GENDERS/RACES IN/AND SCIENCES/TECHNOLOGIES/MEDICINES
Sociology 245
Spring 2000
st
March 30-June 1 : Thursdays 1:00 - 4:00 P.M.
UCSF Parnassus Heights Campus--Room N627
"Science, it would seem, is not sexless; she is a man, a father, and infected too."
Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas
"From this field of differences, replete with the promises and terrors of cyborg
embodiments and situated knowledges, there is no exit. Anthropologists of
possible selves, we are technicians of realizable futures. Science is culture."
Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women
FACULTY:
Adele E. Clarke, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology and History of Health Sciences
Dept. of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0612
Office: LH455, 415-476-0694 (w), 476-6552 (fax), 621-4432 (h), aclarke@itsa.ucsf.edu
Office Hours: Meetings by appointment--email/call for appointment.
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Course explores historical and contemporary intersections of genders, races, feminisms, sciences,
and technologies, emphasizing the life sciences and biomedicine. Specific topics include feminist
and postcolonial critiques of scientific epistemologies and practices; historical and contemporary
constructions of differences through scientific, biomedical, and technological practices; impacts of
race and gender on scientific work per se; the revaluation of indigenous knowledges and
possibilities for feminist and non-racist knowledge production. A fundamental assumption of this
course is that feminist science studies is an intervention into what constitutes social and cultural
studies of science/technology--and, indeed, into what constitutes science/technology/medicine
itself. A major goal of feminist science studies approaches is to (re)construct studies of science in
ways that include diverse actors and perspectives in order to reconfigure knowledge production.
OUTLINE OF THE COURSE: fix
3/30 1. Introduction and Feminist & Postcolonial Critiques of Science:
Epistemologies & Practices I
4/6
2. Feminist & Postcolonial Critiques of Science: Epistemologies & Practices II
4/13 3. Constructions of Differences I: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race
4/20 4. On the Moves Beyond Movement(s): Haraway Day
4/27 5. Constructions of Differences II: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Gender
5/4
6. Constructions of Differences III: Bodies, Sex/Gender, Sexualities
5/11 7. Technologies and Informatics in/and/of Race/Sex/Gender
5/18 8. Constructions of Difference in Germany: From the Nazi Era to Transplant Medicine
5/25 9. New Reproductive Technologies: Intersecting with Gender, Racial & Species Formations
6/1
10. The New Genetics Constructs Race and Sex/Gender and the New Eugenics
(no session) 11. People of Color & White Women in Science/Biomedicine: Pleasures & Dangers
1
UNITS AND LEVEL:
This course is open to doctoral students from all programs and is offered for 2-4 units as Sociology
245. Course may be taken for 2 units ONLY on a pass/fail basis. Students desiring 3 units may take
the course EITHER pass/fail or for a letter grade. For 4 units it MUST be taken for a letter grade.
Auditors need permission of the instructor.
COURSE GOALS AND REQUIREMENTS:
Course may be taken on a pass/fail basis or for a letter grade (see above for further distinctions).
The different requirements are detailed below. The intensive focus of the course is on the readings
and discussion. All students are expected to attend class and to participate in class discussions.
PASS/FAIL REQUIREMENTS:
To pass the course, "Critique Forms" for a to be announced list of a subset of the required readings
must be turned into the instructors and be deemed satisfactory. These will be due April 27th and
June 1st for the readings through those dates. The critique sheets for each week should be stapled
together with your name on each page. A cover page should note your name and what weeks you
have handed readings in for. For 2 units pass/fail, critique sheets for only 2/3 of the listed readings
need to be turned in. For 3 units, critique sheets for all listed required readings should be turned in.
Critique sheets may be handwritten and in outline form. Be as elaborate or as simple as you wish.
(If you don't type your critique sheets, please write as neatly as possible. I do read, comment and—
especially--respond to queries and questions/points for clarification.)
LETTER GRADE REQUIREMENTS: For a letter grade at 3 units a short (10-12 page) paper or
book review is required. For 4 units (letter grade only), you need to turn in 1) a written and oral
book review (15-20 pp.), or 2) a paper (20+ pp.). Typed proposals for reviews and papers (a brief
sketch of what you intend to do and a preliminary bibliography) are due April 27th. All papers are
due June 9th.
POSSIBLE PAPER FORMATS:
The paper may be any of the following:
1) a research paper on a topic of your own choosing related to the course. You can use any theme
or topic in the course as a starting point. Alternatively, you might wish to pursue feminist
science studies aspects of a problem you are already involved in studying and researching.
2) a literature review, fairly ambitious and well-focused. For example, you might select to do a
detailed analysis of one of the perspectives we will be studying or go into more depth on a
particular problem.
3) a book review. If you select this option, you will be expected to present your review in class
during an appropriate session. (We especially like this option because it lets us cover more
ground than is possible through just the assigned readings.)
4) an alternative you develop and the instructor approves.
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TEXTS AND OTHER READINGS/MEDIA:
Required Books ordered from Millberry Bookstore.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 2000. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality.
NY: Basic Books.
Hogle, Linda. 1999. Recovering the Nation’s Body: Cultural Memory, Medicine, and the Politics of
Redemption. New Brunswick, NJ. Rutgers University Press.
Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.) 2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
Rapp, Rayna. 1999. Testing Women/Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in
America. NY: Routledge.
Shiebinger, Londa. 1999. Has Feminism Changed Science? Cambridge, MA: Harvard U.P.
Terry, Jennifer. 1999. An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern
Society. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Required Reader:
A complete set of nonbook required readings (articles) will be available for purchase, and a copy
will also be on reserve at the UCSF Library Reserve Book Room.
??Keller, Evelyn Fox & Helen Longino (Eds.) 1996. Feminism and Science. NY: Oxford U. Press.
We may also read exerpts from the following that have also been placed on reserve:
Balsamo, Anne. 1996. Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women. Durham,
NC: Duke University Press.
Bloom, Lisa Ed. 1999. With Other Eyes: Looking at Race and Gender in Visual Culture.
Minneapolis: Univ. of Minn. Press. ISBN 0-8166-3223-5
Butchart, Alexander. 1998. The Anatomy of Power: European Constructions of the African Body.
New York, NY: Zed Books. ISBN 1-85649-540-X
Clarke, Adele E. 1998. Disciplining Reproduction: Modernity, the American Life Sciences, and the
‘Problems of Sex.’ Berkeley: University of California Press.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 2000. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality.
New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07713-7
Haraway, Donna 1989. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern
Science. New York: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs and Women. New York: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna. 1997. Modest_Witness@Second.Millenium. New York: Routledge.
Harding, Sandra Ed. 1993. The “Racial” Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future.
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20810-6
Hayles, Katherine. 1999. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature,
and Informatics. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-32146-0.
Harding, Sandra (Ed.) 1993. The 'Racial' Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future.
Indiana University Press.
Haraway, Donna 1989. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern
Science. New York: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna 1991. Simians, Cyborgs and Women. New York: Routledge.
Kaplan, E. Ann and Squier, Susan Eds. 1999. Playing Dolly: Technocultural Formations, Fantasies,
and Fictions of Assisted Reproduction. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U. Press.
Oudshoorn, Nelly. 1994. Beyond the Natural Body: An Archeology of Sex Hormones. New
York/London: Routledge.
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Rothenberg, Karen H. and Elizabeth J. Thompson (Eds.). 1994. Women and Prenatal Testing:
Facing the Challenges of Genetic Technology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Stengers, Isabelle. 1997. Power and Invention: Situating Science. Minneapolis: U. of Minn. Press.
Stone, Sandy. 1996. The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Terry, Jennifer and Jacqueline Urla (Eds.) 1995. Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on
Difference in Science and Popular Culture. Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press.
SCIENCE FICTION FEMINISM AND ANTIRACISM:
BOOKS:
Suggested science fiction books relevant to the course include those listed below. This is by no
means a definitive list of feminist and gender-related science fiction, but rather a place to start if
you're new to the genre. There are also a number of references in the general bibliography at the
back of this syllabus which deal with gender, feminism, and science fiction and see Kirkup.
Tepper, Sheri S. (1988). The Gate to Women's Country. New York: Bantam Books.
