Tribal Names and the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery
By Phil Konstantin
Someone recently asked me about the differences between the terms “American Indian” and “Native
American,” and my preference among the terms. They also wanted to know how they could explain this
difference to young students. This was my reply.
You pose a simple, but difficult, question. The stated purpose of the term "Native American" was to
describe the original inhabitants of this continent, and their descendents. The reason this word came into
being was concern over the use of the word Indian. No one thought Indian was a derogatory word.
Globally, it was originally used to describe the people of India. The story goes that Columbus was looking
for the spice islands of India. When he found dark skinned inhabitants on the islands of the Caribbean, he
assumed they were people of India. Had they been fair skinned, they might have been considered Chinese.
There is one smaller group of scholars who believe this story is in error. Columbus was looking for the
spice islands of the country Hindustan, as India was called by the Europeans at that time. When Columbus
arrived in the New World, he saw what he called "En Dios," or the children of god. This phrase evolved
into Indios in the Spanish-speaking world, and Indians among English-speakers.
I do not know which story is correct, or if both might be. There is one valid point, though. The indigenous
inhabitants of the Americas are not from India. Thus the term "American Indian" was born. This was used
to distinguish us from the people of India. The politically correct thought this term was inappropriate,
mostly for the reason above. An effort was made to find a more appropriate phrase. I do not know who first
coined the term, but Native American came into more frequent use.
I find the term "Native American" inappropriate. This is because of the existing phrase "native American."
Anyone born in the Americas, both North and South America, is a "native American" (lower case n on
purpose). Yes, people born in Brazil with the last name of Schultz are "native Americans."
In the United States, were have developed the habit of naming ethnic groups by adding their origins before
the term American. For example, there are Irish Americans, African Americans, Chinese Americans, etc.
By this standard, Indian Americans would be people whose ancestors were (are) from India
To me, a very small percentage of people might be confused as to a person's ethnicity if they are referred to
as an American Indian. Are they from India or are they from the indigenous people of this continent? I
consider the phrase native American, especially when spoken, much more confusing. Is the person talking
about the indigenous people, or anyone who was born in the Americas. I live near the US-Mexico border.
Being a native or being naturalized is a part of one's identity there.
I grew up thinking of myself as an American Indian. Many of the descendents of the indigenous people of
this country used that term. I also use the term Indian to describe myself. Most people prefer to be called by
their birth name, i.e. Phil Konstantin. Then most people prefer being described by their tribal affiliation, for
me it is Cherokee. After that, comes the ethnic name. Of the thousands of "native people" I have contacted,
the majority prefer the term American Indian. I have only encountered three people who prefer the term
Native American. All three were from the east coast.
There are some who prefer the term "Native People." One of the positive attributes of this term is that the
word American is not used. Since we were here long before this continent was called America, then this
later term is inappropriate.
Conversely, some find extra pride in knowing we are the only ethnic group where the word American
appears first (American Indian, as opposed to Irish American).
Other phrases are Indigenous American, Indigenous People, First People, First Nations (common in
Canada), Aboriginal Americans, and a few others. I have also come across the ultimate politically-correct
term of "Modern Descendents of Pre-Columbian Inhabitants of the Post-Pangean Continent Between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans."
Even radical Indian activists, such as Russell Means and members of AIM (American Indian Movement),
have said that they prefer the term American Indian. To me, it appears the term Native American was
created to be politically correct. I understand the concept, and I am politically correct in most things. In
fact, I never use the gender-based term Mister to describe myself. Why should I have a title which
describes my gender, unless my gender is the focus of the discussion? I use the gender-free pronoun they,
instead of he or she, whenever possible. Yes, there is a singular-plural agreement problem, but I find that
less of a problem than needless gender identification.
For what it is worth, the United States Census uses the term American Indian. The annual presidential
proclamation for the month to honor the indigenous people of this country is called "National American
Indian Heritage Month."
So, this is a long and convoluted reply to your simple question on how to present a concept to simpler
minds. There is no easy answer. You might approach it in the same way you explain to children that some
things have more than one name (car, automobile, vehicle, etc., or Mommy also has another name, like
Lila). Any time I am called a Native American, I advise the speaker that my preferred term is American
Indian. I usually ask them where they were born. They usually say somewhere in North or South America. I
then say that thus they are also a native American. My final comment is that therefore I am an American
Indian and a native American.
Incidentally, how many "white people" do you refer to as "European Americans?"
I am an enrolled member of the Cherokee Nation, also called Tsa-la-gi and Ani Yun’wiya. Our nation’s
monthly newsletter carries the following advisory:
“Note: Cultural information may vary from clan to clan, location to
location, family to family, and from differing opinions and
experiences. Information provided here are not 'etched in stone'.”
