of the room there is a
bookcase. One can see many books, magazines and newspapers in it. A big desk is near the window.
There are some flowers on the window sill. Our rest room is on the ground floor. It is a large room
with two windows facing the park. Here one can see the modern furniture. There is a TV set in the
corner of the room. It stands on a low table. One can see a sofa near one of the walls. To the right of it
there is a looking-glass. A big table and many chairs are in this room too. Оn the table there are
various magazines and newspapers. On the walls one can see some pictures. A big chandelier hangs
from the ceiling. There is a carpet on the floor and nice curtains on the windows. This room is
comfortable and cosy.
III. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1. What kind of building is the students' hostel? 2. What is there in front of the hostel? 3. What
conveniences has this building? 4. How many students' rooms are there in this hostel? 5. What kind of
room is one of the students' rooms? 6. What is there in the middle of the room? 7. How many beds can
one see here? 8. Where does a wardrobe stand? 9. What is there in the corner of the room? Ю. What is
near the window? 11. Where is the rest room? 12. What kind of room is it? 13. What furniture can one
see there? 14. Is there a TV set in this room? 15. What else can one see in this room?
ІV. Опишіть прилеглу до вашого будинку територію, використовуючи ці слова та
словосполучення або додаючи потрібні:
in front of; there is (there are); our house; behind it; one can see; a lot of trees (flowers); many
houses; a green lawn; an yard; a small park.
V. Oпишіть студентський гуртожиток, дотримуючись такої послідовності:
Its situation; the kind of the building; in front of the building; behind it; description of one of the
rooms; your furniture and its place; additional information.
Методична розробка № 3 для самостійної роботи по темі “A Student’ Working Day”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 3
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
І. Запам'ятайте слова та словосполучення:
to brush teeth
чистити зуби
to comb hair
розчісувати волосся
to wash dishes
мити посуд
to have a break
мати перерву
to go to a canteen
ходити в їдальню
lunch другий
сніданок
II. Прочитайте текст, зверніть увагу на послідовність, опису і структуру речень:
A Student's Working Day
Peter's working day begins early. He gets up at 7 o'clock. First of all he does his morning
exercises. Then he goes to the bathroom where he brushes his teeth, washes himself and combs his
hair. After that he makes his bed and dresses. He puts on his skirt and trousers. At 8 o'clock he has his
breakfast. He often eats bread and butter, two eggs or fried potatoes. Then he drinks a cup of coffee or
tea. It doesn't take him long to have his breakfast. At a quarter past eight he leaves home and goes to
the Institute. He often takes a trolleybus or a bus. Sometimes he goes on foot. He always comes to the
Institute in time.
Every day the students attend lectures and practical classes. They listen to the lectures and make
their abstracts. At the English classes they read texts, answer the teacher's questions and speak English.
Between their classes they have breaks.
At 12 o'clock Peter goes to the canteen and has his lunch. When the classes are over he often
goes to the reading hall to read some books and magazines.
Then he goes home. When he comes home he takes off his coat and cap, washes his hands and
has his dinner.
In the evening he watches TV, listens to the music and gets ready for his classes. On Sunday he
visits his friends. They often go to the cinema or concert.
At 10 or 11 o'clock he goes to bed.
II. Складіть речення з пропонованих слів та словосполучень:
Зразок: Then — to wash oneself. Then I wash myself.
to brush one's teeth; to comb one's hair; then — to dress; to put on clothes; after that — to have
breakfast; to eat bread and butter; to drink a cup of tea or milk; then — to wash the dishes; after that —
to leave one's room; to go to a bus stop; to take a trolley-bus and to go to the Institute.
ІІІ. Повідомте про дії студентів на заняттях з англійської мови, використовуючи ці
слова та словосполучення:
Зразок: At the English classes — to read the texts.
At the English classes we read the texts.
at the English classes — to speak English; to answer the teacher's questions; then — to read and
translate the texts; to make some information; after that — to write some exercises or to do other tasks.
IV. Продовжуйте повідомлення, перекладаючи речення:
1. Потім я дивлюся фільми по телевізору. 2. Іноді мої друзі приходять до мене, ми
слухаємо музику і дивимося телепередачі. 3. В суботу ми часто ходимо в кіно або на концерт. 4.
Коли я приходжу додому, я вечеряю і лягаю спати.
V. Перекладіть такі запитання:
1. Що ви робите в інституті? 2. Які тексти ви читаєте на заняттях з англійської мови? 3.
Коли ви приходите додому? 4. Коли ви обідаєте? 5. Що ви робите ввечері? 6. Які газети ви
читаєте? 7. Які завдання ви виконуєте? 8. Кому ви пишете листи? 9. З ким ви ходите в кіно? 10.
Коли ви лягаєте спати?
VI. Зробіть повідомлення про ваш робочий день, а потім проведіть бесіду на цю тему
з товаришами, дотримуючись пропонованої послідовності:
In the morning: to get up, to do the morning exercises, to wash, to brush teeth, to have breakfast,
to go to the Institute.
Every day (at the Institute): to come to the Institute; to be present at the lectures: to make
abstracts; to work in a laboratory: to read and to translate the texts at the English lessons; to speak
English; to go to a reading-hall.
In the evening: to prepare home-tasks; to read books; to make abstracts; to rest a little; to watch
T. V.; to visit friends; to go to the cinema; to come back; to go to bed.
VII. Опишіть ваші дії протягом робочого дня в минулому часі (Past Indefinite), а
потім у майбутньому (Future Indefinite). Вживайте дієслова в потрібній формі:
Зразок: Yesterday I got up early. First of all I did my morning exercises.
Методична розробка № 4 для самостійної роботи по темі “Ukraine”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 4
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
2.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
І. Запам'ятайте слова і словосполучення:
To be situated
Бути розташованим
Area
Площа
Favorable
Сприятливий
To border on
Мати кордони з …
To be washed by
Омиватися
To be rich in
Багатий чимось
Iron ore
Залізна руда
Natural gas
Природний газ
Coal
Вугілля
Oil
Нафта
Mineral recourses
Корисні копалини
Metallurgical
Металургійний
Fuel
Паливний
Equipment
Обладнання
To enrich
Збагачувати
Electric welding
Електрозварювання
Nuclear physics
Ядерна фізика
Arable land
Орна земля
Heritage
Спадщина
Masterpiece
Шедевр
II. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
UKRAINE
Ukraine is a large European country which covers the area of 603,700 square kilometers. The
geographical position of Ukraine is very favorable for the development of its relations with the
countries throughout the world. It borders on Russia, Byelorussia, Moldova, Poland, Czech, Slovakia,
Hungary, and Romania. It is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The major part of the
Ukrainian area is flat and only 5% of it is mountainous. The major rivers are the Dnipro, the Dnister,
the Bug, the Donets and others.
It is a well developed industrial and agricultural country. Ukraine is rich in iron ore, coal, natural
gas, oil, salt and other mineral resources. The country has a big metallurgical, machine-building, fuel
and power base. One of the most important branches of national economy is the power industry.
Scientists of Ukraine enriched the world science with important discoveries and inventions. They
carry on important research work in biology, medicine, nuclear physics.
Besides different branches of industry, Ukraine has highly developed agriculture. There are
many good arable lands in the country.
The population of Ukraine is about 50 million people. The representatives of many nationalities
live here: Ukrainians, Russians, Byelorussians, Moldovans, Poles and others. It has a very rich and
varied culture and history. There are a lot of higher educational establishments in Ukraine, a lot of
professional theaters, public libraries and state museums. Nowadays the people of our country display
a keen interest in Ukrainian history and cultural heritage. Many masterpieces of Ukrainian culture have
been revived.
Ukraine is a member of the United Nations Organization and takes part in the work of many
international organizations. It is visited by government delegations, groups of specialists, art
companies, sport teams and tourists from different countries of the world and establishes new contacts
with these countries.
ІІІ. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1.
Where is Ukraine situated?
2.
What is the territory of Ukraine?
3.
What does the country produce?
4.
What kind of agriculture has Ukraine?
5.
What are the main branches of industry in Ukraine?
6.
What are the achievements of the scientists of Ukraine?
7.
What is Ukraine rich in?
8.
What is the population of Ukraine?
9.
What countries does Ukraine border on?
10.
What can you say about the relations of Ukraine with English-speaking
countries?
IV. Перекажіть текст.
Методична розробка № 5 для самостійної роботи по темі “Kyiv”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 5
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
2.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
І. Запам'ятайте слова і словосполучення:
Without hesitation
Без сумніву
To feel like
Відчувати як …
Ancient
Стародавній
Value
Цінність
Way of life
Спосіб життя
To draw crowds of people
Притягати натовпи людей
Huge monument
Величезний пам’ятник
To erect
Споруджувати
Collective wisdom
Колективний розум
Creative efforrs
Творчі зусилля
Grave
Могила
To attract attention
Притягати увагу
Varied
Різноманітний
To be famous for
Бути відомим
Picturesque
Мальовничий
Flower-bed
Клумба
Greenery
Зелень
A huge park
Величезний парк
II. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
KYIV – THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE
If I were asked what my favorite city is, I would say without hesitation that it is Kyiv. If only
once you have been to Kyiv you are sure to feel like coming back there again and again.
Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine. It is one of the oldest cities in Europe and therefore there are a lot
of places of historic interest in it. Its history goes back to the fifth century. Ancient Kyiv was a large
commercial centre of the East Slavs. A great role in the history of Kyiv was played by Prince
Volodymyr, who united Slav peoples. So Kyiv was made the capital of Ancient Rus and it lasted for
nearly three centuries.
But it is not its old age and long history that make Kyiv stand out among other cities. It is a
unique and extremely harmonious combination of historic values and ways of life that draws crowds of
people from all over the world to Kyiv.
The capital of Ukraine is in itself a huge monument which over a long period of time has been
created by collective wisdom and creative efforts of many generations.
Among the places of historic interest is St. Sophia Cathedral – the unique masterpiece and the
top of creative spirit of the Ukrainian people. Kyiv-Pechersky Monastry, St. Volodymyr Cathedral,
olden Gate, Askold's Grave an many other ancient monuments attract attention of visitors. The
monument to Taras Shevchenko, the great poet of Ukraine, is in front of the Kyiv University, named
after him. The monument to Bogdan Khmelnytsky stands in the square opposite to the St. Sophia
Cathedral.
The cultural life of our capital is rich and varied. There are a lot of fine museums in it: the
Historical Museum, the Museum of Ukrainian Art, the Museum of Russian Art, the Taras Shevchenko
Museum, the Museum of Western and Oriented Art, the Lesya Ukrainka Memorial Museum and
others. Kyiv is famous for its theatres such as Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theater, the Opera House,
the Puppet Theater and others. The famous Kyiv Shevchenko Opera and Ballet Theater has one of the
best opera and ballet companies in the country.
Kyiv is large political, industrial and scientific centre. Many research institutes and higher
educational establishments are found here. Its population is more than 3 million people. It is situated
on the banks of the Dnipro River. The picturesque banks and hills, plentiful flower-beds with different
flowers, wonderful beaches of the Dnipro river, Khreshchatyk, one of the widest and most beautiful
streets in our country all this adds up to the beauty of the Ukrainian capital. One half of Kyiv's territory
is occupied by gardens and parks, and in spring and summer time the trees and bushes are full of
greenery, and the city looks like one huge park.
ІІІ. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1.
What city is the capital of Ukraine?
2.
What is the population of our capital?
3.
What historical monuments do you know in Kyiv?
4.
What is the most beautiful street in Kyiv?
IV. Перекажіть текст.
Методична розробка № 6 для самостійної роботи по темі
“My Native Town”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 6
1. Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
2. Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3. Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
І. Запам'ятайте слова і словосполучення:
Magnate
Магнат
Enterprise
Підприємство
To include
Включати
Production amalgamation
Виробниче об'єднання
The Furniture and the House-building
Меблевий та будівельний комбінат
Combine
The Cement–and-Slate Plant
Цементно-шиферний завод
Advanced science and education
Передова наука та освіта
Oil and gas
Нафта і газ
Interior
Інтер’єр
To attract people's attention
Притягати увагу людей
Imprint
Відбиток
The local and adopted peculiarities of
Місцеві та запозичені особливості
architecture
архітектури
The former Town Hall
Колишня ратуша
The Museum of Regional Studies
Краєзнавчий музей
II. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
MY NATIVE TOWN
The town of Ivano-Frankivsk is a regional centre with the population about three hundred
thousand people. It was founded in 1662 by Pototsky, a Polish magnate. The town is situated on the
Bystrytsya Rivers, 150 km from Lviv.
Ivano-Frankivsk is an industrial and cultural centre. Its enterprises include the
"Karpatpressmash" Production Amalgamation, the Furniture and the House-building Combines, the
Cement–and-Slate Plant and others.
Ivano-Frankivsk is a town of advanced science and education. There are many schools, colleges,
higher educational establishments, namely, the Precarpatian National University named after Vasyl
Stefanyk, the National Technical University of Oil and as, the State Medical University and others.
There are many cultural establishments in the town: libraries, clubs, cinemas. The IvanoFrankivsk Drama Theatre has become a real centre of the arts in the region. Its beautiful interior
attracts people's attention.
The ages have left their imprint on the town. It has the local and adopted peculiarities of
architecture. Many buildings have their individual style. One of them is the former Town Hall.
Nowadays it is the Museum of Regional Studies. Which gives the visitors a good opportunity to come
to know the past and present of the region.
The architecture of Ivano-Frankivsk, its clean streets, green parks and squares make "the face" of
the town. Everyone who visits Ivano-rankivsk gets a good impression of it.
ІІІ. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1.
What is the population of the regional centre?
2.
When was Ivano-Frankivsk founded?
3.
What industrial enterprises are there in the town?
4.
How many institutes are there in Ivano-Frankivsk?
5.
What cultural establishments in the regional centre do you know?
6.
Why do people like Ivano-Frankivsk?
IV. Перекажіть текст або розкажіть про своє рідне місто.
Методична розробка № 7 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Great Britain” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 7
1. Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2. Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3. Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
I. Запам'ятайте слова та словосполучення:
British Isles
island
Британські острови
острів
Ireland
Ірландія
Scotland
Шотландія
Wales
Уельс
North Sea
Північне море
Irish Sea
Iрландське море
English Channel
протока Ла-Манш
Atlantic Ocean
Атлантичний океан
II. Прочитайте і перекладіть текст:
Great Britain
Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the
British Isles. They lie to the north-west of the European continent. The Island of Great Britain is
divided into three parts — England, Wales and Scotland.
Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Irish Sea which is between
Britain and Ireland. This country is separated from the continent by the English Channel and the North
Sea. There are no high mountains in Great Britain. There are mountain chains in Scotland and Wales.
The main of them are the Pennines, the Cambrian and the Cheviot mountains. There are many rivers in
this country, but they are not long. The big rivers are the Thames, the Severn, the Clyde and others.
Many rivers have been joined one to another by means of canals. The climate of Great Britain is mild
and rainy. The population is about 60 mln. Different nations and nationalities live there. The main
spoken language is English (it is the language of Anglo-Saxons). The capital of Great Britain is
London.
Great Britain is a highly developed country. Many branches of industry are developed. The most
developed new branches of industry are electrical engineering, electronics, automobile and chemical
industries. One of the oldest industries in Great Britain is the spinning and weaving of wool. The large
industrial centres are Newcastle, Glasgow, Birmingham, Liverpool, Oxford and others. Their plants
produce various machines, tools, electrical motors, locomotives, automobiles and others.
British agriculture is developed and mechanized. Sheep and cattle farming are highly developed