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1982 [1818]). Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Butler, Octavia (1989). Imago. New York: Popular Library. and other titles
Russ, Joanna (1975). The Female Man. Toronto: Bantam Books.
Brin, David (1987). The Uplift War. Toronto: Bantam Books.
Piercy, Marge (1992). He, She & It. New York: Fawcett Crest.
Cadigan, Pat (1991). Synners. New York: Bantam Books.
Le Guin, Ursula K. (1969). The Left Hand of Darkness. New York: Ace Books.
Vonarburg, Elisabeth (1981). The Silent City. New York: Bantam Books.
Slonczewski, Joan (1986). A Door Into Ocean. New York: Avon.
FILMS: A few historical and contemporary films which deal (either directly or indirectly) with
gender, science, and technology are available on home video--FYI:
Metropolis, Blade Runner, Aliens, Terminator II: Judgment Day
Other pertinent films include:
Donna Haraway Reads the National Geographic on Primates
On the Eighth Day I: Perfecting Mother Nature
On the Eighth Day II: Making Babies Perfect
RELEVANT WEBSITES:
Race and Science: http://di-145c.mit.edu/racesci/
4000 years of women in science: www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/4000WS.html
United Network for Organ Sharing: www.unos.org
Resource Center for Cyberculture Studies: http://otal.umd.edu/~rccs
LISTSERVS:
Feminism in/and Science and Technology: FIST@DAWN.HAMPSHIRE.EDU
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SYLLABUS: GENDERS/RACES IN/AND SCIENCES/TECHNOLOGIES/MEDICINES
MARCH 30 -- SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION and
FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF SCIENCE: EPISTEMOLOGIES AND PRACTICES I
Overview of the field(s), canonical writings, epistemological shifts and course business.
REQUIRED READINGS:
Oudshoorn, Nelly. 1994. Preface and Introduction. Pp. 1-14 in Beyond the Natural Body: An
Archeology of Sex Hormones. New York: Routledge.
Hayles, Katherine. 1995. Exerpt from The Life Cycle of Cyborgs: Writing the Posthuman. Pp. 321323 in Chris Hables Gray, Heidi J. Figueroa-Sarriera and Steven Mentor (Eds.) The Cyborg
Handbook. New York: Routledge.
Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1995. Gender and Science: Origin, History and Politics. Osiris 10:27-38.
McNeil, Maureen and Sarah Franklin (1991). Science and Technology: Questions for Cultural
Studies and Feminism. In Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey (Eds.), Off-Centre:
Feminism and Cultural Studies (pp. 129-146). London: Harper Collins Academic.
Stengers, Isabelle. 1997. “Of Paradigms and Puzzles.” Pp. 108-119 in her Power and Invention:
Situating Science. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
APRIL 6TH -- SESSION 2
FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF SCIENCE: EPISTEMOLOGIES AND PRACTICES II
Session will give some overview of the key critical questions and introduce bodies in nature-human and nonhuman--as sites for the construction of multiple kinds of difference. We engage here
with some of the epistemological and ontological problematics of feminist technoscience studies.
REQUIRED READINGS:
RE--VIEW: Haraway, Donna. 1991. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and
the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Pp. 183-202 in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The
Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. [not in reader—I assume you have]
Harding, Sandra. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Read Chapter 1, Introduction: After the Science Question
in Feminism, pp. 1-18 and part of Chapter 2, Feminism Confronts the Sciences: Reform and
Transformation, pp. 34-50.
Watson-Verran, H. and Turnbull, D. 1995. "Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems."
Pp. 115-139 in Sheila Jasanoff. Gerald Markle, James Petersen and Trevor Pinch, eds.
Handbook of Sciences and Technology Studies. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Stepan, Nancy Leys and Sander L. Gilman. 1993. "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The
Rejection of Scientific Racism." In The 'Racial' Economy of Science. Toward a Democratic
Future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 170-200.
Tomlinson, Barbara. 1995. Phallic Fables and Spermatic Romance: Disciplinary Crossing and
Textual Ridicule. Configurations 2:105-34.
5
RECOMMENDED READINGS FOR SESSIONS 1-2:
Laslett, Barbara et al. (Eds.). 1996. Gender and Scientific Authority. University of Chicago Press.
Harding, Sandra. "Is Western Science an Ethnoscience? Resources and Challenges from
Postcolonial Science Studies."
Keller, Evelyn Fox. 199fix. Feminism and Science. Pp. Fix in Evelyn Fox Keller and Helen
Longino (Eds.) Feminism and Science. NY: Oxford.
Keller, Evelyn Fox (1992). Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death. New York: Routledge. Read
Introduction, pp. 1-14.
Franklin, Sarah. 1995. Science as Culture, Cultures of Science. Annual Review of Anthropology
24:163-84.
Urla, Jacqueline and Jennifer Terry. 1995. Introduction. Pp. 1-18 in Deviant Bodies: Critical
Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture, Terry and Urla (Eds.)
Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press.
Schiebinger, Londa. 1995. Healthy Skepticism: Review of Ruth Hubbard's Profitable Promises.
Women's Review of Books XII(12):17-18.
Rose, Hilary. 1994. Introduction: Is a Feminist Science Possible? Pp. 1-27 in her Love, Power and
Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences. Bloomington: Indiana U.
Press.
Lykke, Nina. 1996. "Introduction." Pp. 1-10 in Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs:
Feminist Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace, edited by Nina Lykke and
Rosi Braidotti. London & NJ: Zed Books.
Traweek, Sharon 1993. "An Introduction to Cultural and Social Studies of Sciences and
Technologies." Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 17(1993): 3-25.
Keller, Evelyn Fox (1992). Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death. New York: Routledge. Chapter 1,
Gender and Science: An Update, pp. 15-38.
Keller, Evelyn 1991. "The Origin, History, and Politics of the Subject Called 'Gender and
Science'." Handbook of Science and Technology Studies.
Hess, D. 1992. "Introduction: The New Ethnography and the Anthropology of science and
Technology." Knowledge and Society 9 (1992).
Hess, D. 1995/6? "If You're Thinking of Living in STS...A Guide for the Perplexed" in Gary
Downey et al. The Borderland of Technoscience. Seattle: University of Washington Press,
forthcoming.
Haraway, D. 1994. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies"
Configuration 2,1 (1994):59-71 John Hopkins University Press.
Tuana, Nancy (Ed.). (1989a). Feminism and Science. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Shiva, Vandana. 1995. Democratizing Biology: Reinventing Biology from a Feminist, Ecological,
and Third World Perspective. Pp. 50-74 in Reinventing Biology: Respect for Life and the
Creation of Knowledge, Lynda Birke and Ruth Hubbard (Eds.) Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Lykke, Nina. 1996. "Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs: Feminist Confrontations with
Science, Medicine and Cyberspace." Pp. 13-29 in Between Monsters, Goddesses and
Cyborgs: Feminist Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace, edited by Nina
Lykke and Rosi Braidotti. London & NJ: Zed Books.
Marglin, Steven. 1990. "Towards the Decolonization of the Mind." Pp. 1-28 in Dominating
Knowledge: Development, Culture, Resistance. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6
Schiebinger, Londa. 1993. Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science. New York:
Routledge. Read pages ix-39.
Bordo, Susan. 1987. "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought and the 17th Century Flight from
the Feminine." Chapter 6 in her The Flight to Objectivity: Essays on Catesianism and
Culture. Albany: SUNY Press.
Harding, Sandra (1986). The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Biology and Gender Study Group (1989). The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary
Cell Biology. In Nancy Tuana (Eds.), Feminism and Science (pp. 172-187). Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.
Hubbard, Ruth (1990). The Politics of Women's Biology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University
Press. Read the Introduction: Science and Science Criticism, pp. 1-6; Chapter 1, Science in
Context, pp. 9-22; and Chapter 2, Fact Making and Feminism, pp. 23-34.
Berman, Ruth (1989). From Aristotle's Dualism to Materialist Dialectics: Feminist Transformations
of Science and Society. In Alison M. Jaggar and Susan R. Bordo (Eds.),
Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing (pp. 224-255).
New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Bleier, Ruth (1988). A Decade of Feminist Critiques in the Natural Sciences. Signs, 14(1), 186-195.
