Appendix
To check the quality of nitrogen input data derived from the database of this study, we
compiled chemical and total nitrogen application data from Chinese monographs,
conference reports and peer-reviewed journals. S1-5 showed seasonal chemical and total
nitrogen application rates in rice paddies in China in the 1950s-1990s. The chemical and
total nitrogen inputs compiled from the literatures were, on average, comparable to those
derived from the database of this study (Table 3). The history information of water regime
and the proportion of organic nitrogen to the total N input in rice paddies reported in the
literatures were shown in Table 3, also fairly consistent with those estimated in this study.
S1: 1950s
Nitrogen input (kg N ha-1)
Year
Reference
Chemical N
Total N
1950
41.0
Chen et al. (1995)
1952
31.8
Yang & Tang (1964)
1953
90.0
1955
100.5
Chen et al. (1956)
1956
120.0
Tu et al. (1957)
1957
75.0
1957
31.8
1958
Shen (1953)
Zhou (1964)
Huo (1963)
75.0
Cui et al. (1962)
1958
60.0
Zhu (1959)
1958
23.9
Huang & Shi (1960)
1958
1959
60.0
Yang & Tang (1964)
76.5
Liu & Nan (1960)
1959
31.8
Huang & Shi (1960)
1959
31.8
Huo (1963)
1959
36.7
Liu (1965)
Mean ± SE
36.1 ± 3.8
85.3 ± 7.5
1
References (in Chinese)
Chen YP, Jian ZS, Tian SG (1956) A primary study on organic-inorganic fertilizer
application in Sichuan rice paddies. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 4, 169–176.
Chen YY, Wang JM, Yan SG (1995) Studies on the Relation between fertilization and rice
production. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 7, 132–136.
Cui H, Zhang JN, Nei WF et al. (1962) Cultivation technology and theoretic analysis of
high-yielding paddy rice in northern China. Journal of Crop Sciences, 1, 259–272.
Huang HY, Shi ZL (1960) Perspective on soil fertility and nitrogen balance in cotton and
rice fields in Hubei province. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 6, 15–25.
Huo KB (1963) Reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer in terms of economic effect.
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 10, 36–39.
Liu JH (1965) Rice high-yielding experience in Tansan. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 4,
142–144.
Liu KR, Nan RD (1960) Investigation on cultivation technique for rice in Hanzhong region.
Shaanxi Agricultural Sciences, 4, 162–166.
Shen XL (1953) Rice in China. Biology Bulletin, 9, 309–313.
Tu QT, Zhou HJ, Gang Y (1957) Nitrogen nutrient of single late rice as affected by
nitrogen fertilizer applied at different stages. Huazhong Agricultural Sciences, 5,
325–331.
Yang LJ, Tang YG (1964) Summary, improvement, demonstration and popularization of
experience of Chen Yongkang in rice high-yielding. Jiangsu Agricultural Science, 5,
1–8.
2
Zhou PL (1964) The effects of urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on rice
growth. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 6, 216.
Zhu GQ (1959) Studies on the effect of livestock manure application: (1) the effect of
livestock manure on rice growth. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 7, 180–189.
3
S2: 1960s
Nitrogen input (kg N ha-1)
Year
Reference
Chemical N
1960s
1961
Total N
113.0
39.8
1962
CRGHAC (1974)
Pei et al. (1962)
112.5
Zhang et al. (1964)
1963
45.0
Liu et al. (1965)
1963
47.7
Dai et al. (2000)
1963
122.3
SCDT (1965)
1963
63.6
Sun & Wang (1964)
1963
57.2
Chen et al. (1995)
1964
62.4
Chen et al. (1995)
1964
120.0
Xi et al. (1978)
1964
152.9
SCDT (1965)
1965
63.6
Zhang (1963)
1965
120.9
Ju et al. (1966)
1966
139.3
Zhang et al. (1979)
1968
69.7
Gu (1978)
1969
69.7
Gu (1978)
Mean ± SE
57.66 ± 3.66
125.85 ± 5.62
References (in Chinese)
Chen YY, Wang JM, Yan SG (1995) Studies on the Relation between fertilization and rice
production. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 7, 132–136.