in this country. The farmers cultivate wheat in the east of England. Different vegetables are grown in
all parts of Great Britain. But Britain does not produce enough food for its people. Much food is
imported from other countries.
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The Head of the State is the Queen. But the Highest
Legislative Body is the Parliament. It consists of two Houses: the House of Commons and the House
of Lords. The Prime Minister is the head of the Government. There are some political parties in
Britain — the Conservative, the Liberal, the Labour and others.
III.Перекладіть речення англійською мовою:
1. Британські острови розташовані на північному заході Європи. 2. Ця країна
відокремлюється від континенту Ла-Маншем. 3. Британські острови омиваються Атлантичним
океаном, Північним та Ірландським морями. 4. Великобританія поділяється на 3 частини. Це
Англія, Шотландія та Уельс.
IV. Вставте у речення допоміжні або основні дієслова:
1. What parts ... Great Britain divided into? 2. What country ... on the British Isles? 3. How ...
this country called? 4. Where ... the British Isles lie? 5. What ocean ... Great Britain washed by? 6.
Where do the British Isles ...? 7. By what channel ... Great Britain separated from the continent?
V. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою:
1. Які основні річки Великобританії ви знаєте? 2. Чи є високі гори в цій країні? 3. Які гори
можна бачити там? 4. Які великі центри є в цій країні? 5. Які промислові міста Великобританії
ви знаєте?
Методична розробка № 8 ля самостійної роботи по темі “London"
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 8
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
2.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
І. Запам'ятайте слова і словосполучення:
A cradle
Колиска
The City
Сіті
St. Paul's Cathedral
Собор св. Павла
To be in session
Засідати
Westminster Abbey
Вестмінстерське абатство
A tomb
Могила
Soho
Сохо
A double-decker
Даблдекер, двоповерховий автобус
II. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
LONDON – THE CAPITAL OF GREAT BRITAIN
London is the capital of Great Britain and the cradle of British tradition and culture.
London, with a population of more than 8 million people, is the largest city in the world after
Tokyo and New York. It stands on the two banks of the river Thames. The historical centre of London
is the City.
The City is the financial center of the United Kingdom. Here you can find St. Paul's Cathedral.
Not far from it there is the tallest tower which was built by Sir Christofer Wren in memory of the Great
Fire of London in 1666.
The Houses of Parliament stretch along the Thames's North Bank. The Union Jack flies from
Victoria Tower only when the Parliament is in session. Big Ben, the famous clock, is also in one of the
Towers. Near the Parliament, in Westminster Abbey, is Poet's Corner, containing the tombs of famous
poets, writers, musicians and scientists: Chaucer, Dickens, Newton, Darwin, and many others.
The National gallery, which has one of the world's greatest art collections, is in Trafalgar Square.
Nelson Column can also be found in this square.
The biggest department stores can be found in Oxford Street. Bond Street is famous for its
elegant shops.
There some parts of London, which have some distinctive features. For example, the West End is
famous for fashionable shopping and entertainment centres, the East End is industrial district, the City
is a financial centre, Soho is known for international restaurants and a lot of entertainments.
London has a number of nice parks and gardens, such as Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park,
Covent Garden. There are many theaters, concert halls, cinemas in the capital.
The oldest underground railway system called "tube", is still one of the largest in the world.
There are more than 275 stations. The famous red "double-decker" are also an important part of the
public transport system. So, London, rich in history and culture, parks and shops, always welcomes its
visitors.
ІІІ. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1.
What city is the capital of Great Britain?
2.
What is a population of London?
3.
Where is London situated?
4.
What is the historical centre of London?
5.
Who built the tallest tower of London?
6.
Who is buried in Poet's Corner?
7.
What is Bond Street famous for?
8.
Name the distinctive features of some parts of London.
9.
What London's parks and gardens do you know?
10.
How many stations does the so-called "tube" have?
IV. Перекажіть текст.
Методична розробка № 9 ля самостійної роботи по темі
“Higher Education in Ukraine"
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 9
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
1.
володіння мовою.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
2.
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
3.
I.
Read and translate the text:
HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE
There are different institutes and a university in almost all large cities of Ukraine. They train
various specialists using, such forms of education as day-time, part-time and extra-mural.
Young people between the age of 17 to 35 who have finished the secondary schools or technical,
schools may enter the universities or institutes.
To enter there many applicants take the competitive examinations. Those who show good results
at the examinations become the first-year students.
During the academic year the students must attend lectures on different subjects. They have
practical classes and carry out laboratory experiments.
At the end of each term the students take credit tests and examinations. From the second year
many students begin to do their research work. Senior students acquire their professional skills
working at different enterprises or institutions. The medical students have their practical training in
different hospitals and polyclinics. On completion of study they take the final examinations or present
a graduation thesis. The course of study at the most institutes lasts five years but doctors' training at
some departments takes 6 years. After graduating from the medical institute young, doctors work as
interns during a certain period.
The higher schools of Ukraine have wide international ties with other countries. Many young
people from foreign countries come to Ukraine to get higher education. Then they return to work to
their countries.
Our scientists have various contacts with specialists from many countries. They take an active
part in numerous conferences, symposia, seminars which are held in Ukraine or abroad. These
international contacts contribute a great deal to strengthening friendship and cooperation among the
nations.
II. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1. What forms of education do our institutes and universities use?
2. What age may young people enter the institute or university at?
3. What examinations do the applicants take to enter the Institute?
4. What must the students do during the academic year?
5. When do the students take credit tests and examinations?
6. Where do senior students acquire their professional skills?
7. Where do medical students have their practical training?
8. How long does the course of study last at different institutes?
9. Do the Ukrainian higher schools have ties with other countries?
10. What contacts do our scientists have with specialists from many countries?
Методична розробка № 10 ля самостійної роботи по темі
“Higher Education in the USA"
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 10
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого
практичного володіння мовою.
2.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
I. Read and translate the text:
HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA
The American system of higher education differs somewhat from the system of other countries.
There are state and private Universities in the USA. The most of the private Universities are the
best known institutions. They have many advantages in traditions, long-established reputation and
others. The private Universities have between 500 and 30,000 students. The students must pay tuition
fees every year. Besides there are additional fees for the using of laboratories, clinics, etc.
The state universities are general Universities providing all faculties and all types of instructions.
Such Universities provide education for residents of the state either free of charge or at fee. Some
Universities are provided by municipalities of large towns. A University may contain several colleges.
The first two years of study in most colleges are in fact equivalent to the secondary education. During
this time the students study natural sciences, social sciences and others before they begin to study
University program.
The higher medical education is difficult. First the students have three years of premedical
training at a University. Here they learn the main sciences. Only those students who show good results
in their premedical training can become candidates for higher medical education. Those who do not
continue their education can work as nurses.
In their third and fourth years the students (are going to get practical experience in the treatment
and care of the patient. During these years the students work at the hospitals land learn much of main
medical procedures and different diseases to be well prepared for their work.
Дайте відповіді на запитання:
І. What kind of Universities are there in the USA?
2. How many students do the private Universities have?
3. Do the students pay tuition fees?
4. What additional fees are there at the private Universities?
5. What kind of Universities are the state ones?
6. What sciences do the students study during the first two years?
7. Is the higher medical education difficult or easy in this country?
8. What students can become candidates for higher medical education?
9. When do the students work at the hospitals?
Методична розробка № 11 для самостійної роботи по темі “English Universities and
Colleges” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 11
1.
Вивчити слова і словосполучення по темі.
2.
Працювати над удосконаленням читання тексту.
3.
Вміти складати діалог та монолог по темі.
І. Запам'ятайте слова та словосполучення:
to depart
відступати, відходити
to consist (of)
складатися (з)
various
різні
institution
заклад, установа
both ... and
як ... так
theology
богослов'я
law
закон; юридичний
art
художній
engineering
технічний
commerce
торговельний, комерційний
to last
продовжуватися
curriculum
навчальний план
II. Прочитайте текст і перекладіть його українською мовою:
English Universities and Colleges
The oldest Universities in Great Britain are Oxford and Cambridge. Many Universities are fairly
new. The modern English Universities are in large cities, such as London, Manchester, Leeds,
Birmingham and others. London University is the biggest of the modern English Universities. In many
ways the London University has departed from the traditions of Oxford and Cambridge. It consists of
various colleges and other institutions. It has medical schools too.
A University usually has both faculties and departments. The most common faculties are
medicine, law, arts, science and theology. There are various departments, such as engineering,
economics, commerce, agriculture, music and others.
The course of studies at a University lasts six years. The curriculum is wide. All Universities
admit men and women but the men is 75 per cent.
Each faculty is headed by one or more professors. A staff of lecturers and tutors [teachers] help
them. Professors and lecturers give lectures to large numbers of students and tutors teach smaller
groups.
The colleges give a specialized training. There are medical, teachers', technical and other
colleges at a University. The course of studies at a college is only three years. At the doctors' training
colleges the students study various subjects, learn to treat the patients and have practical work at
hospitals. After graduating from the college they are given a certificate.
The students pay for taking exams, for attending the lectures, for taking books from the library.
A student being a great success in study may take a degree of Bachelor or Arts or of Science.
III. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1. What Universities are the oldest ones in Great Britain?
2. What cities are the modern English Universities in?
3. What University is the biggest of the modern Universities?
4. What colleges does the London University consist of?
5. What faculties are the most common ones?
6. What departments are there at a University?
7. How long does the course of studies last?
8. Whom is each faculty headed by?
9. What kind of training do the colleges give?
10. What colleges are there at a University?
11. What do the students study and learn at the doctors' training colleges?
12. What do the students pay for?
13. What degree may a student being a great success in study take?
IV. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою:
1. Лондонський університет — найбільший з сучасних університетів Великобританії.
2. У нього кілька медичних шкіл і коледжів.
3. Він складається з різних коледжів і навчальних установ.
4. Він не має старих традицій.
V. Вставте необхідні дієслова у речення:
1. A University ... both faculties and departments.
2. The faculties ... medicine, law, arts and others.
3. The medical faculty ... doctors.
4. The law faculty ... lawyers.
5. The departments ... engineering, economics and others.
6. A University ... some colleges too.
7. They ... medical, teachers', technical ones.
8. The medical college ... doctors too.
Методична розробка №12 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Early Folk Medicine” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття №12
1.
Вивчити слова і словосполучення по темі.
2.
Працювати над удосконаленням читання тексту.
3.
Вміти складати діалог та монолог по темі.
I. Study the active vocabulary:
“medicine” of prehistoric man
to be caused by the devil
God
To dislodge the malevolent cause
Separation of soul and body
Art of healing
Sleight-of-hand
Tricks of the magician
Intracranial lesion
Доісторична медицина
Бути спричиненим злим духом
Бог
Усувати хвороботворну причину
Відокремлення душі від тіла
Мистецтво лікування
Жонглерство
Чарівні трюки
Внутрічерепне ураження
II. Read and translate the text:
Early Folk Medicine
The “medicine” of prehistoric man was probably caused upon an animistic attitude towards
disease. In his view, disease was caused by the evil, influence of an enemy, a demon, a god, an animal
and it must be treated by means of dislodging the malevolent cause. Early man may have attributed
disease to a separation of soul and body. In any case, there doubtless arose a class of men who claimed
skill in the art of healing, and whose methods of treatment included dancing, grimacing, sleight-ofhand, and all the tricks of the magician.
In some cases it was necessary to combine physical with psychic methods; of this we have an
excellent example in trephining, which originated as a means of permitting the escape of an evil spirit
from the head of the victim, and which gradually became a method of treating fractures of the skull
and various intracranial lesions.
III. Using the additional information speak about folk medicine.
Методична розробка №13 для самостійної роботи по темі
“The History of Medicine in Ukraine”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття №13
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
I. Read the text and translate it.
The History of Medicine in Ukraine
The history of medicine begins with the history of folk medicine. The first medical hospitals in
Kyiv Rus were founded in the 11th century and were mostly in the form of alms-houses attached to
churches.
In the 14th and 15th centuries new hospitals were built and many physicians gave the first aid to
the inhabitants of Ukraine and the soldiers of Bogdan Khmelnytsky's troops.
As the number of physicians was inadequate some medical schools which trained specialists
were opened. Kyiv Academy was founded in 1632. It played a prominent role in the development of
the Ukrainian medicine. Many graduates of the Academy continued to enrich their knowledge abroad
and received their doctors' degrees there. Many former students of this Academy have become the
well-known scientists. They are the epidemiologist D. S. Samoilovych, the obstetrician N. M.
Ambodyk-Maximovych, the pediatrist S. F. Chotovytsky, the anatomist О. М. Shumlyansky and many
others.
At the end of the 18th and during the 19th centuries the medical departments were formed at the
Universities of Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa. The total number of physicians has increased in
Ukraine. The medicine of Zemstvo was widely used at that time.
During the Crimean War (1854—1856), upon Pirogov's initiative the first detachment of nurses
was trained and sent to Sevastopol to help its defenders. It gave the beginning of the organization "Red
Cross".
In 1886 the first bacteriological station was organized in Odesa which was of great importance in
the development of microbiology and epidemiology. The famous scientists I. I. Mechnikov and
M. F. Gamaliya worked at this station and succeeded much in their investigations. In spite of favorable
conditions for the successful development of natural sciences in Russia many outstanding scientists
worked in Ukraine. It is known that the brilliant scientist M. I. Pirogov and his followers, as
V. O. Karavayev, 0. F. Shimanovsky, M. V. Sklifosovsky and others made valuable contribution in the
Ukrainian medicine.
The famous scientists V. P. Obraztsov and M. D. Strazhesko were founders of Kyiv therapeutist'
school. They made a huge progress in the field of cardiology. Much was done in the treatment of many
eye diseases by the prominent scientist, academician V. P. Filatov who founded the Institute of Eye
diseases in Odesa. Many other outstanding scientists worked in Ukraine whose names are well known
in the world.
II. Answer the questions:

What does the history of medicine in Ukraine begin with?

When were the first medical hospitals founded in Kyiv?

What form were the first Kyiv hospitals in?

When were new hospitals built?

Whom did many physicians give the first aid to?

When was Kyiv Academy founded?

Where did many physicians receive their doctors' degrees?

What former students of the Academy have become the well-known

What Universities were the medical departments founded at?

What medicine was widely used at that time?

When was the first detachment of nurses trained?

When and where was the first bacteriological station organized?

Did many outstanding scientists work in Ukraine?

What scientists made valuable contribution in the Ukrainian medicine?

What scientists were founders of therapeutists' school in Kyiv?

Who founded the Institute of Eye diseases in Odesa?
III. Retel the text.
scientists?
Методична розробка № 14 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Tibetan Medicine” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття №14
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
І. Запам'ятайте слова та словосполучення:
Ancient
стародавній
to reveal
виявляти
to include
включати
justifiable
який може бути виправданий
vital sources
життєві сили
nutritive juice
поживний сік
vision
зір
hearing
слух
smell
нюх
ІІ. Прочитайте і перекладіть текст
Tibetan Medicine
Tibetan medicine is very ancient. It was over thousands of years when the ancient treatise on
medicine "Chjud-shi" was written.
At present the scientists study various books and ancient xylographs about Tibetan medicine.
The methods of treatment used by 'Tibetans are different from modern medicine but the theoretical
ideas are quite logical.
Tibetan doctors thought that:
diseases were caused by the violation of the equilibrium of the main "vital sources";
a disease reflected the suffering of the entire human organism and not just the separate organ.
They considered that it was necessary to treat the entire organism.
One of the reasons causing diseases was food. They considered that food was useless and bad.
Tibetan doctors were gifted specialists. During the examination of the patients they used
different senses, as: vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
To diagnose the disease they differentiated between 400 different hues of pulse and it was felt by
the doctor on the patient's both arms.
The chief postulate of Tibetan medicine was: "Everything that surrounds us may be used as a
medicine". Tibetans made medicines from raw plants, animals and mineral materials. They used
precious metals and stones. The doctors took gold, silver, emerald, pearls and others. They also used
insects and molluscs. They burned the animals and used ash from their inner organs as a medicine for
the patients. They considered that such as ash could contain useful substances, necessary for the
patient. Their medicines were not toxic for the patients. They used various medical herbs for treating.
Tibetan medicine has helped the modern medicine in treating different diseases. At present our
doctors often use medical herbs as medicine.
The modern medicine has the same commandment as the Tibetan medicine. It is "Do not harm".
I. Speak about Tibetan Medicine. You may use the following:
a) Tibetan medicine; to be very ancient; the methods of treatment used by ancient Tibetans; to be
different from modern medicine; their theoretical ideas; to be logical.
b) Tibetan doctors; to think that diseases to be caused by the violation of the equilibrium of "vital
sources"; a disease to reflect the suffering of the entire human organism; one of the reasons of disease
to be food.
c) during the examination; the doctors — to use different senses as vision, hearing, smell and
others; to differentiate 400 hues of pulse.
d) their chief postulate; to be, "Everything that; to surround; may to be used as a medicine"; to
make medicine from plants, animals, mineral resources, precious metals and stones; to use insects and
mollusks; to use ash from inner organs of animals as medicine.
e) Tibetan medicine; to help the modern medicine; our doctors, to use medical herbs; modern
medicine, to have the same commandment "Do not harm".
Методична розробка № 15 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Ibn Sina” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 15
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
IBN SINA (AVICENNA)
Ibn Sina, great son of the Tajik people, lives in the memory of the nations as scientist and
philosopher, author and physician. He stands among the foremost of the famous men of the late
10th and early 11th century.
Ibn Sina won world renown as the author of the "Canon of Medicine", a comprehensive
work in five books with sections of the fundamentals of medical sciences, as anatomy,
physiology, symptomology, prevention of disease, and general dietetics and therapy.
The "Canon" is more than a compendium of the medical knowledge of the time; summarized
in it is Ibn Sina's own vast practical experience. The work was translated into Latin, which
made it accessible to European physicians, and was widely used in European universi ties.
Many centuries before the inception of bacteriology, Ibn Sina declar ed that diseases can
be spread by water owing to the presence in it of invisibly living organisms. Some of his clinical
accounts are remarkably accurate, and many of his suggestions for diet and treatment are quite
valid from the standpoint of modern medicine too.
Besides the "Canon", Ibn Sina wrote works on particular aspects and problems of
medicine, as for instance, on gastric diseases, on cardiac remedies, on the pulse, and on "the
physician's contest with the forces of Nature". He considered a correct regimen and health
building through exercise to be of the greatest importance.
With the development of scientific European medicine, the "Canon", for so many centuries
the standard work, has become a classic of the past. But it will be well to remember that it was
used in European medical schools right up to the 17th century; and in the East, it is frequently
consulted even today by men who have received a modern medical training.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
When did Ibn Sina live?
2.
What is the main book of Avicenna?
3.
What language was the "Canon" translated into?
4.
Many centuries before the inception of bacteriology, Ibn Sina declared that
diseases can be spread by water owing to the presence in it of invisibly living organisms,
didn't he?
5.
Has the "Canon" become a classic of the past?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Вони складуть екзамен з англійської мови до другої години.
2) Лікар зараз прослуховує пульс пацієнта, а медсестра виписує рецепт.
3) В опіковому відділенні я дізнався, що його сестра перебуває у відділенні
пластичної хірургії.
4) Студенти будуть працювати на комп’ютерах у цей час в середу.
5) Коли моєму братові виповниться 16 років, він отримає паспорт.
Методична розробка № 16 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Hippocrates – the Father of Medicine”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 16
1.
Вивчити слова і словосполучення по темі.
2.
Працювати над удосконаленням читання тексту.
3. Вміти складати діалог та монолог по темі.
Prepare the information about Hippocrates and his methods.
Fulfill the following tasks:
I. Repeat the words and word-combinations to the text.
II. Read the shortened text and translate it without the dictionary.
Hippocrates — the Father of Medicine
One of the most honoured names in medicine is the name of the Hippocrates. He is often called
the Father of Medicine. He was born in 460 or 459 В. С. (before Christ) on a small island of Cos near
Greece. He studied and lived for a long period in Athens.
His contemporaries considered him the wisest and the greatest physician. Hippocrates was the
head of the most flourishing medical school of his age. He had many pupils and spread his teaching
throughout the Greek world and even beyond.
Hippocrates was the author of hundred or more books in which he described his ideas, methods
and medical procedures.
The Hippocratic doctrines regard closely observations of the patients. The physician should
study all that can see, feel and hear in the patient. He must closely examine the body of the patient,
study his respiration and learn his evacuations (sweat, urine and others).
Hippocrates paid much attention to making an accurate prognosis of diseases. His work of "On
Prognostics" teaches that only a physician who makes an accurate prognosis can acquire the
confidence of the patient.
Hippocrates noted the effect of food, occupation and especially climate in causing diseases and
he advised the physician to observe the water supply, the nature of the soil, the prevailing winds and
the habits of the people in an unfamiliar town.
Hippocrates taught that healing comes through the power of natural forces of the human
organism. He proposed for the treatment to aid nature in its healing power. According to Hippocrates
the body has the means of cure within itself.
Hippocrates advises for the treatment to use proper diet, gymnastics, exercise, message and sea
bathing.
He recommends taking less food at the height of disease and to use a liquid diet in feverish.
From the beverages he recommends a honey-vinegar, a paste of barley or flour and a wine in
small doses. Among purgatives were used milk (especially asses milk), decoction of melon, cabbage
and other plants, often mixed with honey.
As narcotics were taken belladonna, opium, mandragora, etc.
Remedies for external use were practiced: vinegar, olive oil, and wine. They were applied in
compresses, irrigations and in treatment of wounds. And the final aim of Hippocratic therapy is to
begin treatment at the right moment, to assist the human organism to increase its energy and to combat
the disease. In this period he recommends to use proper diet, hygienic measures and the prescriptions,
individualized for each case.
III. Characterize Hippocrates and his methods. Answer the following questions using given
words and word-combinations:
1. What is Hippocrates? - to be the famous physician and scientist; to live before Christ in
Greece; to be the head of the most flourishing medical school; to have many pupils; to spread his
teaching through the Greek world and even beyond; to be the author of hundred and more medical
books.
2. How is Hippocrates often called? - the Father of Medicine.
3. What kind of physician did his contemporaries consider Hippocrates? - the wisest and the
greatest physician.
4. What do the Hippocratic doctrines regard? - closely observations of the patients; to examine
closely the patient's body; to study his respiration and to learn his evacuations.
5. What does Hippocratic work of "On Prognostics" teach? - a physician — to make an accurate
prognosis; can acquire the confidence of the patient.
6. What did Hippocrates note during the effect of food, occupation and climate?
in causing diseases; to advise the physician to observe the water supply, the nature of soil, the
prevaling winds and the habits of the people in an unfamiliar town.
7. How did Hippocrates teach about healing? healing — to come through the power of natural
forces of the human organism; to aid the nature in its healing power.
8. What did he advise for the treatment? - to use the proper diet, gymnastics, exercise, massage
and sea bathing.
9. What did he recommend regarding food and beverages? - to take less food at the height of
disease; to use a liquid diet in feverish; to drink a honey-vinegar, a paste of barley or flour and a wine
in small doses.
Методична розробка № 17 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Immunity” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 17
1.
Вивчити слова і словосполучення по темі.
2.
Працювати над удосконаленням читання тексту.
3.
Вміти складати діалог та монолог по темі.
I. Read the text and translate it:
Immunity
Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the
human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.
But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection,
which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various conditions it may be entirely
lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease
produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.
In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent
poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the
infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular
infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to
neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured recovery occurs. If the human body had not this
capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.
If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an artificial immunity
can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.
The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism
against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the
tissues are surrounded white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.
If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously
to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed
not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.
II. Translate the following sentences:
1. If Anton Leeuwenhock (1632-1723) ['liu:anhuk] had not discovered the specific power (силу)
of lenses, he should not have seen the world of microbes.
2. The patient's sclerae were yellow as if he had jaundice.
3. The patient must be given vaccination lest he should become infected.
4. Chronic gastritis would not be so dangerous to life if the patient were not so young.
5. It is likely that the; symptoms should recur since the process of inflammation has not been
controlled yet.
6. It is necessary that the; patient be administered a strict diet to control gastric pains.
III. Pick out the appropriate phrase to end the sentences:
1. If the human body had no resistance capacity ... ( a) people would develop any infectious
diseases; b) ever direct contacts with infected people would never result in diseases) 2. If a previous
attack of a certain infectious disease did not produce a more or less permanent immunity ...» (a) all of
us would be immune (невосприимчивые) to any subsequent attack of this particular infection; b)
people would lack resistance to subsequent infection) 3. If all of us had absolute immunity ... (a)
antitoxins would not be able to neutralize toxins; b) no infectious disease would ever develop in the
human organism)
IV. Finish the sentences using Complex Object:
1. In the practical therapy class the students watched ... (а) як сестра робила хворим підшкірні
і внутрівенні ін’єкції; б) як оперували хворого із закупоркою жовчних протоків) 2. The scientist
have found … (a) що фагоцити оточують і руйнують бактерії, що проникли в тканини; б) що
антитоксини нейтралізують дію токсинів)
V. Pick out the sentences corresponding to the Text
1. a) Artificial immunity results from prophylactic vaccination, b) Artificial immunity is due to
the formation of specific antitoxins. 2. a) Immunity may vary depending on various conditions, b)
Immunity may be present only in certain persons. 3. a) Toxins produce the characteristic symptoms of
a particular infectious disease, b) Some microorganisms, like mycobacterium tuberculosis, produce
little or no toxin during growth.
Методична розробка № 18 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Preventive Medicine” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 18
1.
Вивчити слова і словосполучення по темі.
2.
Працювати над удосконаленням читання тексту.
3.
Вміти складати діалог та монолог по темі.
I. Read and translate the following text:
Preventive Medicine
Even in old times doctors knew that it is far easier to prevent a disease than to cure it. The
famous surgeon Mykola Pirogov paid much attention to preventive medicine. The first attempts to
carry universal medical check-ups have already been made in Ukraine during the 1920s and 1930s.
They were not successful as we had neither a sufficient material basis of health care, nor enough
medical personnel.
Today prophylaxis has become one of the basic principles in our medical system.
The medical check-ups of population are carried in towns and villages. The people having any
diseases are placed in clinics and the treatment must be followed.
We already have some experience in this field. The current practised periodic examinations of
the population are, in fact, a form of screening healthy people. Most of such periodic examinations are
done by special medical commissions, laboratories and other diagnostic tests. First of all they examine
preschool children, pupils, pregnant women and others.
Mass-scale medical examinations are the practical method of special clinics — cardiological,
oncological, Т. В., venereal, etc. It is also used by some other medical establishments — polyclinics,
outpatient departments, medical consultation centers and sanitary units.
Preventive inoculation with special vaccines is done everywhere. Tens of millions of children are
vaccinated every year against poliomyelitis, whooping cough and diphtheria.
Consistent anti-epidemic measures carried out in the past years have helped to wipe out such
dangerous diseases in our country, as plague, cholera, smallpox, malaria, poliomyelitis, diphtheria,
typhus, trachoma and many others.
Each region, district and town in the country has its own sanitary and epidemiological stations
staffed with specialists responsible for preventive medicine and sanitary control. Housing and
municipal sanitation experts have to keep an eye on the sanitary conditions of the populated areas, the
water supply and sewage systems, and the purity of water, air and the soil. The food hygiene services
are responsible for the sanitary standards in the food industry and in trade.
All these measures are being taken to protect and build up people's health that is the greatest
treasure of everybody.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What did doctors know about prevention of diseases in old times?
2. What did Nikolai Pirogov pay much attention to?
3. When have the first attempts to carry universal medical check-ups been made in Ukraine?
4. Why were they not successful?
5. What principle has prophylaxis become in our medical system?
6. Where are the regular medical check-ups carried?
7. Where must the treatment be followed for the people having any diseases?
8. Whom are the periodic examinations done by?
9. Whom do they examine first of all?
10. Is preventive inoculation done anywhere?
11. What stations has each region, district and town in the country?
12. Why are all these measures being taken to protect?
Методична розробка № 19 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Epidemics in Ukraine”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 19
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
2.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
I. Read and translate the test:
EPIDEMICS IN UKRAINE
In the 18th and 19th centuries epidemics of infectious diseases were spread in many
countries. They arose during the wars and evacuation of many people. At that time the widespread diseases were cholera, plague, smallpox and typhus.
In Ukraine epidemics decimated millions of the inhabitants. As the means allocated to
the medical service for the population and the number of hospitals were quite inadequate the
rate of mortality was very high.
In the period from 1770 to 1798 the epidemic of plague was widespread in many places of
Ukraine. It struck many large cities, as Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kremenchug and others. The
disease had progressed very rapidly and many people died. The well-known Ukrainian
scientist D. S. Samoilovych did much in the fight against plague in Ukraine.
In 1914—1920 the epidemic of typhus raged over Ukraine. The disease was transmitted
from person to person by body lice. Many people suffered from this disease and died.
Many children infectious diseases, as diphteria, measles and others spread very
rapidly. The percentage of malaria cases was very high too.
To fight against these diseases special medical units were organized. The medical
workers introduced mass inoculations to the population against smallpox, typhus and other
diseases. Lakes and rivers were cleaned from malaria carriers. A wide network of children's
hospitals, nurseries has been created.
All public health work was conducted according to a plan and was directed by the Ministry
of Health. In the various localities there were Departments of Health supervised by the local
authorities. A Scientific Medical Council composed of eminent specialists was established and
specialized research institutes were founded in all branches of medicine. The first chairs of