Code, Lorraine (1991). What Can She Know?: Feminist Theory and the Construction of
Knowledge. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1993). Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Women and Men. 2nd
ed. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
Fujimura, Joan H. (1992). On Methods, Ontologies, and Representation in the Sociology of
Science: Where Do We Stand? In David Maines (Eds.), Social Organization and Social
Process: Essays in Honor of Anselm L. Strauss Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Irigaray, Luce (1989). Is the Subject of Science Sexed? In Nancy Tuana (Eds.), Feminism and
Science (pp. 58-68). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Knorr-Cetina, Karin (1981). The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and
Contextual Nature of Science. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Law, John (1991). Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations. In John Law
(Ed.), A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, (pp. 1-23).
London: Routledge.
Minh-Ha, Trinh T. (1989). Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Read Chapter 2, The Language of Nativism:
Anthropology as a Scientific Conversation of Man with Man, pp. 47-76.
Nicholson, Linda J. (Ed.). (1990). Feminism/Postmodernism. New York: Routledge.
Wylie, Alison, Kathleen Okruhlik, and Leslie Thielen-Wilson (1989). Feminist Critiques of
Science: The Epistemological and Methodological Literature. Women's Studies
International Forum, 12(3), 379-388.
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APRIL 13TH -- SESSION 3
CONSTRUCTING DIFFERENCES I: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY
PERSPECTIVES ON RACE
Core arguments regarding the construction of race as a concept and race differences--and their
historical variations--in modern Western sciences, especially the life sciences and medicine:
REQUIRED READINGS:
Stocking, George. 1994. The Turn-of-the-Century Concept of Race. Modernism\Modernity 1(1):416.
Stepan, Nancy. 1986. Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science. [Isis 77:261-277.] in
Kirkup TEXT. Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.) 2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY:
Routledge.
Harding, Sandra. 1993. "Introduction: Eurocentric Scientific Illiteracy - A Challenge for the World
Community." Pp. 1-22 in The 'Racial' Economy of Science. Toward a Democratic Future.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 1-29.
Rothstein, Edward. 1999. Map Makers Explore the Contours of Power: New Study Tries to Break
the Eurocentric Mold. The New York Times May 29:A1, A19. HANDOUT.
Butchart, Alexander. 1998. Introduction and Chapter 1 of his The Anatomy of Power: European
Constructions of the African Body. London: Zed Books.
Anderson, Warwick. 2000. The Third World Body. Pp. 237-247 in John Pickstone and Roger
Cooter (Eds.) Medicine in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge.
Bishop, Alan J. 1990/1995. Western Mathematics: The Secret Weapon of Cultural Imperialism. Pp.
71-76 in The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, ed. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen
Tiffin. London and NY: Routledge.
American Anthropological Association. 1998. Statement on Race. www.ameranthassn.org
Haraway, Donna. 1997. Modest_Witness@Second.Millenium. NY: Routledge. For this session
read 213-266: "Universal Donors in a Vampire Culture: It's all in the Family. TwentiethCentury Biological Racial Categories" also published in William Cronon, ed., Uncommon
Ground: Towards Reinventing Nature. Boston: Norton, 1995.
Smith, Shawn Michelle. 1999. Photographing the “American Negro”: Nation, Race and
Photography at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. Pp. 157-186 in her American Archives:
Gender, Race, and Class in Visual Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rothstein, Edward. 1997. Museums that Tell What to Think: The Black History Exhibit. The New
York Times April 20. HANDOUT.
Hammonds, Evelyn M. 2000. New Technologies of Race. Pp. 305-318 in Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.)
The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
RECOMMENDED READINGS ON CONSTRUCTION OF RACE DIFFERENCE:
Teslow, Tracy Lang. 1995. Representing Race: Artistic and Scientific Realism. Science as Culture
5(1)--#22:12-38.
Said, Edward. 1978/1995. Orientalism. Pp. 87-91 in in The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, ed. Bill
Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. London and NY: Routledge.
Bloom, Lisa. 1994. "Constructing Whiteness: Popular Science and National Geographic in the Age
of Multiculturalism." Configurations, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 15-32.
Hammonds, Evelyn. 1992. Missing Persons: African American Women, AIDS, and the History of
Disease. Radical America 24(2): 7-24.
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Anderson, Warwick. 1996. Disease, Race and Empire. [and] Immunities of Empire: Race, Disease,
and the New Tropical Medicine, 1900-1920. Bulletin of the History of Medicine
70(1)Spring:62-67 and 94-118.
Bernal, Martin. 1987/1993. Black Athena: Hostilities to Egypt in the Eighteenth Century. Pp. 47-63
in The 'Racial' Economy of Science. Toward a Democratic Future. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Boynton, Robert S. 1996. The Bernaliad: A Scholar Warrior's Long Journey to Ithaca. Lingua
Franca Nov.:43-50.
Marshall, Gloria A. 1993. "Racial Classification: Popular and Scientific." In The 'Racial' Economy
of Science. Toward a Democratic Future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 116127.
Palladino, Paulo and Michael Worboys. 1993. "Science and Imperialism." Isis, Vol. 84, pp. 91-102.
Harding, Sandra (Ed.) 1993. The 'Racial' Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future.
Indiana University Press.
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APRIL 20 -- SESSION 4
ON THE MOVES BEYOND/AHEAD OF(?) MOVEMENT(S): HARAWAY DAY
TECHNOSCIENCE, GENDER AND RACE IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER
Donna Haraway is among the leading theorists of feminist technoscience studies. Today's readings
include exerpts from her classic works and focus on her most recent work. Adele will discuss some
of her earlier contributions. We will focus, as she does, on race and gender and their
intersections/interplay in science/technology/medicine.
REQUIRED READINGS:
Haraway, Donna. 1995. "Art Copy" in Out of the Cold. Center for Arts at Yerba Buena Gardens.
Clough, Patricia Tinceto and Joseph Schneider. 2000. Donna Haraway. [provided by authors.] To
appear in fix.
Haraway, Donna. 1989. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern
Science. New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 1, Introduction: The Persistence of Vision,
pp. 1-15. If you want more, read Ch. 2 Primate Colonies & the Extraction of Value pp. 1925; Ch. 6 "Reinstituting Primatology After World War II; Women's Place is in the Jungle
pp. 279-93; Ch. 16, Reprise: Science, Fictions of Science, and Primatology, pp. 368-382.
Haraway, Donna. 1985/1991. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism
in the Late Twentieth Century. Pp. 149-182 in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The
Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. REPRINTED IN Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.)
2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna. 1995. Introduction: Cyborgs and Symbionts: Living Together in the New World
Order. Pp. xi-xx in Chris Hables Gray, Heidi J. Figueroa-Sarriera and Steven Mentor (Eds.)
The Cyborg Handbook. New York: Routledge.
Sofoulis, Zoe. 1993. Hacker Politics versus Cyborg Politics and a Cyber Feminist Manifesto for the
21st century. Handout from Feminism and Science Conference, Melbourne.
Haraway, Donna. 1997. Modest_Witness@Second.Millenium. FemaleManc_Meets_OncomousTM
NY: Routledge. For this session read 1-48; 119-130, 267-271. THIS IS NOT IN READER
AS I SUSPECT MOST OF YOU HAVE IT.
Stabile, Carol A. 1994. "Feminism and the Technological Fix" and "Calculating on a Frictionless
Plane." Pp. 1-25 and 134-160 in her Feminism and the Technological Fix (Manchester
University Press).
RECOMMENDED READINGS--on primatology as well as Haraway:
Orr, Jackie. 1996. Science Fiction Feminism? Situating Donna Haraway. Introductory essay in
Spanish translation of Simians, Cyborgs and Women. Madrid:fixpress. English version
available from Adele with permission.
Sandoval, Chela. 1995. New Sciences: Cyborg Feminism and the Methodology of the Oppressed.
Pp. 407-22 in Chris Hables Gray, Heidi J. Figueroa-Sarriera and Steven Mentor (Eds.) The
Cyborg Handbook. New York: Routledge.
Geertz, Clifford. 1990. Exerpt from "A Lab of One's Own." New York Review of Books Nov. 8.
Hrdy, Sara Blaffner (1981). The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press. Read Chapter 1, Some Women That Never Evolved, pp. 1-15 and the Afterword, pp.
189-192.