Crop Research Group at Hunan Agricultural College (CRGHAC) (1974) Rice Cultivation.
Hunan People Press, Hunan, China.
Dai QL, Zheng HC, Wang FT et al. (2000) Current status on fertilizer nutrient and
application in inner Mongolia region. Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and
Technology, 3, 3–5.
Gu MH (1978) Some issues on fertilization for high-yielding of paddy rice. Journal of
Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 20, 40–45.
Ju YL, Zhang B, Hu SQ (1966) An experience summary for high-yielding rice cultivation
4
based on scientific experimental plots. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Science and Technology, 4, 14–18.
Liu ML, Hua ZL, Jia GX (1965) A long-term station experiment on N, P, K fertilizers
application in yellow soils in Taihu area. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 13, 337–339.
Pei BY, Xu GB, Hua J (1962) A preliminary study on effects on mid-season fertilization on
nitrogen metabolism of single-late rice. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 6, 13–19.
Shantou Agricultural Institute, Chaoan Agricultural Bureau, Dongfeng Town Agricultural
Station (SCDT) (1965) How to manage water and fertilizer regimes in high-yielding
rice paddies: an experience in rice cultivation in Neipan, Guangdong province.
Guangxi Agricultural Sciences, 8, 7–14.
Sun X, Wang YD (1964) Studies on the endurance for heavy nitrogen application of early
rice. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 12, 373–379.
Xi ZB, Bing YC, Kuang AQ et al. (1978) Studies on peak nutrient uptake of double
cropping rice and the method of basal dressing with volatile nitrogen fertilizer to the
whole plowed layer. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 15, 113–125.
Zhang RY (1963) A preliminary report on addressing N fertilization in high-yielding rice
paddies. Liaoning Agricultural Sciences, 1, 12.
Zhang JN, Cui H, Yan LF (1964) Effects of nitrogen nutrient on rice growth, yield and
carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. Journal of Botany, 12, 75–81.
Zhang RQ, Luan CQ, Ma CP (1979) A practice key to high-yielding cultivation-reasonable
nitrogen fertilization in the late stage of rice. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 15,
44–46.
5
S3: 1970s
Nitrogen input (kg N ha-1)
Year
Reference
Chemical N
Total N
1970
223.0
CRGHAC (1974)
1971
184.0
CRGHAC (1974)
1971
150.4
CRGHAC (1974)
1971
164.0
CRGHAC (1974)
1972
227.9
CRGHAC (1974)
1972
148.0
CRGHAC (1974)
1972
139.5
1974
95.4
Gu (1978)
Zhu et al. (1977)
1974-75
187.5
Chen (1980)
1975
187.5
JARI (1978)
1975-77
127.2
1975-78
119.3
1975-79
1976
Jin & Dong (1982)
188.6
111.7
Fan & Tao (1980)
SCCF (1977)
1976
195.0
JARI (1978)
1976
187.5
JAA (1977)
1977
164.9
JARI (1978)
1977
105.1
1977
NAC (1978)
187.5
QAB (1978)
172.2
Cai & Zhu (1983)
1978
150.0
Yang et al. (1981)
1978
147.6
Wang et al. (1979)
1978
123.0
1978
138.3
Wang et al. (1979)
1978
105.1
Huang (1982)
1978
123.1
1978
126.2
Chen et al. (1995)
1978-79
121.3
Lin & Hu (1981)
1979
103.5
Li et al. (1982)
1979
119.3
Li et al. (1982)
1979
105.5
Lin & Lin (1994)
1979
1979
156.0
150.5
118.6
Li et al. (1997)
Chen et al. (1995)
Shen et al. (1981)
1979
180.0
Shen et al. (1981)
1979
187.5
Yang (1981)
1979
190.8
Li et al. (1981)
1979
225.2
Shen et al. (1981)
Mean ± SE
117.6 ± 3.1
179.8 ± 5.3
6
References (in Chinese)
Cai GX, Zhu ZL (1983) Reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer and soil nitrogen
provision of rice paddies in Taihu region. Soils, 15, 203–204.
Chen JQ (1980) Some summaries of nitrogen application regime in high-yielding rice
paddies. Guangxi Agricultural Sciences, 10, 5–9.