With this caveat in mind, I will now take a look at the names of many of the tribal groups who came in
contact with Lewis and Clarks Corps of Discovery. I will talk about the different tribes they met in roughly
the order they were encountered. All tribes had a name they called themselves. Many of the other tribes
they came in contact with had a name for them in their own languages. This same tribe eventually acquired
a name in the language of the Europeans who can into their lands to trade, explore or settle. It is no wonder
that many tribes were known by many different names.
The Corps of Discovery performed an amazing feat. They were skilled in frontier survival, diplomacy,
medicine, cartography, artists, carpentry, sailing, journalism, and engineering. One thing they did not excel
in was spelling. Most of my observations of the expeditions journals are based on the three volume work
“The History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition” edited by Elliott Coues. I would like to demonstrate their
spelling abilities by looking at how they spelled the name of the Iowa tribe.
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Tribes with multiple names who encountered the Lewis and
Clark Expedition
Iowa – sleepy ones (Dakota word)
Ayauway
Ayaway
Ayoway
Ayahwa
Ayawai
Ayouai
Ayauvai
Aiaoaez
Iawai
Iaway
Pahodja
Osage
Arkansaw Osage – dwellers in a highland grove
Great Osage
Little Osage
Wabasha
Wacace
Wajaja
Wakon
Wazhazhe
Missouri – great muddy, people with wooden canoes
Niutachi
Oto – lechers
Chewaerae
Otto
Kickapoo – he stands about, smooth water, otter’s ghost
Kiwigapawa
Yankton Sioux - Big Devils
Nakota
Omaha - (“upstream people” or people going against the current”)
Maha (Mahar)
U'mon'ha
Sioux – snake, ally
Dakota – Lakota - Nakota
Bois Brule – burnt woods, burnt thighs, Sit-ca-xu
Hoh’-wo-ju - Rosebud
Hunkpapa – campers at the opening of the circle, Uncpapa
Mindawarcarton – dwellers of the spirit lake, Dakota, Mde’wa-kan-ton-wan
Minneconjou – planters by water, Mnikowoju, Teton Minnakenozzo
Oglala – scatters their own, Teton Okandanda
Oohenunpa – two kettles, two boilings, O-o-he-no-pa
Sanone
Sans Arcs – without bows, Itazipco
Santee – Minada, Wahpatoota
Si-c’an-g’u - Rosebud
Sihasapa
Sisseton – dwellers of the fish ground, Sistasoone, Sisitonwah
Titunwan - dwellers of the plains
Yankton – Big Devils, Yankton of the North Plains, I-hank-to-wa
Yanktonnai – Assiniboine, Cuthead
Wapahtoota – leaf beds, leaf shooters, Santee
Wahpeton – dwellers among the leaves
Amahami
Ahaharway
Ahnahaway – people whose village is on a hill
Anahami
Arwacahwa
Black Shoe
Wattasoon
Arikara - “horns” or “elk people”or “corn eaters”
Ka'-nan-in - people whose jaws break in pieces
Northern Pawnee
Ricara
Ree
Rickaree
Sahnish
Tanish
Assiniboin - (split off from Yantonnai) ones who cook using stones (Ojibwa word)
Assiniboine
Ass-ni-pwan - (strong Sioux)
Hohe - (Dakota)
Nakota
Sioux of the Rocks
Tlu'tlama'eka - (Kutenai word)
Cheyenne – red talkers (Dakota word)
Chayenne
Dog
Dzi-tsi-stas
O-mi-sis (northern)
Sowonia (southern)
Hidatsa
Amahami
Amasi
Awatixa called "Little Minnetaree” by Lewis & Clark
Awaxawi (Witetsaan or Wiitas how nu) Sahnish for “people of the water” or “well dressed men”
Gros Ventre of the Missouri (French word) – big belly
Hewaktokto
Hidatsa (Hiratsa) “willows”
Minnetaree – they crossed the water, some say they split off to become the Crow and Paunch
Gros Ventre (French word) – big belly
Aa’ninin – white clay people
Atsina of the Prairie
Falls
Mandan
Awigaxa
Awi' ka-xa
Is' tope - those who tattooed themselves
Ma'nana'r - those who quarreled
Metutahanke (Mawatani)
Nu' itadi - our people
Numakaki
Nup'tadi