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Zihlman, Adrienne L. (1985). Gathering Stories for Hunting Human Nature: Review Essay.
Feminist Studies, 11(2), 365-377.
Tiffany, Sharon W. (19??). Woman the Data Gatherer. Women's Review of Books.
Carey, Benedict (1993). Kissing Cousins: When It Comes to Love and Sex, Humans Behave
Surprisingly Like Bonobo Chimps. Health (March/April), 89-94.
Love, Rosaleen 1983. "Darwinism and Feminism: The 'Woman Question' in the Life and Work of
Olive Schreiner and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Pp. 113-131. in D. Oldroyd and I. Lanham
(eds.) The Wider Domain of Evolutionary Thought. Holland/Boston: D. Reidel Publishing.
Richards, Evellen 1983. "Darwin and the Descent of Woman." Pp. 57-111. in D.Oldroyd and I.
Langham (eds.) The Wider Domain of Evolutionary Thought. Holland/Boston: D. Reidel
Publishing.
Caulfield, Mina Davis (1985). Sexuality in Human Evolution: What is "Natural" in Sex? Feminist
Studies, 11(2), 343-363.
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (1992). Deconstructing the Deconstructionists: Primate Re-Visions.
Contention, 1(1).
Haraway, Donna (1986). Primatology is Politics by Other Means. In Ruth Bleier (Eds.), Feminist
Approaches to Science New York: Pergamon Press.
Haraway, Donna (1989). Monkeys, Aliens, and Women: Love, Science, and Politics at the
Intersection of Feminist Theory and Colonial Discourse. Women's Studies International
Forum, 12(3), 295-312.
Haraway, Donna (1990). Investment Strategies for the Evolving Portfolio of Primate Females. In
Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth (Eds.), Body/Politics: Women
and the Discourses of Science (pp. 139-162). New York: Routledge.
Lancaster, Jane B. (1984). Evolutionary Perspectives on Sex Differences in the Higher Primates. In
Alice Rossi (Eds.), Gender and the Life Course (pp. 3-27). New York: Aldine.
Mitman, Gregg (1992). The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Strathern, Marilyn (1991). Primate Visionary. Science as Culture, 2(11), 282-295.
Tanner, Nancy and Adrienne Zihlman (1978). Women in Evolution, Part I: Innovation and
Selection in Human Origins. Signs, 1, 585-608.
Zihlman, Adrienne L. (1978). Women and Evolution, Part II: Subsistence and Social Organization
Among Early Hominids. Signs, 4(1), 4-20.
Penley, Constance and Andrew Ross (1991). Cyborgs at Large: Interview with Donna Haraway. In
Constance Penley and Andrew Ross (Eds.), Technoculture (pp. 1-20). Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press.
Haraway, Donna (1991). The Actors Are Cyborg, Nature is Coyote, and the Geography is
Elsewhere: Postscript to 'Cyborgs at Large'. In Constance Penley and Andrew Ross (Eds.),
Technoculture (pp. 21-26). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
11
APRIL 27 --- SESSION 5
CONSTRUCTING DIFFERENCES I: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY
PERSPECTIVES ON SEX/GENDER
Session focused on core arguments regarding the construction of sex/gender differences--and their
historical variations--in modern Western sciences, especially the life sciences and medicine.
"Sex" hormones have been one primary site for sustained construction of sex/gender/sexuality
difference.
REQUIRED READINGS:
Jordanova, Ludmilla. 1989. Chapters 1-Introduction and 5-Nature Unveiling Before Science. Pp. 118 and 87-110 in her Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between
the 18th and 20th Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Oudshoorn, Nelly and Marianne van den Wijngaard (1991). Dualism in Biology: The Case of Sex
Hormones. Women's Studies International Forum, 14(5), 459-471.
Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.) 2000. Introduction. Pp. Xiii-xiv and 1-10 in The Gendered Cyborg: A
Reader. NY: Routledge.
Bennett, Tony. 1995. Exerpt “One Sex at a Time.” Pp. 201-208 in his The Birth of the Museum:
History, Theory, Politics. London and NY: Routledge.
Bell, Susan. 1995. Gendered Medical Science: Producing a Drug for Women. Feminist Studies
21(3):469-500.
Lock, Margaret. 1997. Decentering the Natural Body: Making Difference Matter. Configurations
5:267-292.
Barad, Karen. 1998. Getting Real: Technoscientific Practices and the Materialization of Reality.
Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 10(2):87-126.
Schiebinger, Londa. 1999. Chapters on Biology and Medicine: 105-125 and 145-158 in her Has
Feminism Changed Science? Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. Press.
Schiebinger, Londa. 2000. Taxonomy for Human Beings. Pp. 11-37 in Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.)
2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
Moore, Lisa Jean and Matthew Allen Schmidt. 1999. On the Construction of Male Difference:
Marketing Variations in Technosemen. Men and Masculinities 1(4):331-351.
Longino, Helen E. and Evelyn Hammonds. 1990. Conflicts and Tensions in the Feminist Study of
Gender and Science. Pp. 164-183 in Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller (Eds.)
Conflicts in Feminism. NY: Routledge.
Books for possible reports:
Oudshoorn, Nelly. 1994. Beyond the Natural Body: An Archeology of Sex Hormones. New York:
Routledge.
Van den Winjgaard, Marianne. 1997. Reinventing the Sexes: The Biomedical Construction of
Femininity and Masculinity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Figert, Anne. 1996. Women and the Ownership of PMS: The Structuring of a Psychiatric Disorder.
New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Russett, Cynthia E. (1989). Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. 1989. Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between
the 18th and 20th Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
12
RECOMMENDED READINGS ON CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER DIFFERENCE:
van den Wijngaard, Marianne (1991). The Acceptance of Scientific Theories and Images of
Masculinity and Femininity: 1959-C1985. Journal of History of Biology, 24(1), 19-49.
van den Wijngaard, Marianne. Liberation of the Female Rodent. In Genes and Gender VII.
Challenging Racism and Sexism: Alternatives to Genetic Explanations. Ethel Tobach and
Betty Rosoff (Eds.) NY: Feminist Press of CUNY.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1992). Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Women and Men. 2nd
ed. New York: Basic Books.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1995. Gender, Race and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of "Hottentot"
Women in Europe, 1815-1817. Pp. 19-48 in Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline Urla (Eds.)
Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press.
Hubbard, Ruth. 1994. Race and Sex as Biological Categories. Pp. 11-21 in Genes and Gender VII.
Challenging Racism and Sexism: Alternatives to Genetic Explanations. Ethel Tobach and
Betty Rosoff (Eds.) NY: Feminist Press of CUNY.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. 1993. Gender and the Historiography of Science. British Journal of the
History of Science 26:469-83.
Hubbard, Ruth (1990). The Politics of Women's Biology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University
Press.
Farley, John (1982). Gametes and Spores: Ideas About Sexual Reproduction, 1750-1914.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jacobus, Mary (1990). In Parenthesis: Immaculate Conceptions and Feminine Desire. In Mary
Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth (Eds.), Body/Politics: Women and the
Discourses of Science (pp. 11-28). New York: Routledge.
Jordanova, Ludmilla (1989). Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between
the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Merchant, Carolyn (1980). The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution.
New York: Harper and Row.
Poovey, Mary (1990). Speaking of the Body: Mid-Victorian Constructions of Female Desire. In
Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth (Eds.), Body/Politics: Women
and the Discourses of Science (pp. 29-46). New York: Routledge.
Poovey, Mary (1987). 'Scenes of an Indelicate Character': The Medical 'Treatment' of Victorian
Women. In Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur (Eds.), The Making of the Modern
Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century (pp. 137-168). Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Schiebinger, Londa (1987c). Skeletons in the Closet: The First Illustrations of the Female Skeleton
in 19th Century Anatomy. In Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur (Eds.), The Making
of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century (pp. 42-82).
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Shuttleworth, Sally (1990). Female Circulation: Medical Discourse and Popular Advertising in the
Mid-Victorian Era. In Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth (Eds.),
Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science (pp. 47-68). New York: Routledge.
Beck, Alan (1957, May). What is a Boy? What is a Girl? Good Housekeeping, p. 75.
Martin, Emily (1991). The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on
Stereotypical Male-Female Roles. Signs, 16(3), 485-501.