Epidemiology were organized at the medical institutes in Odesa, Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk.
Thanks to the scientific achievements and all measures the epidemics of plague, cholera, typhus
and malaria have been stamped out in Ukraine.
But at present we have some cases of diphtheria, cholera and other infectious diseases. A new
disease — AIDS is a constant threat to the humanity. The scientists of many countries carry out
their research work to fight against this disease.
II. Answer the following questions.
1.
What wide-spread diseases were at that time in Ukraine?
2.
Why was the rate of mortality very high?
3.
What large cities did the epidemic of plague strike?
4.
What scientist did much in the fight against plague in Ukraine?
5.
What medical institutes were the first chairs of Epidemiology organized at?
III. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
IV. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Polypus, news, sperma, child, mother-in-law, housewife, scarf, tomato, piano, science.
V. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Far, dry, simple, abrasive, abrupt,
VI. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Ми виконали свою роботу і тому можемо допомогти вам.
2)
Студенти нашої групи відвідали у лікарні викладача, який викладав у них
фізику минулого семестру.
3)
Рану потрібно очистити і застосувати місцево антибіотик широкого
спектру дії, щоб уникнути атаки патогенних мікроорганізмів.
4)
Унаслідок аварії обидва потерпілих були доставлені в травматологічне
відділення обласної лікарні з численними переломами.
5)
Куди ти йдеш? – Я йду в аптеку. Мені потрібно купити аспірин. Моя мама
почуває себе погано.
Методична розробка № 20 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Plague in London” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 20
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
2.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
І. Запам'ятайте слова і словосполучення:
outbreak of plague
спалах чуми
in regard to the public health
щодо охорони здоров'я
the prevalence of plague
поширення чуми
the prevention of the spread of the
запобігання поширенню хвороби
disease
in spite of all measures
незважаючи на всі заходи
public health remedies
охоронa здоров'я
the epidemic receded
епідемія пішла на спад
lack of knowledge
за браком знань
IІ. Read and translate the text:
Plague in London
During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries outbreaks of plague were a constantly recurring threat
to the public health, particularly in London and other ports. For this reason it is found that quarantine
laws are among the earliest of the measures adopted by the State in regard to the public health.
Following the year 1580 quarantine measures against plague were being regularly instituted in London
and repeated with minor variations until the plague ended nearly 100 years later. In 1629 during the
prevalence of plague in London, the disease having spread from Holland to France, Charles I called
upon the Royal College of Physicians to meet and issue instructions for the prevention of the spread of
the disease. In 1633 the King again requested that steps to be taken to prevent importation of the
disease from the Continent. The stringent measures were proposed for the quarantine at the mouth of
the Thames of all vessels from the Continent. Starting in 1665, the year of the Great Plague in London,
the disease raged, in spite of all measures taken, until 1666. This was the year of the Great Fire of
London, one of the most opportune and certainly one of the most dramatic public health remedies
which have ever been seen. The epidemic receded after the Fire, although the cessation of epidemic
plague cannot be entirely attributed to the Fire. The epidemicity of plague diminished rapidly in
Europe as well as in England during the succeeding years.
In these early years the outstanding feature of the time was an almost complete lack of
knowledge of physiology, epidemiology, pathology and сlіnical medicine. The sovereign remedies
against the plague were compulsory isolation of the sick and healthy by virtual imprisonment in their
own homes, and mass disposal of the dead. These measures existed for three centuries, and which were
proposed as late as 1831 for dealing with cholera.
III. Ask as many questions to the text as you can.
III. Make up a dialogue using the information from the text.
IV. Retell the text “Plague in London”
Методична розробка № 21 для самостійної роботи по темі
“The Fighter Against Plague” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 21
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
2.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
3.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
I. Read and translate the text:
The Fighter Against Plague
The wide spread of epidemics in the 18th century brought the fight against them to
the fore.
D. S. Samoilovych (1742—1804), born in Ukraine, more than others was known in
Europe where his works on the fight against the plague were republished repeatedly.
While abroad, D. S. Samoilovych acquainted with extensive literature about the
plague. It became apparent that in the majority of instances the authors proceeded from abstract
theories. D. S. Samoilovych based his works on precisely established facts, observations and
experiments. Thus originated his fundamental work, "Discussions about plague which lay waste the
Russian Empire and especially the capital city Moscow", which brought him fame far beyond the
borders of his native land. The book was published in 1783, in Paris, in French, which made it
available to foreign readers.
Samoilovych's work which not only posed the problem correctly, but gave
valuable practical instructions for the struggle against the plague was widely commented upon. The
Academy of Sciences, Fine Arts, and Literature of Dijon (France) elected D. S. Samoilovych to
membership. Soon after he was elected a member of the academies of Rome, Marseilles, Lyons,
Toulouse, Turin, Padua, the Paris Surgical Academy, the Paris Museum, and the Nancy Medical
College.
Samoilovych's subsequent works written on the basis of his many-year battle against
the plague in southern Russia, were the best works on the plague available at the time.
II. Answer the following questions:
1.
Were did Samoilovych acquaint with extensive literature about plague?
2.
What did Samoilovych base his works on?
3.
What work brought him fame?
4.
When was this book published?
5.
What instructions did the book give?
6.
What was D. S. Samoilovych elected soon?
III. Make up an active vocabulary to the text.
IV. Using the information taken from the text speak about fighter against plague.
Методична розробка № 22 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Prominent Scientists and Physicians of Ukraine”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 22
1.
Розвивати і удосконалювати навички студентів для глибшого практичного
володіння мовою.
Використовуючи активний лексичний матеріал, навчитись:
2.
а) вести діалоги по даній темі;
б) висловлювати свої думки по окремих підтемах;
в) робити повідомлення з теми в цілому.
Активізувати граматичний матеріал.
3.
I. State the part of speech of the following words and translate them:
a) anatomist, biologist, clinicist, hygienist, physician, gynaecologist, pediatrist, psychiatrist,
naturalist;
b) administration, investigation, contribution, foundation, graduation, innovation, suggestion,
detachment, development, improvement;
c) clinical, educational, scientific, centrifugal, remarkable, administrative, inorganic, valuable,
topographical.
II. Read the text and translate it:
PROMINENT SCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIANS OF UKRAINE
A well-known Ukrainian scientist O.M. Shumlyansky was the prominent anatomistmicroscopist of the 18th century. He, was the first who discnbed the kidney texture.
O.M. Shumlyansky was born in 1748 in the village Yakivtsi of Poltava region. His
father was an Ukrainian Cossack-peasant. He graduated .from the medical school in Petersburg and.
worked as a surgeon, then he went abroad where he improved his education in the field of obstetrics
and received his doctor's degree.
After his returning to Russia 0.M. Shumlyansky became a professor of the medical
surgical school in Moscow. He was the author of many research works in the fields of surgery and
obstetrics.
The prominent surgeon and scientist M. V. Skliphosovsky (1836— 1904) was born in
Moldova and was brought up in a charity-school
in Odesa. After successful graduating from the University he wrote his thesis and became a
professor of the Medical Academy in Petersburg. He was one of the organizers of the surgical school
in Russia.
M.V. Skliphosovsky liked Ukraine and often visited Odesa and other Ukrainian
towns. In 1871 he bought an estate in the outskirt of Poltava and rested there in summer. Then he
removed to Poltava and worked as a physician at the regional hospital. It should be noted that he took
care about poor people. He treated them free of charge and tried to create favorable conditions in the
hospital. A new school was built for poor children on his initiative and his daughter was a teacher
there.
In his estate he cultivated his orchard and worked there being in old age.
The outstanding clinicist and scientist of Ukraine M. D. Strazhesko (1876—1952) was an
initiator in establishing Kyiv Institute of Clinical Medicine and worked there as the academician
during a long period. Under the supervision of his teacher prof. V. P. Obraztsov he was the first to
differentiate and describe the clinical picture of myocardial infarction.
M. D. Strazhesko was the author of many classical works describing the heart and
abdominal diseases. He used Pavlov's scientific ideas in his clinic. In his research work he used the
scientific data from biochemistry, microbiology, physiology and other sciences. He paid much
attention to the clinical researches of his patients.
In common with his teacher V. P. Obraztsov they worked out a new method of sliding palpation
of abdominal cavity organs that won the world recognition.
III. Answer the following questions:
1. What was 0. M. Shumiyansky?
2. When and where was he born?
3. What school did he graduate from?
4. Where did he receive his doctor's degree?
5. Was he the author of many research works?
6. What was M. V. Skliphosovsky?
7. Where was he brought up?
8. When did he become a professor of the Petersburg Academy?
9. Where did he remove then?
10. What did he do in Poltava?
11. What was M. D. Strazhesko?
12. Who was an initiator in establishing Kyiv Institute of Clinical Medicine?
13. Was he the author of many classical works?
14. What method did M. D. Strazhesko and his teacher V. P. Obraztsov work out?
Методична розробка № 23 для самостійної роботи по темі
“A Scientist of Genius” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 23
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
I. Read and translate the text:
A SCIENTIST OF GENIUS
Mykola Pirogov was called a scientist of genius even in his lifetime. His career as a
researcher, excellent surgeon and clinician was tempestuous. At 18, he graduated from
Moscow University; at 22, he became a Doctor of Science; at 26, he was a Professor at Derpt
University, one of the largest in Europe, and at 30, he headed Russia's first field surgery
clinic. During his first 30 or so years in surgery, he started a new trend in the study of human
anatomy and physiology, based on fundamentally novel methods. His major research works in
this field contributed enormously to world science. Тo this day, Pirogov's methods are among
the basic methods in the study and teaching anatomy.
Pirogov's life was dedicated to people. He was a field surgeon during four wars
selflessly saving the lives of the wounded in the most difficult of conditions.
He in fact created a new medical science, field surgery, and suggested new, rational principles
for the grouping, distribution and evacuation of the wounded. His work, "Fundamentals of Field
Surgery", had soon become a reference book for field surgeons in all countries.
He formulated some of the most important principles of treating gunshot wounds, fractures,
shock and wound infections, and developed the most ingenious methods of performing
operations.
He was also the first to apply, on a large scale, plaster of Paris bandages in field
conditions (in Sevastopol during the Crimean war), which was a revolution in field surgery.
Almost 90 years later, during the Great Patriotic War, the Pirogov plaster of Paris was still
widely used during the heroic defence of Sevastopol, and on all other fronts, helping save the
lives of many thousands of soldiers.
Pirogov had a phenomenal capacity for work, which enabled him to do a great deal in all
spheres of surgery. He also developed classical, world-acknowledged methods of operations
and treatment in ophthalmology, urology, and other fields. Many of those methods are applied
even now, and one of them, the so-called Pirogov amputation, marked the beginning of
esteoplasty, giving a powerful impetus to the development of reconstructive surgery.
Genuinely compassionate with the sick and the wounded, Pirogov did all his efforts to
find ways of relieving their suffering. He was among the first to realize the importance of
general anesthesia and to apply narcosis, doing all he could towards its introduction into
surgery. He firmly believed that narcosis not only relieved pain, but created the optimum
conditions for keeping up the patient's vital functions during an operation.
II. Answer the following questions.
1.
When did Mykola Pirogov become a Doctor of Science?
2.
When did he head Russia's first field surgery clinic?
3.
What is Pirogov's the most famous work?
4.
Who was the first to apply plaster of Paris bandages in field conditions?
5.
Pirogov didn't believe that narcosis relieved pain, did he?
III. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
IV. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Noxa, money, os, woman, sister-in-law, wife, roof, potato, library, bone.
V. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Thick, long, bad, dirty, simple, different, harmful.
Методична розробка № 24 для самостійної роботи по темі
“D. I. Mendeleyev” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 24
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
D. I. MENDELEYEV
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, the great Russian scientist, was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, on
February 8, 1834. When seven years old he went to gymnasium in Tobolsk. He studied very
hard, he especially liked mathematics, physics and history. At the age of 16 he entered the
Institute of Pedagogy, physico-mathematical department, in St. Petersburg. He graduated
from the Institute in 1855. Two years later he presented his thesis for the degree of Master of
Sciences in Chemistry. After some years abroad, he received his Doctor's degree for a monograph
on the combination of alcohol with water, a work of great theoretical and practical
importance.
In 1866 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg, where he
gave a course of lectures in theoretical, organic and technological chemistry.
In March 1869 his „Principles of Chemistry" were published. This work was presented to the
Russian Chemistry Society. His Periodic Law opened a new epoch in the history of chemistry.
Interesting and important is the fact that D. I. Mendeleyev left vacant positions in his
proposed table for yet undiscovered elements and expressed the opinion that the chemical and
physical properties of these elements might be predicted from their position in the Table, for the
first time variations among the properties of the elements and their compounds were fitted into a
logical pattern.
The unknown elements existence and properties of which Mendeleyev had foretold and
described were discovered in his lifetime.
Mendeleyev was the first Russian scientist who was invited to deliver a "Faraday
Lecture" at the Royal Society in London and the British Chemical Society. He was elected a
member of many academies abroad.
Mendeleyev was interested in many branches of science. His numerous works dealt with
many subjects: properties of liquids, theories of solutions, the development of the gas law, the
use of oil, etc. Over 350 scientific works were written by him.
D. I. Mendeleyev continued his research to the very last day of his life. He died in 1907.
In 1945 Glenn Seaberg said that American scientists were proud and happy to honour the name
of D. I. Mendeleyev by calling element 101 "mendelevium".
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
When and where was D. I. Mendeleyev born?
2.
What Institute did he enter?
3.
When was D. I. Mendeleyev granted the Doctor of Science degree?
4.
How many works were written by D. I. Mendeleyev?
5.
What did he predict?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Genus, deer, information, polypus, step-sister, brush, play, envelope, volcano, hobby.
5. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Old, early, expensive, puny, propitious, appropriate, fast.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Коли я прийшов у лікарню, мого дідуся уже прооперували.
2)
Я напишу доповідь про лікарські трави до цього часу завтра.
3)
Одного з студентів запитали, чи знає він, при яких захворюваннях
застосовуються антибіотики.
4)
Що робив професор о восьмій годині ранку? – Він проводив консультацію
для хворих.
5)
Рахіт виникає внаслідок дефіциту вітаміну D у дітей раннього віку.
Методична розробка № 25 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Atoms” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 25
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
ATOMS
Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. The atom is a complex unit of various
particles, the most important of which are electrons, protons, and neutrons.
The ancient Greeks and Romans had ideas about the existence of atoms, but in more modern
times Sir Isaac Newton was one of the first scientists to put forward the theory that all matter was
composed of them. At the beginning of the last century John Dalton showed experimentally how this
theory could be tested, so he is known to be the founder of modern atomic theory. It was largely
due to him that chemistry changed from an art studied by a few learned people to an exact
science. Dalton was the person to show how many chemical phenomena could be understood
through the existence of atoms.
The differences between atoms of different elements are due to differences in the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus and to differences in the arrangement of the electrons
surrounding the nucleus. The mass of the atom is concentrated almost entirely in the nucleus.
The chemical properties of different elements can be explained by the structure of atom.
Chemical changes involve a shifting of outer electrons so that to achieve a shell. The activity of
metals and non-metals is related to the size of the atom and to the number of electrons in the
external orbit.
The valence or combining capacity of an atom is determined by the number of electrons it gains,
loses or shares in chemical combinations with atoms of other elements. Atoms also may be joined to
other atoms by sharing pairs of electrons. This process produces covalent compounds. These are
generally gases or liquids with low boiling points. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons by the
element. The process is accompanied by an algebraic increase in valence. Reduction, on the other
hand, involves a gain of electrons by the substance reduced. This process is accompanied by an
algebraic decrease in valence.
The number of protons in any atom equals the number of electrons in that atom. This number
is used to identify an element and is called the atomic number of the element. The weights of atoms
are very small and to avoid using minute quantities we use numbers expressing the comparative
weights of atoms. Atoms of the same element often have different atomic weights due to differences
in the number of neutrons in their nuclei and are called isotopes of the element. This difference in
atomic weight does not change the chemical properties but it does have an effect upon the
nuclear properties of the atom or its radioactivity.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
What is the atom?
2.
Who was the first scientist to put forward the atomic theory?
3.
What is the difference between atoms of different elements due to?
4.
How can the chemical properties of different elements be explained ?
5.
What the difference in atomic weight of atoms of the same element effect upon?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Crisis, hair, ox, dorsum, step-mother, dish, key, factory, wolf, station.
5. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Bad, easy, beautiful, pusillanimous, purposeful, thin, tall.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Окуляри приписують для виправлення короткозорості чи далекозорості, а також
інших порушень зору.
2) Коли я зайшов у кімнату, сестра готувала домашнє завдання з української мови.
3) Кір спричиняється вірусом і характеризується гарячкою, висипкою та
підвищеною чутливістю до вторинних бактеріальних інфекцій.
4) Експеримент буде завершено до 3 год.
5) Найбільше значення відкриття періодичного закону мало для хімії, фізики,
біохімії, тощо.
Методична розробка № 26 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Molecules” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 26
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
MOLECULES
As an atom is the smallest part of an element, and as a compound must contain at least two
elements, it follows that the smallest part of a compound that can exist must contain at least two
different atoms. This is called a molecule. Although the atoms of elements take part in chemical
reactions, they very often do not normally exist as single atoms when they are free. The atoms of
such gases as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and chlorine may be considered as very friendly ones, as
they almost always occur in pairs, each pair forming a molecule, the smallest particle able to
exist alone. On the other hand, the atoms of such gases as argon, helium and neon seem to prefer to
remain alone. As molecules of these gases contain only one atom, they are said to be monoatornic
in contrast to the former, which are diatomic.
Some compounds are so complex that a single molecule may contain several hundreds of
atoms and be quite large in comparison with a molecule of hydrogen, the smallest of all. It is
possible to take photographs showing the way in which such large molecules are made up by means
of a special type of microscope called an electron microscope, but these molecules are still too small
to be seen through the most powerful of optical microscopes.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
What is a compound?
2.
What is a molecule?
3.
Molecules of what gases are monoatomic?
4.
Molecules of what gases are diatomic?
5.
By means of what device is it possible to investigate the structure of some
large molecules?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Вчора я віддала їй підручник з хімії, який я у неї колись позичила.
2)
Ми приготуємо мікстуру до того, як закінчиться пара.
3)
Що ви робили цілий день вчора? – Я лежав у ліжку. Я почував себе погано.
4)
Скарлатина – гостре інфекційне захворювання, яке характеризується болем
у горлі, гарячкою та висипом яскраво-червоного кольору. Це захворювання може
призводити до тяжких ускладнень.
5)
Якщо я залишусь в цьому місті ще на кілька днів, я зможу відвідати лекції
відомого професора Джона Блека.
Методична розробка № 27 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Elements” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 27
1. Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2. Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3. Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
ELEMENTS
An element is a substance which contains only one kind of atom. It has been found possible
to resolve all known substances into about 109 elements: many of these elements are rare, and
relatively few are common in nature. Each of them is very important because they compose all
the materials found on the earth.
Elements have properties distinguishing them from other substances. Some of these
properties are their colour, hardness, odour, taste, density, solubility in liquids, their ability to
conduct electricity, and others. All these properties can help to distinguish one element from
another.
Sugar, starch, cellulose, wood and paper, for example, differ from one another in many ways,
but each of these substances is composed of the same three elements: carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
Oxygen is the most abundant element on our planet. Because of its chemical properties,
it has been called the most important of all elements to man. It is a colourless, odourless,
tasteless gas, slightly heavier than air and is slightly soluble in water.
Some elements have been found occurring either in the rocks and water which make up the
Earth's surface or in the air around us; others are so active that they are never found free at all.
Some elements have been produced artificially and it is not known for certain whether they exist
in nature or not. Among the elements there are solids (gold, silver, carbon, sulphur), liquids
(mercury, bromine) and gases (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen).
All pure metals are elements. On the other hand, comparatively few of the elements are
non-metals, and many of these are gases.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
What is an element?
2.
How many elements do you know?
3.
What are the properties of elements?
4.
What artificial elements do you know?
5.
Can you give examples of elements in the form of liquid?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Gonococcus, people, foot, noxa, commander-in-chief, peach, city, capital, orange, plus.
5. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Good, silly, cheerful, expensive, noticeable, quick, strange.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Наша група склала екзамен з англійської мови до другої години.
2)
Якщо не буде ніяких ускладнень, вас випишуть з лікарні наступного
понеділка.
3)
Цілий день я допомагала аптекарю розкладати ліки по полицях, а зараз він
розповідає мені, що ми робитимемо завтра. Цілий ранок ми будемо готу вати замовлені
клієнтами мазі, мікстури та інші лікувальні препарати, а потім до вечора працюватимемо
з травами.
4)
З огляду на те, що температура тіла пацієнта поступово знижувалась, йому
дозволили дещо змінити дієту.
5)
Якщо ти не приймеш цих ліків, тобі не полегшає і ти не зможеш піти на
вечірку.
Методична розробка № 28 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Oxygen” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 28
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
OXYGEN
Oxygen is the most abundant of the 104 elements. It forms one-fifth, by volume, of the air; eightninth of the weight of water; and one-half of the total weight of all rocks. Oxygen was discovered in
1774 by Joseph Priestley who obtained it by heating marcuric oxide - a method no longer used because
of its expense and its low yield. In industry oxygen is obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid
air.
Oxygen is a colourless gas, odourless when pure (the laboratory sample smells slightly of
chlorine). It is denser than air and slightly soluble in water: about 3 ml oxygen dissolve in 100 ml
water under room conditions. Upon this slight solubility depends the breathing of all aquatic life.
Oxygen is neutral to litmus, doesn't burn but supports combustion vigorously. The main uses of
oxygen depend upon its ability to support life through respiration. Oxygen is used to enrich the air
blast during the production of iron ore in blast furnace and the conversion of iron into steel. This
produces a higher furnace temperature, an increased yield of iron and steel, and purer product. Burning
apparatus fed with oxygen and acetylene will give a flame with a temperature of about 3.000°C. This
flame will melt steel easily. It is used in engineering for cutting steel and for welding metal sections
together.
Oxygen will combine directly with nearly all elements (silver, gold and platinum are notable
exceptions) forming oxides.
An oxide is a compound which contains oxygen and one other element only.
2. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Method, apparatus, product, adenoma, gonococcus, sportsman, hair, wharf, city, life.
3. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Abundant, rich, vigorous, bad, late, merry, dull.
4. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Oxygen is the most abundant of the 104 elements.
2) The main uses of oxygen depend upon its ability to support life through respiration.
5. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by Joseph Priestley who obtained it by heating marcuric
oxide.
2) Oxygen is neutral to litmus, doesn't burn but supports combustion vigorously.
3) This flame will melt steel easily.
4) In industry oxygen is obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
6. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Volume, pure, use, dense.
(Clean, size, undiluted, utilization, bulk, capacity, thick, neat, application, unalloyed,
consistent.)
7. Give definitions of the following words.
Oxygen, distillation, odour, sample, soluble, acetylene, weld.
8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Операції на мозку виконуються під мікроскопом.
2)
Плазма – це рідка частина крові.
3)
Періодичний закон Менделєєва залишається в наш час тією науковою
основою, яка зумовлює розвиток сучасної хімії.
4)
Дослідникам сказали підготувати все до експерименту.
5)
Цікаво, як лікарі проводили операції до того, як було винайдено
стерилізацію.
6)
Після того як студенти уважно прослухають доповідь, її опублікують у
науковому журналі.
7)
Подивись! Ольга йде по коридору у білому халаті й шапочці. Вона
виглядає як справжній лікар, хоча вона ще не закінчила інститут.
Методична розробка № 29 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Nitrogen” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 29
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
NITROGEN
Nitrogen is an element which forms four-fifths of the bulk of the air we breathe. It exists in
the air in the free or uncombined state.
This element is also found in combination in large number of substances in nature. It is
found in the nitrates, as saltpetre of potassium nitrate KNO 3, and Chili saltpetre or sodium
nitrate, NaNO 3 . It is also found in the form of ammonia, which is a compound of nitrogen and
hydrogen of the formula NH3. Nitrogen occurs in most animal substances in chemical
combinations.
Nitrogen is a colourless, transparent, tasteless and odourless gas. It does not burn and does
not support combustion. Nitrogen neither combine with oxygen readily nor with any other
element except at very high temperatures, and then only with few. But many of these
compounds are unstable and easily decomposed.
Among the most important compounds which nitrogen helps to form, we may name the
strong base or alkali known as ammonia (NH3) and the powerful acid called nitric acid (NHO 3 ).
Nitrogen is 14 times heavier than hydrogen.
Nitrogen is slightly soluble in water. B y great cold and great pressure combined,
nitrogen has been reduced to the liquid, and even to the solid state. It has no action upon
litmus-paper, and since this fact indicates that it is neither acid nor alkaline. We must call
nitrogen a neutral substance.
As it doesn't support combustion nitrogen doesn't support breathing. An animal would
die in it, not because for its active poisonous properties, but for the lack of oxygen.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
What is nitrogen?
2.
Where is nitrogen found in nature?
3.
What are the properties of nitrogen?
4.
What substances which contain nitrogen do you know?
5.
Does nitrogen burn?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Septum, swine, news, aqua, step-brother, class, boy, city, leaf, street.
5. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Little, busy, comfortable, prestigious, posterior, rude, young.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) Унаслідок отруєння чадним газом троє потерпілих були доставлені швидкою
допомогою в міську клінічну лікарню.
2) Раптом я почув крик. Я виглянув у вікно і побачив, що діти б’ються, а одна з
дівчаток плаче, бо вона розбила коліно, і тепер з рани тече кров.
3) Щеплення є ефективним засобом боротьби з багатьма тяжкими захворюваннями.
4) У мене ще ніколи не боліли зуби, тому я не знаю які ліки потрібно приймати в
такій ситуації.
5) Менделєєв зазначив можливість існування багатьох невідомих елементів.
Методична розробка № 30 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Acids and Bases” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 30
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
ACIDS AND BASES
Every student of chemistry is familiar with the definitions of acids and bases. Acids and
bases constitute a group of electrolytes of great importance to biology and pharmacy as well.
Acids and bases are extremely useful substances and we have much information about their
properties. Acids are compounds which contain hydrogen; most acids containing oxygen. In water
solution they yield H + ions which are loosely attached to water molecules as oxonium ions. All
acids contain replaceable hydrogen, have sour taste, neutralize bases, conduct electricity and turn
blue litmus red.
An acid can be produced by heating a salt of the acid with sulphuric acid or by the reaction of
water with acid anhydrides. Acid anhydrides are non-metallic oxides in terms of their ability to
combine with water and to form acids. One of the most important acids is hydrochloric acid. We
know it to be formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Some other important acids are
sulphuric, nitric and acetic acids.
You all have noticed the sour taste of many fruits. This is the typical taste of a dilute acid.
Lemons contain citric acid, grapes contain tartaric acid, rhubarb and spinach contain oxalic acid,
green apples contain malic acid. In addition vinegar contains acetic acid and sour milk has lactic
acid present in it.
Bases are hydroxides of metals. They are the chemical opposites of acids. Most bases are
electrovalent compounds. When dissociated with water they turn into ions. Among the more
important bases are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and ammonium
hydroxide.
The properties common to all water solutions of bases are a bitter taste, feel soapy,
neutralize acids, conduct electricity and turn red litmus blue.
Bases may be made by adding an active metal to water, by combining a metal oxide with
water, or by combining a salt with a soluble base.
Acidity and basicity are relative properties of molecules. A particular compound can be an
acid relative to one material and a base relative to another. Water provides an example of those
relations. Acidity of an aqueous solution is normally measured in pH. The pH scale applies only to
aqueous media. Since most reactions and associated acidity relations are carried out in nonaqueous solutions, the pK scale has been adopted.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
What are acids?
2.
What properties of acids do you know?
3.
How can acids be produced?
4.
What are bases?
5.
What are the properties of bases?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Ascaris, Englishman, German, advice, bacterium, passer-by, bus, story, railway, disco.
5. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Much, dirty, intelligent, anterior, positive, hot, cold.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Вона працювала медсестрою в лікарні до початку війни.
2)
У лабораторії щойно поприбирали.
3)
Що робили студенти, коли викладач зайшов до аудиторії? – Вони
обговорювали можливість використання трав при лікуванні серцево-судинних
захворюваннях.
4)
Профілактика інфекційних захворювань полягає у щепленні та дотриманні
особистої гігієни.
5)
Ця лабораторія не використовується уже 10 років.
Методична розробка № 31 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Alkaloids” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 31
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
ALKALOIDS
Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous compounds of vegetable origin possessing some marked
physiological action. Most alkaloids are crystalline substances and contain carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in their molecules, but a few, such as coniine from hemlock, and nicotine from tobacco, are
liquids and oxygen free.
Colored alkaloids are rare; berberine is yellow and the salts of sanguinarine are copper-red. In
most alkaloids the nitrogen atom is linked in a cyclic structure.
The alkaloids of hemlock, pomegranate, pepper, betel nut and castor seeds have been derived
from the simple base pyridine.
Alkaloids occur in many families of flowering plants, particularly in the dicotyledons. The free
bases are usually only slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in dilute acids with the formation of
alkaloidal salts. Phenolic alkaloids such as morphine are soluble in both acid and alkali. In general the
free bases are soluble in alcohol and organic solvents and their salts but slightly soluble. Alkaloids are
usually present in plants in the form of salts of organic acids or associated with tannins. The cinchona
alkaloids are associated with quinic acid and phlobatannin cinchotannic acid.
The purine alkaloids are usually present in the fresh plant as unstable alkaloidal-phlobatannin
glycosides and some solona-ceous alkaloid occur in glycosidal combinations with sugars.
The alkaloids should first be separated by means of organic solvents and the tests applied to the
neutral or acid aqueous solution ultimately obtained. Purine alkaloids may be acid, evaporating to
dryness and exposing to residue to the vapour of ammonia, when a purple colour is produced.
2. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Basis, amygdala, swine, knowledge, commander-in-chief, scarf, half, hero, man, sandwich.
3. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Much, dry, difficult, dirty, gay, famous, clean.
4. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1)
Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous compounds of vegetable origin possessing some
marked physiological action.
2)
Alkaloids occur in many families of flowering plants, particularly in the
dicotyledons.
5. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1)
In most alkaloids the nitrogen atom is linked in a cyclic structure.
2)
The alkaloids of hemlock, pomegranate, pepper, betel nut and castor seeds
have been derived from the simple base pyridine.
3)
In general the free bases are soluble in alcohol and organic solvents and their
salts but slightly soluble.
4)
Tonight I shall be studying the whole evening, as haven’t done it in the morning.
6. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Basic, rare, free, fresh.
(Uncommon, latest, fundamental, uncombined, key, recent, loose, cardinal, essential, new,
disengaged, principal, main, chief, vacant.)
7. Give definitions of the following words.
Alkaloid, crystalline substance, oxygen, morphine, glycoside, carbon, salt.
8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Під час пальпації хворий відчув біль у правій частині живота.
2)
Отже, я прийшов. Тепер я тут, і ми можемо приступити до роботи.
3)
Захворювання середнього вуха лікують антибіотиками.
4)
Ми підемо на концерт сьогодні ввечері, якщо дістанемо квитки.
5)
Поки лікар буруватиме зуб, медсестра замішуватиме пломбу.
6)
Лікарі оперували пацієнта, що страждав на жовчо-кам’яну хворобу
протягом години, Зараз вони готуються до наступної операції на апендицит.
7)
Викладач пояснив нам помилки, які ми зробили у контрольній роботі.
Методична розробка № 32 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Prostagladins” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 32
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins are С lipid metabolites formed in the body from essential, unsaturated fatty acids
of the diet. Prostaglandins apparently occur in nearly all mammalian tissues, but they are present in
low concentrations. The major prostaglandins have been grouped into 4 main classes designated as
prostaglandins A, B, E, and F. All prostaglandins (RG) have a cyclopentane ring with 2 aliphatic side
chains.
Details of the physiologic roles of prostaglandins remain to be clarified. A large body of
biologic knowledge, especially regarding members of the PGE and PGF series, has been
accumulated. Mammalian cells and tissues may respond differently to individual prostaglandins; in
some instances, this response may be a concentration factor. Prostaglandins appear to act at the level
of the cell membrane, and they may modulate the transmission of hormonal or other extracellular
stimuli into cyclic AMP for the internal regulation of cellular functions. Actions of this type seem
consistent with the pharmacological effects that have been noted with the prostaglandins.
Pharmacological effects of these compounds involve contraction or, in some cases, relaxation of
smooth muscles of the female reproductive system, of the cardiovascular system, of the intestinal
tract, and the bronchi. They also influence gastric secretion and renal function.
The prostaglandins have diverse pharmacologic effects, and some enthusiasts believe that their