Chen YY, Wang JM, and Yan SG (1995) Studies on the Relation between fertilization and
rice production. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 7, 132–136.
Crop Research Group at Hunan Agricultural College (CRGHAC) (1974) Rice Cultivation.
Hunan People Press, Hunan, China.
Fan YC, Tao QR (1980) A study on the method of fertilizer applied by several times during
rice growing season. Soils and Fertilizers, 2, 28–30.
Gu MH (1978) Some issues on fertilization for high-yielding of paddy rice. Journal of
Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 1, 40–45.
Huang JJ (1982) Reasonability of fertilizer application regime based on nitrogen nutrient of
rice. Guangxi Agricultural Sciences, 5, 25–28.
Jiangxi Agricultural Academy (JAA) (1977) Lecture 8: cultivation technology for
high-yielding of hybrid late rice. Jiangxi Agricultural Science and Technology, 5,
42–44.
Jieshui Agricultural Research Institute (JARI) (1978) High-yielding and fertilizer-saving
rice production under midseason drainage. Jiangxi Agricultural Science and
Technology, 4, 33–34.
Jin AS, Dong CT (1982) Discussion on changes in fertilization regime in rice paddies:
7
heavy basal fertilizer application replaced by both basal and late addressing fertilizers
application. Liaoning Agricultural Sciences, 5, 14–18.
Li SY, Wang JY, Kong VG (1981) Studies on the characteristics of nitrogen supply in
paddy soils I. Observation of soil nitrogen supply in different paddy soils. Acta
Pedologica Sinica, 18, 50–57.
Li SY, Wang JY, Kong VG (1982) Studies on the characteristics of nitrogen supply in
paddy soils II. Effect of fertilization on the soil nitrogen supply and grain yield of
double cropping-rice. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 19, 13–21.
Li W, Wu LS, Miao HS (1997) Application and crop recovery of N-fertilizer in
high-yielding rice paddy fields of Taihu region. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 34, 67–73.
Lin ZT, Hu NZ (1981) Some changes in rice cultivation practice in Sujiatun area. Liaoning
Agricultural Sciences, 2, 35–37.
Lin YJ, Lin ZQ (1994) Effect of successive fertilization on fertilizer absorption by rice and
fertilizer provision from soil. Journal of Fujian Agricultural University (Natural
Science Edition), 23, 309–314.
Ningxia Agricultural College (NAC) (1978) Summary of addressing fertilizer applied at
different stages of rice. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and
Technology, 3, 1–4.
Qinxi Agricultural Bureau (QAB) (1978) An experience in high-yielding cultivation
technology for hybrid rice. Guangxi Agricultural Sciences, 6, 10–11.
Shen RZ, Zhu HF, Huang WQ et al. (1981) The effect of marsh-gas fertilizer on rice and
wheat growth. Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology, 5, 13–15.
8
Shui County Cotton Farm (SCCF) (1977) Cultivation technology for rice Nanyou 2 with a
yield of 752 kg per acre. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 3, 12–13.
Wang WZ, Yang FQ, Yang SQ (1979) Fertilizer application technology for high-yielding
of rice. Liaoning Agricultural Sciences, 4, 1–6.
Yang GY (1981) A field study on fertilization technology in high-yielding hybrid rice
paddies. Soils and Fertilizers, 3, 35–37.
Zhu ZL, Cai GX, Yu JZ (1977) A preliminary study on nitrogen balance of ammonium
sulphate N15 labeled in rice paddies. Chinese Science Bulletin, 11, 503–506.