13
Genova, Judith (1989). Women and the Mismeasure of Thought. In Nancy Tuana (Eds.), Feminism
and Science (pp. 211-228). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Hare-Mustin, Rachel T. and Jeanne Marecek. Making a Difference: Psychology and the
Construction of Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Merrllie, Francoise (1990). The Body of Women: The Interior and the Exterior. Actes de la
Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 83, 62-63.
Oudshoorn, Nelly (1989). Endocrinologists and the Conceptualization of Sex, 1920-1940. Journal
of the History of Biology, 23(2), 42-83.
Sherwin, Susan (1992). No Longer Patient: Feminist Ethics and Health Care. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press. Read Chapter 10, Medical Constructions of Sexuality, pp. 201-221.
Tavris, Carol (1992). The Mismeasure of Woman. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Zita, Jacquelyn N. (1989). The Premenstrual Syndrome: 'Dis-easing' the Female Cycle. In Nancy
Tuana (Eds.), Feminism and Science (pp. 188-210). Bloomington: Indiana University.
Tuana, Nancy (1989b). The Weaker Seed: The Sexist Bias of Reproductive Theory. In Nancy
Tuana (Eds.), Feminism and Science (pp. 147-171). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Schiebinger, Londa (1989). The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Read Chapter 7, More Than Skin Deep: The
Scientific Search for Sexual Difference, pp. 189-213.
Laqueur, Thomas (1990). Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press. Read Chapter 1, Of Language and Flesh, pp. 1-24.
Moscucci, Ornella (1990). The Science of Woman: Gynecology and Gender in England, 18001929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Read Chapter 1, The Problem of
Femininity, pp. 7-41.
Schiebinger, Londa. 1993. Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science. New York:
Routledge. Read pages 115-183.
14
MAY 4TH -- SESSION 6
CONSTRUCTION OF DIFFERENCES III: BODIES, SEX/GENDER, SEXUALITIES
What are now biology and biomedicine, what historically was anatomy, have been fundamental
sites of the construction of sex and sex differences, gender and gender differences, sexualities and
sexuality differences. The recent social science distinction between sex and gender provided a key
tool (NOT from the master's house) with which to analyze this history and to deconstruct the
proffered constructions of sex (as well as gender). Queer theory provides similar tools for
deconstructing sexualities.
REQUIRED READING:
Chase, Cheryl. 1998. Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political
Activism. GLQ (Gay and Lesbian Quarterly) 4(2):189-211.
Stone, Sandy (1991). The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttransexual Manifesto. Pp. 280-304 in Julia
Epstein and Kristina Straub (Eds.) Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender
Ambiguity. New York: Routledge.
Read Chapter 1 of both:
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 2000. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality.
NY: Basic Books.
Terry, Jennifer. 1999. An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern
Society. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
And pick ONE of them to read completely. Class session will be two panels for critique, signed up
in advance.
RECOMMENDED READING:
Somerville, Sioban. 1997. Scientific Racism and the Invention of the Homosexual Body. In Roger
Lancaster and Micaela di Leonardo (Eds.) The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture / History /
Political Economy. NY: Routledge.
Chandak Sengoopta. 1998. Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and
Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-Siecle Central Europe. Isis 89:445-473.
Murphy, Timothy F. 199? Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research. NY: Columbia
University Press.
Eriksen, Julia with Sally Steffen. 1999. Kiss and Tell: Surveying Sex in the Twentieth Century.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1993, March/April). The Five Sexes. The Sciences, 20-25.
Terry, Jennifer. 1995. Anxious Slippages between "Us" and "Them": A Brief History of the
Scientific Search for Homosexual Bodies. Pp. 129-169 in Terry, Jennifer and Jacqueline
Urla (Eds.) Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular
Culture. Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press.
Porter, Roy. 1996. Born That Way? Review of books on queer science. New York Times Book
Review August 11.
Hermaphrodites with Attitude: The quarterly publication of the Intersex Society of North America.
Fall/Winter 1995-6--exerpts.
Moore, Lisa Jean and Adele E. Clarke. 1995. "Genital Conventions and Trangressions: Graphic
Representations in Anatomy Texts, c1900-1991." Feminist Studies 22(1):255-301.
15
Kessler, Suzanne J. (1990). The Medical Construction of Gender: Case Management of Intersexed
Infants. Signs 16(1), 3-26.
Hirschauer, Stefan. 199?. Shifting Contradictions: Doing Sex and Doing Gender in Medical
Disciplines. To appear in Differences in Medicine, edited by Annemarie Mol and Marc
Berg.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1992). Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Women and Men. 2nd
ed. New York: Basic Books. Read Chapter 8, Sex and the Single Brain: Addendum to the
Second Edition, pp. 223-259.
Garber, Marjorie. (1989). Spare Parts: The Surgical Construction of Gender. Differences 1(3), 137159.
Garber, Marjorie. 199fix. Vested Interests:
Hirschauer, Stefan (1991). The Manufacture of Bodies in Surgery. Social Studies of Science, 21,
279-319.
Jordanova, Ludmilla. 1989. Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between
the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Moscucci, Ornella. 1990. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 18801929. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moscucci, Ornella. 1991. "Hermaphroditism and Sex Difference: The Construction of Gender in
Victorian England." In Marina Benjamin (ed.) Science and Sensibility: Gender and
Scientific Enquiry, 1780-1945. Oxford/Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
Terry, Jennifer (1990). Lesbians Under the Medical Gaze: Scientists Search for Remarkable
Differences. Journal of Sex Research, 27(3), 317-339.
16
MAY 11TH -- SESSION 7
TECHNOLOGIES AND INFORMATICS IN/AND/OF RACE, SEX AND GENDER
People's relations with technologies have been varied but are often understood to have been quite
gendered and raced: few women or men of color are engineers, inventors, etc.; and "female /
feminine" technologies concern household, appearance and reproduction. Race tropes vis-a-vis
technology are often subsumed under center/periphery, first/third world, high tech/appropriate tech
frames. ***See also bibliography on users of technologies at back of this syllabus.
REQUIRED READINGS:
ON TECHNOLOGIES
Cockburn, Cynthia and Ruza Furst-Dilic (Eds.) 1994. Introduction: Looking for the
Genbder/Technology Relation. Pp. 1-21 in their Bringing Technology Home: Gender and
Technology in a Changing Europe. Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Wajcman, Judy. 1995. "Feminist Theories of Technology." Handbook of Science and Technology
Studies. Sage.
Treichler, Paula, Lisa Cartwright, and Constance Penley. 1998. Introduction: Paradoxes of
Visibility. Pp. 1-20 in their (Eds.) The Visible Woman: Imaging Technologies, Gender, and
Science. NY: NYU Press.
Akrich, Madeleine. 1995. User Representations: Practices, Methods and Sociology. Pp. 167-184 in
Managing Technology in Society: The Approach of Constructive Technology Assessment,
ed. Arie Rip, Thomas J. Misa and Johan Schot. London and NY: Pinter/St. Martin's Press.
Berg, Anne-Jorunn. 1994. Technological Flexibility: Bringing Gender into Technology (or was it
the other way around?). Pp. 94-110 in Cockburn, Cynthia and Ruza Furst-Dilic (Eds.)
Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe. Buckingham
and Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Maines, Rachel 1989 "Socially Camouflaged Technologies: The Case of the Electromechanical
Vibrator." IEEE Technology and Science Magazine. June 1989.
Goodman, Ellen. 1999. ‘Going Thin’ in Fiji. San Francisco Chronicle, May 27:A29.
ON INFORMATICS
Stone, Allucquere Rosanne. 1995. The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the
Mechanical Age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hovenden, Fiona. 2000. Refractions (women, technology and cyborgs). Pp. 247-261 in Kirkup, Gill
et al. (Eds.) 2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
Irigaray, Luce. 2000. When Our Lips Speak Together. Pp. 262-264 in Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.)The
Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
Plant, Sadie. 2000. On the Matrix: Cyberfeminist Simulations. Pp. 265-275 in Kirkup, Gill et al.
(Eds.) The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
Dean, Jodi, Lee Quinby and Christina Sharpe. 1999. Symposium: Virtually Regulated: New
Technologies and Social Control. Signs 24(4):1068-1096.