therapeutic potential transcends that of the steroids. The multiple effects of the prostaglandins and the
diverse response to individual prostaglandins by various body tissues and factors that give aboveaverage chances for therapeutic use of these compounds; this appears to be a problem, but its full
significance remains to be evaluated in most situations. Because prostaglandins are dormed in situ in
most body, tissues, the potential for use prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors is also receiving
investigational attention.
2. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Gonococcus, people, foot, noxa, commander-in-chief, peach, city, capital, orange, plus.
3. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Good, silly, cheerful, expensive, noticeable, quick, strange.
4. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Prostaglandins are С lipid metabolites formed in the body from essential, unsaturated fatty
acids of the diet.
2) Prostaglandins apparently occur in nearly all mammalian tissues.
5. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) The major prostaglandins have been grouped into 4 main classes.
2) Pharmacological effects of these compounds involve contraction or, in some cases, relaxation
of smooth muscles.
3) The work is being done at the moment.
4) I shall have returned from the library by five o’clock.
6. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Way, description, choose, expect.
(Delineation, road, select, route, anticipate, exposition, track, elect, passage, wait, account,
path.)
7. Give definitions of the following words.
Compound, contraction, relaxation, smooth, female, secretion, steroid, tissue.
8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.
Наша група склала екзамен з англійської мови до другої години.
2.
Якщо не буде ніяких ускладнень, вас випишуть з лікарні наступного
понеділка.
3.
Цілий день я допомагала аптекарю розкладати ліки по полицях, а зараз він
розповідає мені, що ми робитимемо завтра. Цілий ранок ми будемо готу вати замовлені
клієнтами мазі, мікстури та інші лікувальні препарати, а потім до вечора працюватимемо
з травами.
4.
З огляду на те, що температура тіла пацієнта поступово знижувалась, йому
дозволили дещо змінити дієту.
Методична розробка № 33 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Medicinal Plants” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 33
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1.
Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Since time immemorial man has known about the medicinal properties of plants and widely
used them for practical purposes.
Different parts of the plant may be used for medicinal purposes: roots and rhizomes, stems
and leaves, flowers and inflorescences, fruits and seeds. All these parts are collected in certain
period of time.
It is well known that the proper time of harvesting plants and herbs is during that period when
active constituents of the plant are highest in their number and quality. Roots and rhizomes are
collected in autumn after the vegetative processes have finished. Bark is collected in the spring
before these processes begin. Leaves and flowering tops are collected when photosynthesis is most
active which is usually about the time of flowering and before the maturing of the fruit and seed.
Flowers are collected in the time of pollination. Fruits may be collected either before or after the
ripening period. Seeds may be collected when fully matured.
All parts of the plant differ as to the shape, taste, colour, odour and pharmacological activity.
Many of the most useful plants and the time of their collecting were known and used in the
treatment of certain diseases in antiquity long time before the development of sciences. Based on the
results of observations and experience of many generations, folk medicine serves to some extend
as the source of scientific medicine. The unripen seed capsules of the opium poppy were used as
pain-killers in ancient Greece. Garlic was known to man 5000 years ago. Dioscorides, a Greek
physician of the second century prescribed garlic for all lung and int estinal diseases. Many
medicinal plants were used for the prevention and curing of diseases by the ancient Slavs. The
medieval Physician Avicenna recommended especially the so called Rus' medicines. Folk
medicine compasses a wide variety of medicinal remedies and medications.
Medicinal plants, an integral part of folk medicine, are widely cultivated in Ukraine. Many
successful remedies and resources of folk medicine are studied by specialists and researchers for
use in scientific medicine.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
What parts of medicinal plants are used for medicinal purposes?
2.
What is the time of collecting bark?
3.
When was garlic known as medicinal plant?
4.
What physician of antiquity do you know?
5.
What is the role of folk medicine in our days?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Cuniculus, police, tooth, fossa, drawing-room, match, strategy, day, wife, week.
5. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Many, happy, difficult, popular, ostentatious, warm, rude.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Дитина вважається здоровою, якщо в неї не виявлено ніяких патологій.
2)
З другої до шостої години вчора лікарі сперечались щодо того, чи потрібно
оперувати цього пацієнта.
Висипка, що з’являється по всьому тілу пацієнта, є симптомом багатьох
3)
інфекційних хвороб.
4)
Що робить доцент Шевчук? – Він розмовляє з аспірантами.
5)
Вам слід зберігати цю мазь у темному і прохолодному місці.
Методична розробка № 34 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Pharmaceutical Marketing” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 34
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING
Good marketing and good medicines are inseparable.
Pharmaceutical marketing, as a subspecialty of marketing, can be defined as a process by which
market for pharmaceutical care is actualized. The emphasis in pharmaceutical marketing is on
pharmaceutical care, and not just on drugs. The marketing of many clinical pharmaceutical services
and programs is as much a part of pharmaceutical marketing as is the marketing of drug products.
Hospital pharmacies, community pharmacies, third-party insurance companies, consulting pharmacies
and many other organizations and drug wholesalers, are involved in pharmaceutical marketing.
The pharmaceutical market is a composite of manufacturers, prescribers, patients, pharmacists,
and payers. Pharmaceutical market is one of the very few markets, if not the only one, where the
person who chooses the product is seldom the customer or the consumer. The product sale is not
based on any desire of the consumer but rather on the prescription of the physician. The physician is
the customer because only the physician is capable of creating demand.
Pharmaceutical companies produce and market two types of products. One type is the
prescription product that may be obtained by consumers only upon the presentation of authorization
by a licensed prescriber. The other is the over-the-counter product that may be purchased without a
prescription.
There has been an expansion of the over-the-counter pharmaceutical market in recent years, but
the most fundamental business of pharmaceutical companies still remains the production and
marketing of prescription pharmaceuticals.
Marketing plays a key role influencing or directing activities from the manufacturer to the
patient. And the patient stands at the peak of the marketing pyramid. It is his characteristics, which
determine which goods will be sold or produced. Any firm that wishes adequately to serve its market
would strive to direct marketing activities so the right product is sold in the right quantity at the right
place at the right price at the right time. As the products with which we are dealing in this industry
affect patients' health, some of these factors assume even greater importance.
2. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Market, process, play, country, datum, diagnosis, money, passer-by, foot, deer.
3. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Few, great, modest, shy, formal, patient, little.
4. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Good marketing and good medicines are inseparable.
2) Pharmaceutical companies produce and market two types of products.
5. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) The emphasis in pharmaceutical marketing is on pharmaceutical care, and not just on
drugs.
2) The product sale is not based on any desire of the consumer but rather on the prescription
of the physician.
3) She will be taking a music lesson this time tomorrow.
6. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Service, manufacturer, consumer, desire.
(Producer, buyer, wish, favour, purchaser, longing, kindness, customer, appetence,
attendance, client, bidder, lust.)
7. Give definitions of the following words.
Marketing, emphasis, wholesaler, prescriber, over-the-counter product, expansion, pyramid.
8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Мене замкнули в аудиторії. Я не можу вийти.
2)
Наш експеримент буде завершено через дві години.
3)
Якщо я швидко знайду хірургічне відділення, я встигну побачити брата ще
до того, як його заберуть на операцію.
Періодичний закон Менделєєва – один з найважливіших законів природи.
4)
Методична розробка № 35 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Pharmaceutical Market in the UK”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 35
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND NOTHERN IRELAND
Public healthcare is available to all residents through the government-managed National Health
Service (NHS). The NHS is funded primarily through taxation (83%). However, it also derives funds
from national insurance contributions (14%) and patient co-payments (20%). Private insurance
schemes are available and usually provide supplementary coverage. Per capita expenditure for
healthcare represents 7% of GDP.
Per capita pharmaceutical consumption is 117 USD and represents about 10% of the healthcare
expenditures.
The UK pharmaceutical market is about 6.8 billion USD. It ranks fourth among EU countries
with 11% of EU medicines sales. It ranks sixth in the world, with a 3% global market share. Almost
40% of total production is exported. The United Kingdom has a large and growing generics market.
Prescription pharmaceutical prices are controlled through the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation
Scheme (PPRS) and reimbursement prices are controlled through Drug Tariff. The PPRS limits the
profits of pharmaceutical companies to between 17-21% and ties them to investment and research.
Pharmaceuticals are categorized as prescription-only, pharmacy-only, and general sales. There
are no price controls on non-prescription drugs. Prescription-only and many pharmacy-only drugs are
reimbursable. However, the NHS Selected List Scheme limits the number of reimbursable products.
Children under 16, pregnant women, the elderly, and poor are exempt from flat rate payments.
The UK Government has and continues to make changes in the drug pricing and
reimbursement system aimed at controlling costs. Over the past several years, the NHS has been
narrowing the drugs available for reimbursement through the Selected List; lowering reimbursement
prices; requiring that drugs be dispensed in their original packs; encouraging the prescribing of
generics and the use of imports; expanding the number of physicians fund-holders operating under
global budgets; and restructuring the NHS and Ministry of Health and Welfare.
2. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1)
Per capita expenditure for healthcare represents 7% of GDP.
2)
Pharmaceuticals are categorized as prescription-only, pharmacy-only, and
general sales.
3. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) It ranks fourth among EU countries with 11% of EU medicines sales.
2) Over the past several years, the NHS has been narrowing the drugs available for
reimbursement through the Selected List.
3) The NHS is funded primarily through taxation.
4) The chemist will be working all tomorrow night.
4. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Public, resident, pregnant, research.
(Inhabitant, investigation, social, gravid, study, common, dweller, examination, expectant,
citizen, exploration, population, enquiry.)
5. Give definitions of the following words.
Healthcare, consumption, expenditure, investment, payment, reimbursement, budget.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Ця лабораторія не використовується уже 10 років.
2)
Минулого року мої друзі вступили до Івано-Франківської державної
академії на фармацевтичний факультет.
3)
Що робить доцент Шевчук? – Він розмовляє з аспірантами.
4)
Вам слід зберігати цю мазь у темному і прохолодному місці.
5)
Окислення – це процес віддавання атомом електронів.
6)
Якщо ти не приймеш цих ліків, тобі не полегшає і ти не зможеш піти на
вечірку.
7)
Студент відповів, що він ознайомився з новим методом виготовлення мазі.
aМетодична розробка № 36 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Pharmaceutical Market in the USA”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 36
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3. Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET IN
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Healthcare is provided for over 60% of the population through employer-based private
insurance. The elderly, who comprise approximately 13% of the US population, obtain care through
a tax-funded national system of insurance (Medicare). Approximately 10% of the US population
obtain care through a combined state and national tax-funded system of insurance for the poor
(Medicaid). Total healthcare spending is about 14% of GDP.
Annual per capita consumption is about average compared with the developed world. Spending
on drugs is less than 10% of total healthcare costs.
The US pharmaceutical market is about roughly 80 billion USD. Approximately 80% of
outpatient pharmaceutical purchases are made in the private sector either through private insurance
(40%) or consumer out-of-pocket payments (40%). Government, at both the federal and state level,
accounts for the remaining 20%. The Defense Department and the Department of Veterans Affairs
purchase drugs for their own healthcare institutions and for beneficiaries of their healthcare
programs.
Free-pricing is in the private sector. Pharmaceutical companies must provide rebates or
discounts to Medicaid and other Federal programs to sell their products to these programs or be
reimbursed for them. Some state programs also have imposed such requirements.
Proposals have been made to increase the current level of Government rebates and discounts and
to expand the number of programs for which they are required. Industry opposes Governmentmandated rebates on research-based pharmaceutical companies. Such action constitutes a form of price
control and conflicts with intensifying market forces that are sharply reducing prescription-drug
inflation.
2. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Healthcare is provided for over 60% of the population through employer-based private
insurance.
2) Approximately 10% of the US population obtain care through a combined state and
national tax-funded system of insurance for the poor.
3. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) Total healthcare spending is about 14% of GDP.
2) Some state programs also have imposed such requirements.
3) Proposals have been made to increase the current level of Government rebates and discounts
and to expand the number of programs for which they are required.
4) We shall be passing our English examination at this time tomorrow.
4. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Approximate, provide, average, reduce.
(Medium, diminish, supply, secure, lessen, rough, mean, reduce, guarantee, decrease, ensure,
abate, retrench, dwindle.)
5. Give definitions of the following words.
Industry, insurance, tax, discount, beneficiary, drug, consummer.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Коли було видано цей підручник?
2)
Стало можливим передбачати нові типи сполук, нові властивості для
відомих і невідомих елементів, а також їхніх сполук.
3)
Вода – це безбарвна речовина без запаху і смаку.
4)
Ця лабораторія була збудована ще до того, як я народився.
5)
Коли старша медсестра дозволить нам зайти у палату, ми дізнаємось про
самопочуття Андрія.
6)
Не вимикай світло! Я читаю дуже цікаву статтю про Павлова.
7)
Ви б не могли мені сказати, коли почнеться весняна сесія у студентів-
заочників фармацевтичного факультету.
Методична розробка № 37 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Pharmaceutical Market in Ukraine”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 37
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для
побудови речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET OF UKRAINE
Healthcare is financed by the Central Budget. Each of the 27 regions has its own healthcare
budget provided from the resources of the regional administration.
2200 pharmaceutical products are registered in Ukraine, of which 2000 are of foreign origin
and 200 are locally produced. Ukraine has 52 million inhabitants, 6100 pharmacies and up to 400
wholesale companies of different sizes. Annual expenditures on pharmaceuticals per capita is 6.15
USD, average price per unit is 0.41 USD. These low figures can be explained by current
insufficient consumption of Pharmaceuticals by certain groups of patients, particularly with
asymptomatic diseases, and by the dominance of low-priced Pharmaceuticals manufactured locally,
in Russia or other European countries.
In value, Ukrainian companies held 22% share of the market, Russian manufacturers 17%,
East European companies - 39% and West European and American producers - only 13%. Results of
the first quarter of 1996 show that the Western companies' segment is growing faster in value than
the total pharmaceutical market: +10.5% vs. +3.7% respectively. Most of the imported products are
finished dosage forms.
Currently the MoH of Ukraine performs a supervisory role monitoring the pricing of
Pharmaceuticals. Public prices of pharmaceutical preparations should not exceed a mark-up of +55%
from the cif price, while prices of locally manufactured preparations are set according to market
forces. In some cases importers have been able to add a mark-up of between +5% and 15% to cover
local handling and banking charges and other incidental expenses relating to the cost of importation,
to the cif price before adding the mark-up of +55%.
A reimbursement program does exist in Ukraine for certain categories of the population:
veterans, pensioners, children under 3 years etc. However, because of continuous budget
constraints, only products priced up to 2.50 USD per pack (and usually manufactured locally) may
be reimbursed.
The necessity of healthcare system reforms has been debated for a few years already. In the
meantime, more and more medical services provided to the population are officially losing their
free-of-charge status. The development of a national health insurance system is one of the main
priorities, but is not expected to be implemented soon. Private health insurance is developing very
slowly.
2. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Healthcare is financed by the Central Budget.
2) Ukrainian companies held 22% share of the market.
3. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) 2200 pharmaceutical products are registered in Ukraine, of which 2000 are of foreign
origin and 200 are locally produced.
2) Results of the first quarter of 1996 show that the Western companies' segment is growing
faster in value than the total pharmaceutical market.
3) In some cases importers have been able to add a mark-up of between +5% and 15%.
4) The necessity of healthcare system reforms has been debated for a few years already.
4. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Size, current, dosage, grow.
(Present, dimensions, contemporary, develop, amount, modern, rate, up-to-date, increase,
extent, dose, recent, advance.)
5. Give definitions of the following words.
Administration, origin, wholesale, expenditure, segment, reimbursement, insurance.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.
Вони складуть екзамен з англійської мови до другої години.
2.
Лікар зараз прослуховує пульс пацієнта, а медсестра виписує рецепт.
3.
В опіковому відділенні я дізнався, що його сестра перебуває у відділенні
пластичної хірургії.
4.
Середнє вухо відокремлене від зовнішнього вуха барабанною перетинкою.
5.
Шви слід знімати дуже обережно, щоб не інфікувати рану.
6.
Студенти будуть працювати на комп’ютерах у цей час в середу.