9
S4: 1980s
Nitrogen input (kg N ha-1)
Year
Reference
Chemical N
Total N
1980s
170.8
Huang et al. (1982)
1980s
195.0
Su (1986)
1980
161.1
Chen & Kang (1980)
1980
175.1
Xu & Zhou (1999)
1980
187.5
Chen & Kang (1980)
1981
190.8
Jia & Shi (1987)
1981
198.8
Wu (1986)
1981
222.6
Wu (1986)
1982
135.8
Huang et al. (1986)
1982
165.0
Xu (1990)
1982
187.5
Xu (1990)
1982
171.0
1982
198.0
Li et al. (1997)
1983
120.0
Zhou et al. (1994)
1983
174.0
Hu & Yan (1984)
1984
211.5
1985
165.0
Liu (1988)
1985
195.0
Zhu et al. (1989)
1985
180.0
Wang & Huang (1989)
235.5
259.5
Hu & Yan (1984)
Lin et al. (1989)
1984
220.4
Lin et al. (1989)
1985
273.0
Lin et al. (1989)
1986
150.0
1986
150.0
1986
Yu & Huang (1990)
150.0
Liu et al. (1998)
196.4
Yuan et al. (1997)
1986
149.9
Zhang et al. (1994)
1987
180.0
Cai et al. (1985)
1987
161.5
222.7
Wang (1993)
1987
150.0
215.6
Liu et al. (1989)
1987
100.1
150.0
Liu et al. (1998)
1987
120.1
Yuan et al. (1997)
1987
154.5
Zhang et al. (1994)
1988
120.0
168.0
Zhang et al. (1990)
1988
190.8
225.0
Liu (1988)
1988
115.5
Ren et al. (1990)
1988
180.0
Zhu (1991)
1988
240.0
1989
150.1
1989
240.1
Zhang et al. (1992)
Yuan et al. (1997)
283.4
Chen et al. (1995)
1989
122.4
Zhang & Cai (1990)
1989
150.0
Ren et al. (1990)
10
1989
Mean ± SE
163.3
163.0 ± 5.2
Yan et al. (1993)
215.7 ± 9.8
References (in Chinese)
Cai GX, Zhu ZL, Zhu ZW et al. (1985) Nitrogen losses from salvolatile and urea in rice
paddies. Soils, 5, 225–229.
Chen WZ, Kang WG (1980) Relationship between fertilizer application rate and time,
density and rice yield. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 1, 37–38.
Chen YY, Wang JM, Yan SG. (1995) Studies on the Relation between fertilization and rice
production. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 7, 132–136.
Hu CT, Yan ZD (1984) Studies on eco-physiological characteristics of yield formation for
rice cultivars II. Relationship between N nutrient characteristics and yield formation of
rice cultivars. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 12 (3): 1–8.
Huang DM, Sun GY, Shao T et al. (1982) Discussion on characteristics of soil nitrogen
provision in rice paddies of northern Huai river. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 10,
1–9.
Huang WB, Shen JG, Li NR (1986) Discussion on cultivation technology for early rice of
high-yielding cultivars. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 4, 11–13.
Jia EM, Shi SR (1987) Reasonable fertilization and scientific irrigation in rice paddies.
New Agriculture, 10, 12–13.
Li W, Wu LS, Miao HS (1997) Application and crop recovery of N-fertilizer in
high-yielding rice paddy fields of Taihu region. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 34, 67–73.
Lin H, Chen ZR, Tang FQ et al. (1989) Studies on the reasonable quantities and proportion
11
for chemical fertilizers of paddy fields in Fujian. Fujian Journal of Agricultural
Sciences, 4 (1), 23–32.
Liu CL (1988) The effect of fertilization regime on yield of hybrid middle cropping rice.
Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 5, 5–8.
Liu YK, Li KY, Huang ZH (1989) Study on fertilizer practice in non-irrigated paddy field.
Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 5, 29–32.
Liu F, Zhang XM, Wang CS (1998) Study on the effect of long-term fertilization in double
rice cropping system of southern Anhui province. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer
Science, 4, 224–230.
Ren CL, Liu YW, Wang CX (1990) Analysis of fertilization effects on rice yield and
economic efficiency. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 12, 31–35, 70.
Su BL (1986) Rice paddies in northern China. Science promulgation press, China, pp.
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Wu WJ (1986) Water demand and fertilization regime of rice paddies under water-saving
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Wang BL (1993) Issues on fertilization in high-yielding rice paddies. Reclaiming and Rice
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Wang ED, Huang DM (1989) Nutrient status and management practice in croplands of
Xuhuai, Ningzhen and Taihu areas in Jiangsu province. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,
17, 15–17.
Xu HG, Zhou HJ (1999) The effect of using nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and
development of rice after wheat in different stages. Journal of Agricultural University
12
of Hebei, 22, 5–9.