Wakeford, Nina. 2000. Gender and the Landscapes of Computing in an Internet Café. Kirkup, Gill
et al. (Eds.) The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
RECOMMENDED READINGS:
17
Cockburn, Cynthia and Susan Ormrod (Eds.). 1993. Introduction. Pp. 1-15 in Gender and
Technology in the Making. London: Sage.
Balsamo, Anne 1993. Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women. Durham, NC:
Duke U. Press.
Hayles, N. Katherine (1992). The Materiality of Informatics. Configurations 1(1), 147-170.
Oldenziel, Ruth. 1999. Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in
America, 1870-1945.
Justine Cassell and Henry Jenkins. 1998. From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and Computer
Games.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Adam, Alison. 1998. Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine. London: Routledge.
Star, Susan Leigh. 1996. From Hestia to Home Page: Feminism and the Concept of Home in
Cyberspace. Pp. 30-46 in Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs: Feminist
Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace, edited by Nina Lykke and Rosi
Braidotti. London & NJ: Zed Books.
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz. 1987. The Consumption Junction: A proposal for Research Strategies in
the Sociology of Technology. Pp. in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, ed.
Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch. Cambridge: MIT Press.
King, Katie. 1994. "Feminism and Writing Technologies: Teaching Queerish Travels through
Maps, Territories, and Pattern." Configurations, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 89-106.
Chasin, Alexandra. 1995. Class and Its Close Relations: Identities Among Women, Servants and
Machines. Pp. 73-96 in Posthuman Bodies, ed. Judith Halberstam and Ira Livingston.
Bloomington: Indiana U. Press.
Grint, Keith & Steve Woolgar. 1995. On Some Failures of Nerve in Constructivist & Feminist
Analyses of Technology. Science, Technology & Human Values 20(3):286-310.
Halberstam, Judith (1991). Automating Gender: Postmodern Feminism in the Age of the Intelligent
Machine. Feminist Studies, 17(3), 439-460.
Akrich, Madeleine. "The De-Scription of Technical Objects." Pp. 205-224 in Bijker, Wiebe E. and
John Law (eds.). 1992. Shaping Technology/Building Society. Studies in Sociotechnical
Change. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Penley, Constance and Andrew Ross (Eds.) 1991. Technoculture. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
Clarke, A. and Montini T. 1993. "The Many Faces of RU486: Tales of Situated Knowledges and
Technological Contestations," Science, Technology and Human Values 18, 1(Winter
1993): 42-78 (Sage Periodicals Press).
Shohat, Ella 1991. "Imaging Terra Incognita: The Disciplinary Gaze of Empire." Pp. 41-70. Public
Culture Vol.3, No. 2. Spring 1991.
Bell, Susan E. 1994. "From Local to Global: Resolving Uncertainty about the safety of DES in
menopause." Pp. 41-56. Research in Sociology of Health Care. Vol. 11. JAI Press.
Balsamo, Anne 1993. "Feminism for the Incurably Informed." in Mark Dery ed. Flame Wars: The
Discourse of Cyberculture. Duke University Press.
Suchman, Lucy "Located accountability: Embodying visions of Technology Production and Use."
Bloom, Lisa 1993. Gender on Ice: American Ideologies of Polar Expeditions. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press.
Downey, Gary Lee, Joseph Dumit, and Sarah Williams (1992). Granting Membership to the
Cyborg Image. Paper presented at meetings of the American Anthropological Association,
San Francisco, CA.
18
Christie, John (1993). A Tragedy for Cyborgs. Configurations, 1(1), 171-196.
Haraway, Donna (1992c). When ManTM is On the Menu. In Jonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter
(Eds.), Incorporations (pp. 36-43). New York: Zone.
Stone, Allucquere Roseanne (1992). Virtual Systems. In Jonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter
(Eds.), Incorporations (pp. 608-625). New York: Zone.
Balsamo, Anne. 1996. Introduction and Chapter 1, Reading Cyborgs, Writing Feminism: Reading
the Body in Contemporary Culture. Pp. 1-16 and 17-40 in her Technologies of the Gendered
Body: Reading Cyborg Women. Durham, NC: Duke U. Press.
Cartwright, Lisa. 1995. "Women and the Public Culture of Radiography." Pp. 143-171 in her
Screening the Body: Tracing Medicine's Visual Culture. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota
Press.
Cartwright, Lisa. 1995. Gender Artifacts: Technologies of Bodily Display in Medical Culture. Pp.
218-235 in Visual Display: Culture Beyond Appearances, ed. Lynne Cooke and Peter
Wollen. Seattle: Bay Press.
Gonzalez, Jennifer. 1995. Envisioning Cyborg Bodies: Notes from Current Research. Pp. 267-79 in
in Chris Hables Gray, Heidi J. Figueroa-Sarriera and Steven Mentor (Eds.) The Cyborg
Handbook. New York: Routledge.
DeNora, Tia. 1996. From Physiology to Feminism: Reconfiguring Body, Gender and Expertise in
Natural Fertility Control. International Sociology 11(3):359-383.
Casper, Monica and Lisa Jean Moore. 1995. Inscribing Bodies, Inscribing the Future: Gender, Sex
and Reproduction in Outer Space. Sociological Perspectives 38(2):311-333.
Cussins, Charis. 1996. Ontological Choreography: Agency Through Objectification in Infertility
Clinics. Social Studies of Science 26:575-610.
Oudshoorn, Nelly. 1996. The Decline of the One-Size-Fits-All Paradigm, or, How Reproductive
Scientists Try to Cope with Postmodernity. Pp. 153-172 in in Between Monsters, Goddesses
and Cyborgs: Feminist Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace, edited by
Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti. London & NJ: Zed Books.
19
MAY 18 th-- SESSION 8
CONSTRUCTIONS OF DIFFERENCE IN GERMANY: FROM THE NAZI ERA TO
TRANSPLANT MEDICINE
The goal of this session is for everyone to read a book that had a prior life as a dissertation. I have
selected the most recent book by someone who studied with me:
REQUIRED READINGS:
Hogle, Linda. 1999. Recovering the Nation’s Body: Cultural Memory, Medicine and the Politics of
Redemption. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Piper, Andrew. 2000. Project Ubermensch: German Intellectuals Confront Genetic Engineering.
Lingua Franca, January:
20
MAY 25TH -- SESSION 9
GENDER, RACE AND NEW REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Woodward, Kathryn. 2000. Representing Reproduction: Reproducing Representation. Pp. 159-170
in Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.) 2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge
Barroso, Carmen and Sonia Correa. 1995. Public Servants, Professionals and feminists: The
Politics of Contraceptive Research in Brazil. Pp. 292-306 in Faye D. Ginsberg and Rayna
Rapp (Eds.) Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Stratification of Reproduction.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Haraway, Donna. 1997/2000. The Virtual Speculum in the New World Order. In her
Modest_Witness@Second.Millenium. NY: Routledge. Reprinted as pp. 221-246 in Kirkup,
Gill et al. (Eds.) 2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge. And in Clarke,
Adele and Virginia Olesen (Eds.) Revisioning Women, Health and Healing: Feminist,
Cultural and Technoscience Perspectives. NY: Routledge,1999.
Farquhar, Dion. 2000. (M)Other Discourse. Pp. 209-220 in Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.) 2000. The
Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY: Routledge
Clarke, Adele. 1995. Modernity, Postmodernity and Human Reproductive Processes c1890-1990,
or 'Mommy, Where do Cyborgs Come From Anyway?’ Pp. 139-156 in Chris Hables Gray,
Heidi J. Figueroa-Sarriera and Steven Mentor (Eds.) The Cyborg Handbook. New York:
Routledge.
Oudshoorn, Nelly. 1999. On Masculinities, Technologies and Pain: The Testing of Male
Contraceptives in the Clinic and the Media. Science, Technology and Human Values
24(2):265-89.
Dumit, Joseph and Davis-Floyd, Robbie. 1998. Cyborg Babies: Children of the Third Millenium.
Pp. 1-18 in Davis-Floyd, Robbie and Joseph Dumit (Eds.) Cyborg Babies: From TechnoSex to Techno-Tots. NY: Routledge.