7.
Коли моєму братові виповниться 16 років, він отримає паспорт.
Методична розробка № 38 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Pharmacology” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 38
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для
побудови речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
PHARMACOLOGY
The road to modern pharmacology is marked by such milestones as the isolation of potent active
principles from medicinal plants, the appearance of synthetic drugs, the discovery of vaccination and
inoculation, the establishment of chemotherapeutical agents, the breakthrough achieved by antibiotics
and the most up-to-date methods of laboratory testing and clinical trials that go into the screening,
production, distribution and promotion of new drugs.
Plant constituents of medical importance form an extremely diverse group of chemical
compounds showing great variation in solubility and stability. The problems involved in the drying,
storage, and extraction of plant materials make for the following classification of plant constituents:
fatty acids, fixed oils, fats and waxes, phenols, tannins, proteins, alkaloids, carbohydrates glycosides,
gums, mucilages and pectins, volatile oils, resins and colouring matters. Even in the age of synthetic
drugs, herbs have been able to keep their place in pharmacy. Under "herbs" are meant the dried
overground parts of herbaceous plants consisting of floriferous stems, seeds, rhizomes and/or roots.
Determined in dry herbs is the colour, odour at trituration, character of leaf venation, and
pubescence of various parts of the plant. Quantitative data to be determined in herbs include: moisture
content, total ash and ash insoluble in 10 per cent hydrochloric acid, size and admissable admixtures,
and amount of active constituents.
A number of drugs, some of them as old as alcohol, opium or nicotine, some of them later
arrivals (barbiturates, cocaine, marihuana, or hallucinogens) have the adverse effect of being habitforming, i.e. leading to addiction. Habitual drug-takers are referred to as addicts. Addiction itself - as
opposed to habit - is defined as uncontrollable craving for the drug, characterized by increasing
tolerance to it, physical dependence on the drug and harmful effects on the taker's personality as well
as on society. Physical dependence implies that the drug has become an integral part of some modified
chemical process in the nervous system.
2. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Plant constituents of medical importance form an extremely diverse group of chemical
compounds.
2) Determined in dry herbs is the colour, odour at trituration, character of leaf venation, and
pubescence of various parts of the plant.
3. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) Even in the age of synthetic drugs, herbs have been able to keep their place in pharmacy.
2) Under "herbs" are meant the dried overground parts of herbaceous plants consisting of
floriferous stems, seeds, rhizomes and/or roots.
3) A number of drugs have the adverse effect of being habit-forming, i.e. leading to addiction.
4) Physical dependence implies that the drug has become an integral part of some modified
chemical process in the nervous system.
4. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Visitor, store, include, personnel.
(Guest, keep, caller, preserve, inscribe, maintain, save, insert, retain, stuff.)
5. Give definitions of the following words.
Alcohol, opium, nicotine, barbiturate, cocaine, marihuana, hallucinogen, addiction.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Вона працювала медсестрою в лікарні до початку війни.
2. У лабораторії щойно поприбирали.
3. Що робили студенти, коли викладач зайшов до аудиторії? – Вони обговорювали
можливість використання трав при лікуванні серцево-судинних захворюваннях.
4. Профілактика інфекційних захворювань полягає у щепленні та дотриманні
особистої гігієни.
5. Коли я стану добрим фахівцем, я знатиму всі назви ліків.
6. Лікар виписав рецепт до того, як медсестра увійшла до кабінету.
7. Ця лабораторія не використовується уже 10 років.
Методична розробка № 39 для самостійної роботи по темі
“The Scope Pharmacology” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 39
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
I. Read and translate the text:
THE SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacology may be defined most simply as the study; of drugs. In the broadest sense it
includes all the scientific knowledge of drugs, such as the name, source, physical and chemical
properties, and the mixing or preparing of drugs; in the form of medicine. It is concerned also with
physiological actions of drugs — their absorption, action, and fate in the body — and with their
therapeutic uses, as well as the poisonous effects that result from overdosage.
A drug is a chemical substance that affects living protoplasm and does not act as a food. It is
used in the core, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or animals. In addition, drugs alleviate
suffering and pain.
The subject of pharmacology may be divided into a number of distinct sciences such as
pharmacognosy, pharmacy, posology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicology.
Pharmacognosy is a descriptive science and is concerned with the recognition, quality, purity by
macroscopic and microscopic means, and identification of plants and animal drugs.
Pharmacy deals with the preparation, stability, preservation, and storage of drugs. From these
drugs the pharmacist prepares compounds, and dispenses medicines. Most drugs are prepared by
pharmaceutical manufacturers and are distributed to the pharmacy or hospital in such suitable dosage
forms as tablets, capsules, liquid preparations, or sterile solutions for injection. The pharmacist now
has no less a responsible role in properly dispensing the preparations in finished forms than when he
powdered, dissolved, mixed, and otherwise compounded prescriptions. He still performs these
functions for many of these orders.
Posology is concerned with the dosage or amount of a drug given in the treatment of disease.
There is a minimum, maximum, usual or therapeutic, and toxic dose for each drug. The most important
is the usual dose, which is the oral dose for an adult weighing 70 kg. There are a number of conditions
that modify the dose of a drug.
Pharmacodynamics is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is,
the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. It is one of the newest biological
sciences and is closely associated "with physiology, biochemistry, pathology, and microbiology. It is
unique in that its interest is focused on drugs. It is a study of the absorption, fate, excretion, and action
of a foreign substance in the body.
II. Read the text and write out the new words.
III. Make up sentences of your own with new words.
IV. Make up a plan of the text.
V.
Retell the text according to the plan.
Методична розробка № 40 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Pharmaceutical Industry” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 40
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для
побудови речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
I. Read and translate the text:
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
The production and sale of drugs used as medicines is a big business in many countries. The
US drug industry includes over 1,000 drug companies and employs about 200,000 workers. New
Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania rank as the leading drug-producing states.
Drugs affect and alter health. By their very nature they play a prominent role in society. The
drug industry consequently also plays a prominent role. This role includes the following: (1)
discovery and development of new drugs; (2) rapid and safe development of these drugs into useful
therapeutic tools; and (3) production and distribution of safe and efficient existing drugs.
A few industries feel so keenly the need to have their products meet such rigid specifications as
the pharmaceutical industry. A few micrograms difference in the composition of the active ingredient
of a tablet may not only injure the sales curve but the patient as well.
The pharmaceutical industry is one of high risk, great capital requirements, and a long period to
payoff, at least for new drug developments. Even for the largest pharmaceutical companies, the rate
of discovery of a truly novel compound is of the order of one every 10-15 years, and it takes around
ten years to progress from an initial discovery to the marketing of a successful product.
One of the many unique characteristics of the drug industry is the undesirability of its products,
i.e., with few exceptions patients would prefer not to purchase a prescribed drug. They would prefer
to purchase a new dress, a ticket to a movie, a dinner in a fine restaurant. Further, they are usually ill
when prescription is necessary. These factors combine to make prescription drugs unpopular and
their prices even more unpopular. As a consequence, the prices of drugs are regularly publicly
criticized.
It should be noted that the industry is dependent for its future on the creative minds of its
physical and biological scientists and its business executives. In a very real way, colleges,
universities, and graduate schools are all vital suppliers for the industry.
2. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) The US drug industry includes over 1,000 drug companies.
2) The industry is dependent for its future on the creative minds of its physical and biological
scientists
3. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania rank as the leading drug-producing states.
2) The prices of drugs are regularly publicly criticized.
3) Are they talking now?
4) I have been to London this year.
4. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Production, expression, price, courage.
(Bravado, charge, dictum, manufacture, utterance, worth, valiance, gallantry, value, phrase,
cost, bravery.)
5. Give definitions of the following words.
Creative, purchase, requirement, efficient, distribution, discovery, development, tool.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.
Ми виконали свою роботу і тому можемо допомогти вам.
2.
Студенти нашої групи відвідали у лікарні викладача, який викладав у них
фізику минулого семестру.
3.
Рану потрібно очистити і застосувати місцево антибіотик широкого
спектру дії, щоб уникнути атаки патогенних мікроорганізмів.
4.
Унаслідок аварії обидва потерпілих були доставлені в травматологічне
відділення обласної лікарні з численними переломами.
5.
Куди ти йдеш? – Я йду в аптеку. Мені потрібно купити аспірин. Моя мама
почуває себе погано.
6.
При кімнатній температурі ця речовина розчинятиметься у воді півгодини,
тому протягом цього часу ми виконуватимемо маніпуляції, пов’язані з приготуванням
мікстури проти кашлю.
7.
Лікар прийшов оглянути пацієнта ще раз увечері, щоб пересвідчитись, що
його ста не погіршився.
Методична розробка № 41 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Organic Chemistry” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 41
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
I. Read and translate the text:
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The chemistry of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. The name originated with early
chemists. They noticed the differences between substances derived from living matter (organic
compounds) and those derived from minerals (inorganic compounds). Although chemists still speak of
organic compounds (carbon compounds) and inorganic compounds (all other compounds), these terms
are no longer associated with the origins of the substances. Living organisms have some inorganic
constituents, such as sodium ions, phosphate ions, calcium ions, carbonate ions, etc., and solid
compounds composed of some of these constituents. Chemists believe that living organisms gathered
some important minerals from water during past geologic eras and deposited them.
The hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds composed of the elements carbon and
hydrogen, include some of the smallest molecules and also some of the largest. Their names are
identified with certain structures, hence, the roots of these names are applied even to compounds in
which hydrogen atoms have been replaced by other atoms. For this reason some attention shall be
devoted to the various types of molecular structures represented by hydrocarbons and to the names
given to these structures.
It is known that the hydrogen atoms in the methane molecule occupy positions at the apexes of a
regular tetrahedron with a carbon atom in the centre. This structure is three-dimensional, but it cannot
be drawn on the plane of this page except by using perspective.
This representation does not imply, however, that the molecule is flat or that any hydrogen atom
is opposite any other, for the molecule is tetrahedral.
Methane reacts with chlorine gas to form a series of products.
II. a) Find the wrong statement:
1. In our time the terms "organic compounds" and "inorganic compounds" are no longer
associated with the origins of the substances.
2. Living organisms gathered some important minerals from water during past geologic eras.
3. The hydrocarbons, which are composed of the elements carbon and hydrogen, include only the
smallest molecules.
4. Methane reacts with chlorine gas to form a series of products.
b) Point out which of the given sentences is the definition of the notion organic chemistry:
1. It is a branch of chemistry which deals with substances derived from minerals and other
inorganic compounds.
2. It deals with the structure of atoms and the possibilities of using the atomic energy for
peaceful purposes.
3. It is a branch of science which studies different properties of matter.
4. It. is a branch of science which deals with carbon and carbon compounds.
III. Fill in the gaps with the word or word combinations from the text:
1. The name "organic chemistry" originated ... early chemists.
2. They noticed the differences ... substances derived ... living matter and those derived ...
minerals.
3. These terms are no longer associated ... the origins ... the substances.
4. Their names are identified ... certain structures.
5. The roots ... these names are applied even ... compounds ... which hydrogen atoms have been
replaced ... other atoms.
6. ... this reason some attention shall be devoted ... the various types ... molecular structure.
Методична розробка № 42 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Chemical Elements and Compounds”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 42
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття
I. Read and translate the text:
Chemical Elements and Compounds
A chemical element is a substance that cannot by any ordinary means be separated into two or
more different substances. This definition does not exclude the possibility of decomposing an element
into others by radioactive or similar agencies.
Chemical compounds are pure substances which can, by ordinary chemical means, be separated
or decomposed into different elements, or which can be made by combining different elements, The
molecules of a compound are regarded as aggregates of smaller particles of the elements, known as
atoms, into which the compound can be broken up.
The atoms are regarded as smallest mass elements which occur separately in the structure of the
molecules of either compounds or elementary substances, so far as can be determined by ordinary
chemical means. The molecule of an element consists of a definite (usually small) number of its atoms.
The molecule of a compound consists of one or more atoms of each of its several elements, and the
numbers of the various kinds of atoms and their arrangement ire definite and fixed, they determine the
character of a compound.
II. Work in pairs.
Find out: when this reaction occurred. Pattern: St. A: When did this reaction occur? St. B: It
occurred an hour ago, etc.
1. when the term "organic chemistry" originated;
2. what this term was associated with;
3. when living organisms gathered some minerals;
4. how the minerals were gathered; (change roles)
5. what hydrocarbons are composed of;
6. what molecules hydrocarbons include;
7. what position hydrogen atoms occupy in a methane molecules;
8. why this Molecule is called three-dimensional.
III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type
1. The term "organic compounds" is no longer associated with the origins of the substances.
2. The term of office of American presidents is 4 years.
3. When she was in her second year she wrote two term-papers in chemistry.
4. There are two terms in each academic year at the Institute.
5. Under the terms of this contract the firm will pay the money this year.
6. This substance was obtained by means of heating.
7. There are different means of transport in Moscow.
8. As he was fatherless and had no means for existence he began to work early.
9. The word "means" means "засоби", "спосіб".
10. I don't understand you. What do you mean by saying it?
11. Money means nothing to him.
Методична розробка № 43 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Chemical Reactions” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 43
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The study of the way in which substances undergo chemical change is one of the main themes in
chemistry. The experimental data for such a study are measurements of the rates at which chemical
changes take place. Such data are important when designing chemical plants or when estimating the
shelf-life of a drug under various conditions. In pharmacy it is necessary to know not only how rapidly
a drug decomposes or reacts with the constituents of the organism, but also the nature and mechanisms
of the processes involved.
The mechanism of a reaction is a detailed, step-by-step description of the pathway by which
reactants are converted to products. One can never expect to prove a mechanism, because we cannot
experimentally determine every precise detail of a reaction. We choose the "most reasonable"
mechanism which is consistent with the available experimental data. Now we have two bases while
classifying reactions. The first involves designation as an addition, substitution, or elimination
reaction. The second relates to the nucleophilicity or electrophilicity of the reagent. Thus nucleophilic
additions and electrophilic substitutions are common reaction classifications.
Classification of a chemical transformation into one of the broad categories of reaction types is
only the first step while developing a mechanism.
The study of reaction rates which is called kinetics is also important. Experiments are carried out
at precisely controlled temperatures, reactant concentrations being accurately measured.
An important goal of the modern chemist is to make use of kinetic and structural information to
develop a detailed mechanistic picture of a particular reaction.
2. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) One can never expect to prove a mechanism.
2) The first involves designation as an addition, substitution, or elimination reaction
3. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) The mechanism of a reaction is a detailed, step-by-step description of the pathway by
which reactants are converted to products.
2) The study of reaction rates which is called kinetics is also important.
3) So, I have come. Now I am here and we can start working.
4) The teacher will be explaining the process of this chemical reaction the whole lesson
tomorrow.
4. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Way, description, choose, expect.
(Delineation, road, select, route, anticipate, exposition, track, elect, passage, wait, account,
path.)
5. Give definitions of the following words.
Measurement, estimate, convert, precise, kinetics, concentration, reagent.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.
Найбільш важливою і поширеною сполукою водню є вода.
2.
Якщо за мною питатимуть, скажіть, будь-ласка, що я повернуся наступного
понеділка.
3.
Ми обговорюватимемо проблему поширення Сніду, способи зараження та методи
профілактики протягом цілої пари у вівторок.
4.
Він занадто слабий, оскільки після операції минуло лише два дні.
5.
Мене запитали, чи я знаю. Коли повернеться професор Говард.
6.
Викладач перевірить наші лабораторні роботи з фізики до четверга.
7.
Подивись! Іде сильний дощ. Тобі треба взяти парасолю.
Методична розробка № 44 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Rates and Reactions” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 44
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
I. Read and translate the text:
RATES OF REACTIONS
In chemistry, rates of reactions may determine whether a particular chemical reaction will
