Review for China Test
Philosophies

Confucianism
o Confucius during Zhou dynasty
o Mencius- Built upon Confucius principles
o All people are good—Education cultivates goodness
o Based on 5 relationships

Ruler-Ruled

Parent-child

Older sibling-younger sibling

Friend-Friend

Husband-Wife
o Analects (and other literature)
o Benevolance (kindness is key)
o Filial Piety- Respect for parents

Ancestral worship
o Importance of education in leadership

Civil Service Examinations

Memorizing texts

3 day test

Only Boys

Daoism (Taoism)
o Laozi (other spellings) during the Zhou
o Upset by turmoil of the Zhou dynasty and leaves
o May be a fictional character
o Daodejing outlines Dao (The way)
o Nature takes its course

Wu-Wei (not acting against nature)
o Opposes hierarchy of Confucianism
o More a spiritual philosophy
o Developed into a religion
o Yin-Yang
o Qi (energy)
o Arts (acupuncture acupressure feng shui)

Legalism
o Han Feizi
o All people are bad
o Severe consequences
o Harsh government to keep people in line
o Shi Huangdi

First Chinese emperor

Implemented legalism

Short-lived dynasty

People revolted
Dynasties

Xia 2100-1800 BCE
o Not a dynasty but a early civilization
o Bronze and stone tools
o Not know until 1959

Shang 1650-1027
o 1st Dynasty
o Polytheism
o Oracle Bones (messages read by oracle on bones)
o Irrigation and farming
o Developed writing

3000 symbols

Only upper class could write
o Proficient with bronze







Zhou 1027-221BCE
o Beginning of Mandate of Heaven
o Much the same as Shang without sacrifices
o Daoism, legalism and Confucianism developed during this time
Qin 221BCE-207BCE
o Shi Huangdi
o Established Legalist Principles
o Established Uniform weights and measure
o Beginning of great wall (forced peasant labor)
o Network of roads (forced peasant labor)
Han 202BCE-220CE
o More trade along silk road
o Confucianism
o Buddhism spreads to China
o Universities built
o Civil Service exam- merit-based leadership
o Innovations: Better calendar, seismograph, paper, sundial, water clock, ag methods, medical
methods (blood circulation)
Tang and Sung (Golden Ages) 618-1279
o More trade
o Seagoing trade
o Arts and Literature
o Invention of Printing allowing more access to books and education
Yuan (Mongol rule) 1279-1368 CE
o Kublai Khan
o Marco Polo- European explorer who reported the magnificence of China to Europe and
contributed greatly to history
o Roads to rule
o Got rid of Confucianism
o Grand canal
Ming 1368-1644CE
o Zhu Yuanzang is a peasant who revolts and expels the Mongols
o Confucianism revival
o Building of forbidden city and great wall (As we know it today)
o Naval expeditions and more contact with Europeans
o Sudden isolation
o China begins to lose ground to the advancement of the west
Qing 1644-1911CE
o Manchus take over
o (Think about the movie of Kang Xi and the forbidden city)
o Beginning of trade with Europeans (see below)
Relations with the west

Early trade with Portuguese
o China restricts
o China belief of superiority

Long-nose barbarian

Kowtow
o East India Company

Wants silk, porcelain and tea

Trades

Begins going broke

Opium to China

Opium Wars

Treaty of Nanjing

Extraterritoriality

Hong Kong

Free trade

Compensation for opium
o Other European Powers

Japan, France, Russia, Germany, Britain

Spheres of influence
America

Open Door Policy

McKinley and Hay ask for free trade (open door notes)

Boxer Rebellion (1901)

Want to expel foreigners

US and Europe put down revolt

US keep presence in China and gain trade rights
Leading up to Communism

1911 Ci Xi dies and China becomes a republic
o End of dynasties

Some transitional governments

Chiang Kai Shek—Nationalist Party
o Backed by West and Elites in China

Mao Zedong
o Backed by Peasants (majority of Chinas population)

Chiang Kai Shek, with the help of West drive Mao and peasants into mountains
o Long March- 6000 miles and majority dead

1931 Japanese take Manchuria
o Need raw materials from Manchuria, rich with resources, to help drive the war machine

1937 Japanese invade and take China
o Chinas surrender leads to many atrocities committed by the Japanese against civilians

1945, After WWII ends, Mao and Kai-Shek join to expel the Japanese

Mao, on October 1, 1949, establishes the Peoples Republic of China
o
Peoples Republic of China

Gives land to peasants

Soviets support Mao

Communist but declared “republic”

Eventually Soviets withdraw support

Mao starts “Great Leap Forward”
o Modernization to catch up with world

Backyard furnaces to melt steel

Close planting of crops

Removal of peasants from land

All land taken by state

Communes of 20-40 families set up

Roads, bridges, etc built by peasants

Famine, starvation due to crop failure

Not enough farmers

Insects due to killing of sparrows

Close planting takes all nutrients from soil

After failure of Great Leap Forward Mao starts “Cultural Revolution”
o All old ideas gotten rid of
o Red Guard (youth groups) denounce old, artists, teachers, parents and anyone who opposes
Mao’s ideology
o Propaganda

Posters

Little Red Book --- “Quotes from Chairman Mao”
o Many persecuted, imprisoned and killed
o Helped to end the old feudal systems (over past thousands of years) to make way for new
o Helped to unite the country

1976—Mao Dies

Deng Xiaoping becomes new leader

Reforms
o 4 Modernizations

Modernizing Agriculture

Building China’s defenses

Expansion of Industry

Focus of Science and Technology
o Increase foreign trade
o
o
o
Issues



Focused more on “light industry”
Training overseas
Responsibility System- Crops farmed for household use (subsistence) and surplus sold to
Government at a set price
Tiananmen Square Massacre
o People upset

Not enough reforms by Deng Xiaoping—Students and intellectuals

Too many reforms by Xiaoping—Industry workers
o Military is called in to stop protests
o 100,000+ protestors

Hunger strikes

Calls for reform

Calls for talks with government
o Eventually military is called in

Blocked by students

Military dragging and beating students

Shooting

100s up to 7000 dead
One-Child Policy
o Reasons for this policy

Mao pushing for more births and Xiaoping trying to slow them

Overpopulation, not enough good land to support the people
o Results

Infanticide

Child black market

Cruel policies of forced abortions

Lack of help on the rural farms

Lack of equality

Demographic Problems

Too many men

Too many old people
Pollution, Taiwan Question and Media restrictions