Balsamo, Anne. 1999. Notes Toward a Reproductive Theory of Technology. Pp. 87-97 in E. Ann
Kaplan and Susan Squier (Eds.) Playing Dolly: Technocultural Formations, Fantasies, and
Fictions of Assisted Reproduction. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Michaels, Meredith and Lynn Morgan. 1999. Introduction: The Fetal Imperative. Pp. 1-10 in Lynn
Morgan and Meredith Michaels (Eds.) Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press.
Duden, Barbara. The Fetus on the ‘Farther Shore’: Toward a History of the Unborn. Pp. 13-25 in
Lynn Morgan and Meredith Michaels (Eds.) Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Cussins, Charis Thompson. 1999. Confessions of a Bioterrorist: Subject Position and Reproductive
Technologies. Pp. 189-219 in E. Ann Kaplan and Susan Squier (Eds.) Playing Dolly:
Technocultural Formations, Fantasies, and Fictions of Assisted Reproduction. New
Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Possible books for review:
Van Kammen, Jessica. 2000. Conceiving Contraceptives: The Involvement of Users in AntiFertility Vaccines Development. Academisch Proefschrift. [Adele has.]
21
RECOMMENDED READINGS—very partial listing:
Edwards, Jeanette, Sarah Franklin et al. (Eds.) 1999. Technologies of Procreation: Kinship in the
Age of Assisted Conception. London: Routledge, 2nd edition.
Petchesky, Rosalind P. Foetal Images: The Power of Visual Culture in the Politics of Reproduction.
Pp. 171-192 in Kirkup, Gill et al. (Eds.) 2000. The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader. NY:
Routledge.
DeNora, Tia. 1996. From Physiology to Feminism: Reconfiguring Body, Gender and Expertise in
Natural Fertility Control. International Sociology 11(3):359-383.
Casper, Monica and Lisa Jean Moore. 1995. Inscribing Bodies, Inscribing the Future: Gender, Sex
and Reproduction in Outer Space. Sociological Perspectives 38(2):311-333.
Cussins, Charis. 1996. Ontological Choreography: Agency Through Objectification in Infertility
Clinics. Social Studies of Science 26:575-610.
Oudshoorn, Nelly. 1996. The Decline of the One-Size-Fits-All Paradigm, or, How Reproductive
Scientists Try to Cope with Postmodernity. Pp. 153-172 in in Between Monsters, Goddesses
and Cyborgs: Feminist Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace, edited by
Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti. London & NJ: Zed Books.
Handwerker, Lisa. 1995. The Hen that Can't Lay an Egg (Bu Xia Dan de Mu Ji): Concerptions of
Female Infertility in Modern China. Pp. 358-386 in in Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives
on Difference in Science and Popular Culture, Terry and Urla (Eds.) Bloomington, IN:
Indiana U. Press.
Franklin, Sarah. 1995. Postmodern Procreation: A Cultural Account of Assisted Rep[roduction. Pp.
323-345 in Faye D. Ginsberg and Rayna Rapp (Eds.) Conceiving the New World Order:
The Global Stratification of Reproduction. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Casper, Monica, 1995. "Fetal Cyborgs and Technomoms on the Reproductive Frontier: Which Way
to the Carnival?" in Chris Hables Gray, Heidi Figueroa-Sarriera, and Steven Mentor, eds.
The Cyborg Handbook. New York: Routledge, Forthcoming 1994.
Hartouni, Valerie, 1994. "Breached Birth: Reflections on Race, Gender, and Reproductive
Discourse in the 1980s." Configurations. 2,1 (1994):73-88(John Hopkins University Press).
Terry, Jennifer (1988). The Body Invaded: Medical Surveillance of Women as Reproducers.
Socialist Review, 13-43.
Stabile, Carol (1992). Shooting the Mother: Fetal Photography and the Politics of Disappearance.
Camera Obscura, 28, 179-206.
Martin, Emily (1987). The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction. Boston:
Beacon Press.
Martin, Emily (1990). Science and Women's Bodies: Forms of Anthropological Knowledge. In
Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth (Eds.), Body/Politics: Women
and the Discourses of Science (pp. 69-82). New York: Routledge.
Martin, Emily (1992a). Body Narratives, Body Boundaries. In Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson,
and Paula Treichler (Eds.), Cultural Studies (pp. 409-423). New York: Routledge.
Martin, Emily (1992b). The End of the Body? American Ethnologist, 19(1), 121-140.
Probyn, Elspeth (1992). This Body Which is Not One: Technologizing an Embodied Self. Hypatia,
6(3).
Scarry, Elaine (1985). The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York:
Oxford University Press.
22
JUNE 1 -- SESSION 10
GENDER, RACE, GENETICS, AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER
Thanks to the Human Genome Project and an array of private biotechology initiatives, a HIGHLY
consequential new venue for the intersection of gender, sex, race, science and technology is "the
new genetics." Women's traditionally more extensive responsibility for reproductive processes
including child-rearing in most human societies implicate and imbrocate women especially deeply
and in complicated ways in the future of such technical interventions as gene therapy. The new
genetics has also promulgated a new eugenics which intersects with race in potentially problematic
ways as well.
REQUIRED READINGS:
Lippman, Abby. 1992. Prenatal Diagnosis: Can What Counts Be Counted? Women & Health,
18(2), 1-8.
Lippman, Abby. 19??. The Genetic Construction of Prenatal Testing. Fix.
Allen, Arthur. 1997. Policing the Gene Machine: Can Anyone Control the Human Genome Project?
Lingua Franca, March:29-36.
Whole book:
Rapp, Rayna. 1999. Testing Women/Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in
America. NY: Routledge.
RECOMMENDED READINGS:
Allen, Garland. 1994. The Genetic Fix: The Social Origins of Genetic Determinism. Pp. 163-187 in
Genes and Gender VII. Challenging Racism and Sexism: Alternatives to Genetic
Explanations. Ethel Tobach and Betty Rosoff (Eds.) NY: Feminist Press of CUNY.
Rothenberg, Karen H. and Elizabeth J. Thompson. 1994. Introduction." Pp. 1-4 in their Women and
Prenatal Testing: Facing the Challenges of Genetic Technology. Columbus: Ohio State
University Press.
Lippman, A. 1994. The Genetic Construction of Prenatal Testing: Choice, Consent of Conformity
for Women? Pp. 9-34 in Rothenberg and Thompson--see above.
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz 1992. exerpt from her "Genetic Technology and Reproductive Choice: An
Ethics for Autonomy." Pp. 244-54 in Daniel J. Kevles and Leroy Hood (Eds.), The Code of
Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press.
Nelkin, Dorothy and Susan Lindee. 1995. The Media-ted Gene: Stories of Gender and Race. Pp.
387-402 in Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline Urla (Eds.) Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives
on Difference in Science and Popular Culture. Bloomington: Indiana U.P.
Proctor, Robert N. 1995. The Destruction of 'Lives Not Worth Living.' Pp. 170-196 in Terry,
Jennifer and Jacqueline Urla (Eds.) 1995. Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on
Difference in Science and Popular Culture. Bloomington, IN: Indiana U. Press.
Rapp, Rayna. 1994. Women's Responses to Prenatal Diagnosis: A Sociocultural Perspective on
Diversity. Pp. 219-33 in Rothenberg and Thompson--see above.
Hubbard, Ruth (1990). The Politics of Women's Biology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University
Press. Read Chapter 6, Genes as Causes, pp. 70-86 and Chapter 14, Who Should and Who
Should Not Inhabit the World?, pp. 179-198.
23
Spanier, Bonnie (1991). Gender and Ideology in Science: A Study of Molecular Biology. NWSA
Journal, 3(2), 167-198.
Rowland, Robyn (1992). Living Laboratories: Women and Reproductive Technologies.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Read Chapter 2, The Masculine Dream of Quality
Control: Genetic Engineering, pp. 81-117.
Tobach, Ethel and Betty Rosoff (Ed.). (1978). Genes and Gender I: First in a Series on
Hereditarianism and Women. New York: Gordian Press.
Hubbard, Ruth and Marian Lowe (Ed.). (1979). Genes and Gender II: Pitfalls in Research on Sex
and Gender. New York: Gordian Press.
Tobach, Ethel and Betty Rossoff (1980). Genes and Gender III: Genetic Determinism and Children.