actually yield a particular product. Although every reaction is subject to the law of chemical
equilibrium we may do work on the system to modify concentrations and temperatures in order to
obtain desired results, provided the rates of reactions are favourable. An example is as follows: by
forcing an electric current through an electrolytic cell liquid water can be decomposed into hydrogen
gas and oxygen gas. In doing so we must provide the energy (68.32 kcal) required for the heat of
reaction. According to the equilibrium conditions, the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, when mixed,
should react to form water again,* but the rate of reaction at room temperature is so slow that the
amount of water produced after many years is negligible.
Rates of reactions are related both to the amount of atomic rearrangement, necessary and to the
strengths of the bonds which must be broken before new ones are created. Strong bonds are broken
when water is formed from hydrogen and oxygen. On the other hand the reaction of ammonia and
boron trifluoride does not involve breaking any strong bonds; hence, a reaction takes place almost
every time the molecules with the proper orientation meet.
If the rates of reactions are too fast or too slow, chemists try to select reaction conditions that
will retard or accelerate them until they reach the proper speed. Faster rates are favoured by (1) higher
temperatures, (2) greater concentrations, (3) more thorough mixing (in homogeneous reactions) and (4)
wide surface of contact, or interface (in heterogeneous reactions).
In general, a chemical equation indicates only net reaction. It represents a material balance
between the amounts of substances consumed and new substances formed but does not show the steps
by which the atoms in the original substances are rearranged to form new substances. These steps can
be determined only by experiment.
II. Find the wrong statement;
1. According to the equilibrium conditions, the hydrogen, gas and oxygen gas when mixed,
should react to form water again.
2. The rate of this reaction at room temperature is very slow, and the amount of water produced
is negligible.
3. Rates of reactions are favoured by lower temperatures and less concentrations.
4. Rates of reactions are related both to the amount of atomic rearrangement necessary and to the
strengths of the bonds.
III. Join suitable parts:
1. The rate of this chemical reaction has just been accelerated ...
a) ... because the temperature will be raised.
b) ... because the temperature is always very high.
c) ... because the temperature has reached the necessary point.
2. A chemical equation indicates ...
a) ... all the steps by .which the atoms in the original substances are rearranged.
b) ... net reaction, that is it represents a material balance between the amounts of substances
consumed and new substances formed.
c) ... that the rate of reaction is too slow to produce the particular substance.
d) ... that the rates of reactions are favoured by several factors, high temperatures being one of
them.
Методична розробка № 45 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Substances and Their Transformation”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 45
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття
I. Read and translate the text:
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS
All objects surrounding us in nature are composed of different substances. Iron, glass, wood,
water, sugar, etc. are all examples of such substances. Chemistry is the study of substances and their
transformations. Therefore, the first problem we take up upon beginning a course in chemistry is how
to distinguish and recognize substances.
Substances are distinguished by their properties — colour, smell, taste, specific gravity, greater
or less hardness, melting and boiling points, etc. For example, in describing the properties of sugar, we
can state that sugar is a hard, brittle substance, white in colour, sweet in taste, without odour, easily
soluble in water, heavier than water, with a specific gravity of 1.58, etc.
In order to learn the properties of a substance one must have it in its pure form. Even small
admixtures of foreign substances may change properties of a substance. For example, pure water is
colourless, tasteless and transparent,! but if a drop of milk is added to a glass of water, the water
becomes clouded; if a drop of ink is added, the water becomes coloured. All the enumerated properties
are not those of water, but of the admixtures.
In some cases we may see at once that a substance is heterogeneous, that is a mixture of different
substances.
Take granite, for example. We notice in it pink particles of field spar, semi-transparent crystals
of quartz and dark shining scales of mica.
In other cases it cannot be seen at a glance that a given substance is heterogeneous, but this may
be detected by various methods. Thus, the heterogeneity of milk may be shown if we let the milk
stand: the thicker layer of cream rises to the top. This means that milk is heterogeneous. We can also
use a microscope. Under the microscope it will be clearly seen that milk is a liquid which consists of
tiny suspended globules of fat.
II. Point out the sentence which expresses the main idea of the text:
1. Sugar is a hard, brittle substance, white in colour, sweet in taste, without odour, easily soluble
in water, etc.
2. Chemistry is the study of substances and their transformations and the main problem in
chemistry is how to distinguish and recognize substances.
3. If a drop of milk is added to a glass of water, the water becomes clouded; if a drop of ink is
added, the water becomes coloured.
III. Point out which of these sentences contains the text:
1. It is known that matter exists in three states or forms: solids, liquids and gases.
2. Compounds consist of two or more elements and can be decomposed into these constituent
elements.
3. Substances are distinguished by their properties — colour, smell, taste, specific gravity, etc.
Методична розробка № 46 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Alcohol” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 46
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian in a written form.
ALCOHOL
Alcohol or ethanol is a liquid containing not less than 92.3% by weight, corresponding to 94.9%
by volume, of ethanol at 15.56 °С. As 70 % w/v solution, alcohol is used as a local anti-infective.
Alcohol (5 or 10%) and dextrose (5%) injection is administered by intravenous infusion to increase
caloric intake and replenish fluids.
Diluted alcohol is a mixture of alcohol and water in which the percentage of ethanol, by volume
at 15.56 °С, is 48.8 to 49.5. Diluted alcohol is employed as a solvent.
The process of distillation, by which the alcohol in the fermented liquid can be concentrated in
the distillate, was not known until the eighth century A.D. Only in modern times has the process been
so perfected that pure alcohol results.
Alcohol continues to be the drug most commonly used in the world. Most persons who drink
hope that liquor will relieve anxiety, ease social interactions, or promote sleep.
Alcohol is a major interactor with other drugs. Such interactions vary with the individual, with
the quantity of alcohol consumed, and with the length of time the person has been a heavy drinker.
Alcohol's chief pharmacological action is to depress the central nervous system. Concomitant use of
other CNS depressants increases alcohol's toxicity. The intensity of most interactions with alcohol
depends on the dosage of the agent involved. But sometimes even ordinary doses of CNS depressants
plus intoxicating quantities of alcohol can lead to coma of death. So narcotics, sedatives, antianxiety
agents, tranquilizers, and antihistamines should be prescribed with caution for patients who are alcohol
abusers.
Alcohol's other actions include peripheral vasodilation, increased pulse rate and blood pressure,
and depression of antidiuretic hormone release. It also stimulates gastrin production, which brings
about an increase in gastric acid and pepsin secretion.
2. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences.
1) Alcohol or ethanol is a liquid containing not less than 92.3% by weight, corresponding to
94.9% by volume, of ethanol at 15.56 °С.
2) Alcohol continues to be the drug most commonly used in the world.
3. Write out the predicates from the following sentences, indicate tense and voice forms of
the verbs and give their infinitives.
1) Alcohol and dextrose injection is administered by intravenous infusion to increase caloric
intake and replenish fluids.
2) Diluted alcohol is a mixture of alcohol and water in which the percentage of ethanol, by
volume at 15.56 °С, is 48.8 to 49.5.
3) The process of distillation was not known until the eighth century A.D.
4) Only in modern times has the process been so perfected that pure alcohol results.
4. Match the following words with the synonyms given in brackets.
Compound, analysis, type, important.
(Grave, class, test, composition, amalgam, parsing, phylum, vital, consequential, species,
mix, blend, concoction, significant, model, pattern, mixture.)
5. Give definitions of the following words.
Interactors, quantity, consume, depressant, concomitant, toxicity, intensity, abuser.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1)
Я показав товаришеві нові наукові журнали, які я купив у Києві.
2)
Доповідь про лікарські трави буде написано до середи.
3)
Я переписуватиму формули кислот та лугів в той час, як ти читатимеш
десятий параграф підручника з неорганічної хімії.
4)
Для того, щоб не виникали ускладнення, такі, як запалення середнього вуха
чи легенів, потрібно інтенсивно лікуватися від грипу.
5)
Цей підручник з хімії був написаний 10 років тому відомим англійським
вченим.
6)
Лікар може призначити ці ліки у формі внутрішньом’язевих ін’єкцій або
орально після їжі.
7)
Ісаак Ньютон був першим вченим, хто висунув теорію, що матерія
складається з атомів.
Методична розробка № 47 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Alcoholic Psychoses” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 47
1. Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2. Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3. Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.
ALCOHOLIC PSYCHOSES
It often happens that people suffering from neuroses, light depressions or other borderline states,
systematically take small dozes of alcohol, abusing its sedative and euphoric effect, and those that
drink "to relax" become alcoholics in the long run.
The feedback is even stronger. Man's psychic behaviour changes at the very first stage of
alcoholism. Untidiness, untruthfulness, negligence of one's duties at work and at home — such is a far
from complete list of the signs of destruction of the personality to which alcoholism leads. At the next
stage, alcohol seriously damages the nervous system and the brain causing gross distortions of
memory coupled with hallucinations.
Acute alcoholism results in gross distortions of perception and in the collapse of mental
activities such as in cases of alcoholic psychoses.
We must take into account the difference between alcoholism, medically speaking, and the habit
of drinking.
We know that some 40 per cent of people who abuse alcohol can stop drinking quite easily, 47
per cent can stop with active medical help, while only 13 per cent cannot drop the habit. These are
approximate figures, and the ratios differ from country to country.
This is precisely what makes researchers think that alcoholism, though considered an
environmental problem, sets in as the result of the interaction of alcohol with internal factors of the
organism. At present the scientists are busy searching for biological markers, i. e., the indicators
within the organism which would show the person's predisposition to alcoholism.
It is still not clear to scientists how and why the brain becomes addicted to nicotin or alcohol.
We cannot speak about effective treatment until we understand the mechanism of habituation.
2. Answer the following questions.
1.
Who usually becomes an alcoholic?
2.
When does man's psychic behaviour change?
3.
What happens with alcoholics at the second stage?
4.
What does acute alcoholism result in?
5.
Is there any difference among alcoholics?
3. Put 5 types of questions to the underlined sentences.
4. Give plural of the following nouns wherever possible.
Pes, people, child, septum, half, scarf, bush, army, day, uncle.
5. Give degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
Bad, narrow, hopeful, new, interesting, different, strange.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
 Я показав товаришеві нові наукові журнали, які я купив у Києві.
 Доповідь про лікарські трави буде написано до середи.
 Я переписуватиму формули кислот та лугів в той час, як ти читатимеш десятий
параграф підручника з неорганічної хімії.
 Для того, щоб не виникали ускладнення, такі, як запалення середнього вуха чи
легенів, потрібно інтенсивно лікуватися від грипу.
 Лікар може призначити ці ліки у формі внутрішньом’язевих ін’єкцій або орально
після їжі.
Методична розробка № 48 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Common Symptoms of Poisoning”
для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 48
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF POISONING
The common symptoms of acute poisoning are as follows:
1. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, gastric disorder. Source; many chemicals and
drugs, food poisoning, black widow spider (abdominal pain, rigidity).
2. Corrosive burns on the lips, mouth, and throat. Source; mineral acids, caustic alkali, oxalic
acid, ammonia, bichloride of mercury, phenol, and fluorides.
3. Respiratory and circulatory symptoms such as cyanosis, shock collapse, sudden loss of
consciousness and convulsions. Source; lack of oxygen (replacement by other gases, including
odourless carbon dioxide, from decaying vegetables and fruit), many chemicals and drugs.
4. Pupillary Changes: a) Mydriasis (dilated pupil). Source: belladonna group, cocaine, nicotine;
b) Miosis (constricted pupil). Source: opium group, muscarine, physostigmine.
5. Respiratory paralysis. Source: carbon monoxide, cyanides.
6. Skin discolouration. Source: acetanilid, nitrobenzene, aniline, sulfa drugs, carbon
tetrachloride, cinchophen, carbon monoxide.
7. Delirium. Source: barbiturates, cocaine, opium, derivatives of atropine, lead, mercury.
8. Characteristic odour on the breath. Source: chloroform, ether, phenol, and cyanides.
Treatment. Most emergency treatment is symptomatic, and rapidity of action may result in the
saving of a life or the prevention of disabling sequelae. The general principles for emergency treatment
are as follows:
1. Identify the poison so that specific measures may be instituted with appropriate antidotes.
2. Remove most of the poison from the stomach by gastric lavage or emetics (1 tablespoonful of
mustard or 2 table-spoonful of sodium chloride in a glass of warm water). Children may be given a
glass of milk. Gastric lavage is frequently lifesaving. When the stomach tube is used, antidotes and
other substances (cathartics) may be administered before removing the tube.
3. Administer a physiologic antidote.
4. Institute supportive or restorative measures. These may be necessary even before the removal
of the poison in order to keep the patient alive.
V.
I.
Read the text and write out the new words.
II.
Make up sentences of your own with new words.
III.
Translate the text.
IV.
Make up a plan of the text.
Write a summary according to the plan according.
Методична розробка № 49 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Sanitation” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 49
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
SANITATION
The word sanitation comes from Latin word "sanitas" meaning health. It is the science of how to
preserve the public health. We say it is sanitary when our premises are clean and free from flies and
mosquitoes as well as from rats and mice. It is sanitary when the air we breathe is free from dust and
odours. It is sanitary when our milk and water supplies are pure. Therefore, it is insanitary to live
among insects, dirt and germs and to drink impure water and unclean milk. To allow germs to spread
abroad from the persons who are ill is also insanitary.
There are many people who do not understand anything at all about germ diseases and there are
some who do not yet know that the mosquito is the carrier of diseases, or that a person who is slightly
ill, or not ill at all m«y be a carrier of typhoid germs. Such people do not understand the importance of
sanitation.
Education and propaganda are very important in spreading a knowledge of disease germs to help
the sanitary conditions of the country. Better sanitary conditions mean a decrease in the number of
deaths from infectious diseases which are as common in the country as in the city. It is sensible to
practise sanitation and, as far as possible, avoid germ diseases. It is possible to avoid most of these
diseases. Sanitation is economical, for it is cheaper to prevent most germ diseases than to suffer from
them. So, sanitation deals with the control of public health, water and food supplies, and the disposal
of sewage. It is the setting up of environmental conditions favourable to health. Good health, in turn, is
the result of normal functioning of a normal body in a good environment.
I.
Read the text and write out the new words.
II.
Make up sentences of your own with new words.
III.
Translate the text.
IV.
Make up a plan of the text.
V.
Write a summary according to the plan according.
Методична розробка № 50 для самостійної роботи по темі
“Practical Food Hygiene” для студентів фармацевтичного факультету
(заочне відділення, І курс)
Мета заняття № 50
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом з теми.
2.
Вміти вільно користуватися новими лексичними одиницями для побудови
речень і використання їх у певних ситуаціях.
3.
Засвоїти інформаційний матеріал заняття.
PRACTICAL FOOD HYGIENE
The dispensation of clean, safe, pure food necessitates strict adherence to the simple rules of
hygiene at all. The food should be fit for consumption when it arrives on the premises. Meat, fish,
poultry and game should be free from disease and fresh. These should be taken immediately from their
wrappings, washed and drained. Unless they are to be cooked immediately they should be stored in a
cool dry place, preferably in a refrigerator set at about 40 °F. Canned food must, be carefully examined
for, rust, for leaky seams and for "blows". A "blown" can be convex instead of concave at one or both
ends. Two points should be stressed in connection with food storage. The first is that hot food should
never be placed in a refrigerator to cool. Cooked food which has to be stored for any length of time
should first be cooled in a clean airy room down to normal atmosphere temperature, after which it may
be placed in a refrigerator. The other important point is that all cooked meat dishes should be
consumed on the same day. The practice of setting aside portions of cooked meat for reheating on the
following day cannot be strongly condemned. Many outbreak of food poisoning have been attributed
to the consumption of such reheated foods.
Fresh milk should be kept not more than one night and even that in refrigerator. Strict
observation of person cleanliness is vital at every stage from the receipt of the food to the final
cleansing of utensils and equipment. Personal hygiene necessitates that the persons employed in good
health. People suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, from intestinal disorders, or chronic skin
affections, should not be employed in food production.
The methods of preservation of food products are the following: a) refrigeration; b) canning; c)
salting, drying and pickling; d) cooking. All these methods are based on destroying harmful bacteria
and are used in home conditions and in industry. Pathogenic bacteria do not develop at low
temperature, they are killed by freezing. So, refrigeration is a safe method of preserving most of the
food products. Canned food may be stored for long period of time without spoilage. Drying, salting
and pickling of foods is based on the fact that bacteria cannot develop without moisture and in high
concentrations of salt and sugar. And cooking is the most important factor in the destruction of
bacteria, and the preservation of food. The use of heat in the preparation of food is one of the greatest
of our agents of health conservation.
I.
Read the text and write out the new words.
II.
Make up sentences of your own with new words.
III.
Translate the text.
IV.
Make up a plan of the text.
V.Write a summary according to the plan according.