Supplementary Figure legends Supplementary Figure 1 Cartoon showing PDC tissue with the area used for assessment of tumor-infiltrating immune/inflammatory cells (A). In order to extract tumor-infiltrating immune/inflammatory cells that represented the host immune response against tumor cells, we selected three areas at low magnification in which the immunolabeled cells had infiltrated the tumor most densely (A, B), except for the area at the invasive front of the tumor. We did not select areas into which infiltrated immune/inflammatory cells had been recruited as a result of secondary tumor effects, such as pancreatitis, necrosis, ulceration, or mucus flooding of the tissue. Accordingly, we did not select areas at the invasive front of the tumor, which is usually affected most severely by pancreatitis. The selected areas were those in which it had been confirmed at high magnification that invasive proliferation of cancer cells was present. Immunohistochemistry of PDC tissue for CD8 with nuclear counterstained by Hematoxylin in the low-power view (B) and the high-power view (C). Invasive proliferation of PDC cells are found in the areas surrounded by blue lines and three areas for assessment of tumor-infiltrating immune/inflammatory cells are indicated by the black square (B). The black square marked by the asterisk (*) is corresponded to C. The majority of immune/inflammatory cells were attached to tumor cells in the area shown (C). Supplementary Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing comparison of disease-free survival between high (orange) and low (blue) infiltration of immune/inflammatory cells. P values obtained from log-rank test. The "x" and "+" represent censoring and failure, respectively. The proportions of 5-year survival with 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses) are shown. *Ratio of CD68+HLA-DR+ M1 macrophages to CD68+ pan-macrophages, **ratio of FOXP3+CD4+ Tregs to CD4+ T cells. Supplementary Figure 3 (Left) Venn diagram defining relationships and subpopulations among populations of patients with CD4+Thigh, CD8+Thigh, or %Treglow. (Right) Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing comparison of overall survivals for the subpopulations defined in the Venn diagram.