New York: Gordian Press.
Rapp, Rayna (1990). Constructing Amniocentesis: Maternal and Medical Discourses. In Faye
Ginsburg and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing (Eds.), Uncertain Terms: Negotiating Gender in
American Culture (pp. 28-42). Boston: Beacon Press.
Rose, Steven, Leon J. Kamin, and R.C. Lewontin (1984). Not In Our Genes: Biology, Ideology,
and Human Nature. New York: Penguin.
24
INVISIBLE SESSION 11: MATERIALS FOR YOUR INDEPENDENT USE
PEOPLE OF COLOR & WHITE WOMEN IN SCIENCE: PLEASURES & DANGERS
"The culture of science evolved in a period when it was being practiced exclusively
by [white] men, and that has greatly influenced the outcome. It is
a men's game and it continues to be played by men's rules."
Shirley M. Tilghman, New York Times
People of color and white women in the West have by and large played minor roles in the natural
sciences and engineering with, of course, outstanding exceptions who are routinely displayed and
deployed. Session reviews patterns of exclusion and marginalization of work of interest to (many)
people of color and white women. There are currently major initiatives in the US and elsewhere to
encourage enhanced participation by American minorities women in the sciences and technological
domains (engineering, biotechnologies, etc.). Some recent work in this area is reviewed.
REQUIRED READINGS:
Harding, Sandra (1991). Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Part of Chapter 2, Feminism Confronts the Sciences:
Reform and Transformation, pp. 19-34.
Abir-Am, Pnina and Dorinda Outram (Ed.). (1987). Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in
Science 1789-1979. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Read the Introduction, pp.
1-16.
Rossiter, Margaret W. (1982). Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Read the Introduction, pp. ix-xviii and the
Conclusion, pp. 313-316.
Kimmelman, Barbara. 1996. Isis review of Rossiter's Women Scientists in America Before
Affirmative Action, 1940-1972. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Long, Diana E. Rosie the Researcher--review of Rossiter's new book.
Fox, Mary Frank. 1999. Gender, Hierarchy and Science. Pp. 441-457 in Handbook of the Sociology
of Gender, ed. By Janet S. Chafetz. NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1992. Building Two-Way Streets: The Case of Feminism and Science.
National Women's Studies Association Journal 4(3)Fall:336-349--with responses.
"Ethnic Minority Women in Science: Analyzing the Latest Data." Visions: UCSF Women's
Resource Center January/February 1997.
Rayman, Paula. Strangers in a Strange Lab: Review of Sonnert and Holton books on who succeeds
in science. Women's Review of Books May 1996.
Rogers, Margaret N. 1992. Second-Class Scientists? Review of women in science books. Women's
Review of Books Jan. 1992.
Third World Network. "Modern Science in Crisis: A Third World Response," pp. 484-518 in
Harding, Sandra (Editor). 1993. The 'Racial' Economy of Science. Toward a Democratic
Future. Indiana University Press..
Note: new Journal of Minorities and Women in Science and Engineering. Blacksburg, VA.
25
RECOMMENDED READINGS:
Rosser, Sue V. 1998. Revisions/Reports: Applying Feminist Theories to Women in Science
Programs. Signs 24(1):171-200.
Fox, Mary F. 1998. Women in Science and Engineering: Theory, Practice and Policy in Programs.
Signs 24(1):201-223.
Eisenhart, Margaret and E. Finkel. Women’s Science: Learning and Succeeding from the Margins.
University of Chicago Press.
Warren, Wini. 2000. Black Women Scientists in the United States. Bloomington: Indiana U. Press.
Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory (Ed.) 1999. History of Women in the Sciences: Readings from Isis.
Unmiversity of Chicago Press.
Pattatucci, Angela M. 1997. Women in Science: Meeting Challenges and Transcending
Boundaries. Sage.
Fox, Mary F. 1995."Women and Scientific Careers." Handbook of Science and Technology
Studies. Ed. S. Jasanoff. Sage.
Pycior, Helena M. et al. (Eds.) 1996. Creative Couples in the Sciences. New Brunswick, NJ:
Rutgers University Press.
Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory and Helen Longino (Eds.) 1997. Women., Gender and Science. Osiris 12.
Sonnert, Gerhard and Gerald Holton. Gender Differences in Science Careers: The Project Access
Study. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U. Press.
Long, J. Scott and Mary Frank Fox. 1995. Scientific Career: Universalism and Particularism.
Annual Review of Sociology 21:45-75.
Schiebinger, Londa (1989). The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Read the Introduction, pp. 1-9; Chapter 8, The
Triumph of Complementarity, pp. 214-240; and Chapter 10, The Exclusion of Women and
the Structure of Knowledge, pp. 265-278.
Women in Science Section, 1994. "Surprises Across the Cultural Divide: Women in Science '94."
Science Vol. 263:1468-1496.
Haraway, Donna (1989). Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern
Science. New York: Routledge. Read Chapter 11, Women's Place Is in the Jungle, pp. 279303 and Chapter 14, Adrienne Zihlman: The Paleoanthropology of Sex and Gender, pp.
331-348.
Keller, Evelyn Fox (1983). A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara
McClintock. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. Read the Preface, pp. ix-xv and
Chapter 1, A Historical Overview, pp. 1-14.
Findlen, Paula 1993 "Science as a Career in Enlightenment Italy: The Strategies of Laura Bassi."
Pp. 441-469. The History of Science Society. Isis.
Mason, Joan 1992. "Women in science: Breaking out of the circle. Pp. 177-182. Notes Rec. Roy.
Soc. Lond. 46.
Kirkup, Gill and Smith-Keller, Laurie (eds) 1992. Inventing Women: Science, technology and
Gender. Cambridge, Eng: Polity Press in association with Open University Press.
Appel, Toby 1994. "Physiology in America Women's Colleges: The Rise and Decline of a Female
Subculture." Pp. 26-56. The History of Science Society. Isis.
Sherpherd, Linda Jean 1993. The Feminine Faces of Science. Boston/London: Shambhala.
Tomaselli, Sylvana 1988. "Collection women: The female in scientific biography." Pp. 95-106.
Science and Culture. 4.
26
Benjamin, Marina 1991. "Introduction" Pp. 1-23. in Marina Benjamin (ed.) Science and Sensibility:
Gender and Scientific Enquiry, 1780-1945. Oxford/Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
Williams, Perry "The Laws of Health: Women, Medicine and Sanitary Reform, 1950-1890." Pp.
60-88. in Marina Benjamin (ed) Women Practitioner of Science.
Norwood, Vera. 1993. Made from this earth: American women and nature. Chapel Hill: University
of North Carolina Press.
Rossiter, Margaret 1993. "The [Matthew] Matilda Effect in science." Pp. 325-341. Social Studies
Science 1993, 23.
McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. 1993. Nobel Prize women in science: Their lives, struggles, and
momentous discoveries. New York: Birch Lane Press.
Philips, Patricia. 1990. The scientific lady: a social history of women's scientific interest 15201918. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Brush, Stephen G. 1991. "Women in Science and engineering." Pp. 404-419. American Scientist.
Bonta, Marcia Myers. 1991. Women in the field: American's pioneering women naturalists. College
Station: Texas A&M Press.
Alic, Margaret (1986). Hypatia's Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity through
the Nineteenth Century. Boston: Beacon Press.
Benjamin, Marina (Ed.) (1991). Science and Sensibility: Gender and Scientific Enquiry 1780-1945.
Gornick, Vivian (1990). Women in Science: 100 Journeys into the Territory. New York: Simon &
Schuster.
Kass-Simon, G. and Patricia Farnes (Ed.). (1990). Women of Science: Righting the Record.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Macdonald, Anne L. (1992). Feminine Ingenuity: Women and Invention in America. New York:
Ballantine Books.
Rossiter, Margaret (1987). Sexual Segregation in the Sciences: Some Data and a Model. In Sandra
Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Eds.), Sex and Scientific Inquiry (pp. 35-40). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Searing, Susan and Rima Apple (1988). The History of Women in Science, Health, and
Technology: A Bibliographic Guide to the Professions and the Disciplines. Madison:
University of Wisconsin Library.
Zuckerman, Harriet (Ed.). (1991). The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community. New
York: Norton.
27