Xu DS (1990) Review on theory and method of cultivation for high-yielding hybrid rice.
Tillage and Cultivation, 10, 26–29.
Yan MJ, Chen SM, Chen GB et al. (1993) The effect of Si, N:P:K ratio on rice yield.
Tillage and Cultivation, 13, 55–56.
Yu XH, Huang DM (1990) Soil chemical properties as affected by soil surface
managements. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 34, 158–161.
Yuan L, Yang BL, Zheng NJ et al. (1997) Effects of long-term fertilization on enzymatic
activities and transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil. Plant Nutrition and
Fertilizer Sciences, 3, 300–306.
Zhang CG, Cai SF (1990) A field study on paddy rice yield increased by fertilization
according to a prescription. Sichuan Agriculture and Technology, 1, 16–17.
Zhang TB, Jian GC, Zhan YS (1990) Tests on the fertility of paddy soils and parameter of
metrical fertilization of rice. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 5, 201–204.
Zhang SL, Zhu ZL, Xu XH (1992) Improvement of fertilizer application technology in rice
paddies. Soils, 1, 19–22.
Zhang MZ, Ke FY, Wang YF (1994) Study on single cropping rice fertilization
recommendation by computer. Acta Agriculturae Shanghai, 10, 41–47.
Zhou XC, Xu PZ, Yao JW et al. (1994) The effect of different fertilizer continues
application on double cropping paddy rice growth. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,
5, 26–30.
Zhu ZL, Zhang SL, Cai GX et al. (1989) Studies on chemical N loss in rice paddies. Acta
13
Pedologica Sinica, 26, 337–343.
Zhu ZL (1991) Water and fertilizer management regime in nitrogen-saving rice paddies.
Soils, 34, 241–245.
14
S5: 1990s
Nitrogen input (kg N ha-1)
Year
Reference
Chemical N
1990s
1990
158.2
1990
Total N
226.0
Li & Liu (2000)
237.0
Wang et al. (1991)
177.7
Wang et al. (1991)
1990
195.0
Chen et al. (1993)
1991
120.0
Li (1995)
1991
162.1
He (1996)
1991
177.5
Wang et al. (1999)
1991
195.0
1992
165.0
1992
187.5
1992
238.5
1992
260.0
1993
195.0
Xu (1993)
Pan et al. (2000)
187.5
Li et al. (1997)
Ling (1996)
260.0
Xu (1994), Li et al. (1997)
141.4
Gong et al. (1994)
1993
157.5
1993
337.3
337.3
Chen et al. (1995)
1994
150.0
195.0
Zeng et al. (1996)
1994
166.7
166.7
Liu et al. (1998)
1994
167.9
Chen (1996)
1994
174.9
Yang (1995)
1994
177.0
Ding et al. (1996)
1994
225.0
1994
Huang & Cai (1997)
300.0
Shao et al. (1994)
270.0
Ling (1996)
1995
150.0
Liu et al. (1998)
1995
150.0
Yuan et al. (1997)
1995
159.5
Zheng et al. 91996)
1995
220.9
291.0
Lin et al. (1996)
1995
280.2
280.2
Luo & Li (1997)
1996
150.0
1996
180.0
180.0
Yin et al. (1998)
1996
187.5
187.5
Zhen (1997)
1996
276.0
Zhang (2006)
1997
135.0
Su (2000)
1997
Li et al. (1998)
150.0
Li et al. (1998)
1997
153.8
Zhang et al. (1999)
1997
195.0
1997
172.5
1997
225.0
1997
279.0
Zhang (2006)
1998
140.1
Xie et al. (1999)
1998
140.1
Dai et al. (2000)
248.5
Shao et al. (1998)
Liu & Peng (2000)
225.0
Yang et al. (1998)
15
1998
236.3
236.3
Qin et al. (2000)
1998
305.0
305.0
Zhang (2006)
1999
146.2
Hu et al. (2000)
1999
159.4
Hu et al. (2000)
1999
176.4
Hu et al. (2000)
1999
1999
Mean ± SE
185.4
Hu et al. (2000)
303.0
303.0
Zhang (2006)
193.6 ± 8.3
229.8 ± 11.6
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18
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