Pawnee – horn people, men of men, look like wolves
Awahi
Chahiksichahiks
Ckirihki
Great Pawnee
Kuruuriki
Panea
Pani
Pariki
Pawnee Republican
Skidi – Loup, Pani-mahas
Tapage
Some say they split into the Arikara, Caddo, Pawnee and Ree
Kiowa - principal people
Caigua
Kiaway
Kwuda
Kyaway
Tepda
Tepkinago
Arapaho
Atsina
Dog Eaters
Inunaina
Kun na-nar-wesh or Gens des Vach (name given by Lewis and Clark)
Pawnee Republican
Blackfeet
Blackfeet
Blackfeet
Blood
Kainah
Kainai
Nitsi-tapi
Peigan
Pikuni
Sihasapa
Siksika – black feet
Sisaka
Bannock –
Bana'kwut
Digger
Kutsshundika - buffalo-eaters
Panaiti
Penointikara - honey-eaters
Shohopanaiti - cottonwood
Shoshoni
Nimi
Panasht
Sampiches
Shoshone
Snake (what Lewis and Clark called them)
Tukudeka
Wihinasht
Yutas
Some say the Chemehuevi and Comanche are also Shoshone
Flathead
Ootlashoots
General name for Salish-speaking people
Coeur d’Alene – pointed heart, those who are found here
Schee chu’umsch
Skeetsomish
Skitswish
Sahaptin (Shahaptian)
Chimnahpum
Eneeshur
Klikatata
Klikitats (Wahowpum)
Nez Perce
Pelooses
Sokulks
Tenaino
Umatilla
Walla-walla (wollawollah)
Yakama
Nez Perce – “pierced nose,” “dark brown,” “people under the tule,” “camas eaters”
Choppunish
Kamuinu
Kimooenim
Kliketat
Nee-me-poo “the real people,” “we, the people”
Okanagan
Pelloatpallah
Sahaptin
Shahaptin
Soyennom
Tsoop-nit-paloo, "people from the mountains"
Tsutpeli
Willewah
Yeletpo
Cayuse – stones or rocks (French-Canadian word)
Te-taw-ken
Wailetpu
Chinook Cathlamet (Kathlamet)
Clackamas
Clanaminamum
Clan-nah-quah
Chehalis (Chilwitz, Chiltz)
Chilluckittequan
Clatsop
Cowlitz
Quathlapotle (Cathlapotle)
Tsinuk, (Chehalis word)
Wahkiakum (Wackiakum)
Clackamas
Guithlakimas
Tlakimish
Clatskanie
A'latskne-i
Clackstar
Klatskanai
Tlatskanai
Klickitat
Klikitat
Qwulhhwaipum
Palouse
Palus
Walla Walla – little river
Tenino
Walula
Warm Springs
Wanapum
Sokulks
Wasco – cup, those who have the cup
Galasquo
Wishram
Ilaxluit
Ita'xluit (Echeloot)
Tlakluit
Yakima – runaway
Pakiutlema
Waptailmin
Yakama
Alsea – peace (speculation)
Alsi
Cathlamet
Kathlamet
Chehalis - sand
Chilwitz
Chiltz
Watlala – Upper Chinook
Cascade
Cathlamet
Cathlapotle
Chilluckquittequan
Clackamas
Cooniac
Echeloot
Multnomah
Wahkiacum
Wasco
Clatsop – “dried salmon people”
Quinault
Qui-nai-elts
Siuslaw
Now affiliated with the Siletz
Salish
Flathead
Okinagan
Pishquitpah (Pisquox)
Queniult
Tillamook
Tillamook
Callamox
Kahuncles
Killamuck
Luckawis
Lucktons
Neektoos
Nsietshawus
Ulseah
Youikcones
Youitts
Umpqua
Etnemitane
Wahkiakum
Wahkiaku
Wappatoo
Cathlacommatups
Cathlacumups
Cathlamahs
Cathlanaquiahs
Clackstar
Claninnatas
Clannahqueh
Clannarminnamuns
Multnomah
Nechacokee
Nemalquinner
Shoto
Kalispel - camas
Pend d'Oreille
Atsina – gut people
Aa'ninena - (own name meaning white clay people)
Fall Indians
Haaninin
Minnetarees of the Plains
(often confused with Gros Ventre)
Crow - crow, sparrowhawk or bird people
Absaroka
Apsaalooka
Kee-kat-sa
Bands according to Lewis and Clark:
Ahah-ar-ro-pir-no-pah
E-hart-sar
Noo-ta
Pa-rees-car
Often associated with Hidatsa
Kootenai
Asanka
Kootenay
Kuronoqa
Kutenai
Tribal Name Meanings
Here are some additional tribes whose name has a specific meaning other than us, we,
people or human beings:
Abnaki:
Achomawi:
Acolapissa:
Agaidika:
Ahtena:
Akwesasne:
Alabama:
Apache:
Apalachicola:
Apalachee:
Arikara:
Assiniboin:
Atakapa:
Atsina:
Atsugewi:
Avoyel:
Bayogoula:
Bidai:
Brule:
Caddo:
Cayuga:
Cayuse:
Chakchiuma:
Chehalis:
Cherokee:
Chetco:
Cheyenne:
Chickahominy:
Chipwyan:
Chitimacha:
Chontal:
Choula:
Chowanoc:
Chumash:
Clallam:
Clatsop:
Cocopah:
Comanche:
Coeur d’Alene:
Crow:
Dakota:
Ehdiitat Gwich'in:
Erie:
Eskimo:
Fox:
Gwich'in:
Gros Ventre:
Hach winik:
Han:
Havasupai:
Hidatsa:
Hiute:
those living at the sunrise (easterners)
river
those who listen and see
salmon eaters
ice people
land where the partridge drums
I clear the thicket
enemy (Zuni word)
people of the other side
people of the other side
horns or elk people, or corn eaters
ones who cook using stones (Ojibwa word)
man eater
white clay people
hat creek indians
people of the rocks
people of the bayou
brushwood (Caddo word)
burned thighs
true chiefs
place locusts were taken out, people at the mucky land
stones or rocks (French-Canadian word)
red crawfish people
sand
cave people (Choctaw word), people of different speech
(Creek word)
close to the mouth of the stream
red talkers (Dakota word), little Cree (Lakota word)
hominy people
pointed skins (Cree word)
they have cooking vessels
stranger (Nahuatl word)
fox
people at the south
people who make the shell bead money
strong people
dried salmon
river people
anyone who wants to fight me all the time (Ute word)
those who are found here
crow, sparrowhawk, bird people
allie
people who live among timber or spruce
long tail or cat people (Iroquois word)
eaters of raw meat (Algonquin or Cree word)
red earth people
people who live at a certain place
big bellies, one who cooks with a stone, he cooks by
roasting (see Atsina)
true people
those who live along the river
people of the blue green water
willow (speculation)
bowmen
Honniasont:
Hopi:
Houma:
Huchnom:
Hunkpapa:
Hupa:
Huron:
Hwal'bay (Hualapai):
Ihanktonwan:
Ihanktonwana:
Iowa:
Iroquois:
Jatibonicu:
Jatibonuco:
Jicaque:
Jicarilla:
Kainai:
Kan-hatki:
Kanienkahaka:
Kanza:
Karok:
Kato:
Kawchottine:
Ketsei:
Kickapoo:
Kiowa:
Klallam:
Klamath:
Kotsoteka:
Kutcha-kutchin:
Kwuda:
Lakota
Latgawa:
Lenni Lenape:
Lillooet:
Loucheux:
Machapunga:
Mahican:
Makah:
Maliseet:
Massachuset:
Mdewankantonwan:
Menominee:
Miami:
Michigamea:
Miniconjou:
Minnetaree:
Minqua:
Missouri:
Moapa:
Moatokni:
Modoc:
Mohave:
Mohawk:
Mohegan:
Moneton:
Munsee:
Nahane:
Narragansett:
Nanticoke:
Natsit-kutchin:
Navajo:
wearing something around the neck
peaceful ones
red
mountain people
campers at the opening of the circle
trinity river
ruffian (French word)
people of the tall pines
dwellers at the end
little dwellers at the end
sleepy ones (Dakota word)
real adders (Snake) or we of the extended lodge
people of the great sacred high waters
great people of the sacred high waters
ancient person (Nahuatl word)
little basket weaver (Spanish word)
many chiefs
white earth
people of the place of flint
people of the south wind
upstream
lake
people of the great hares
going in wet sand
he stands about
principal people
strong people
people of the lake
buffalo eaters
those who live on the flats
people coming out
friend or ally (same with Dakota and Nakota)
those living in the uplands
genuine men
wild onion
people with slanted or crossed eyes
bad dust
wolf
cape people
broken talkers
at the hills
dwellers of the spirit lake
wild rice men
people on the peninsula, cry of the crane
great water
planters by water
they crossed the water
stealthy
great muddy, people with wooden canoes
mosquito creek people
southerners
southerners
three mountains, people of the water/river
the possessors of the flint, coward or man eater (Abenaki
words)
wolf
big water people
at the place where the stones are gathered together
people of the west
people of the small point
people of the tidewaters
those who live off the flats
cultivated field in an arroyo (Tewa word)
Nihtat Gwich'in:
Nipmuck:
Nokoni:
Nooksack:
Nootka:
Oglala:
Ojibwa:
Okelousa:
Okmulgee:
Omaha:
Oneida:
Onondaga:
Opata:
Ottawa:
Otto:
Pahodja:
Pakiutlema:
Pamunkey:
Pantch-pinunkansh:
Papagos:
Pascagoula:
Passamaquoddy:
Paugusset:
Pawnee:
Penateka:
Pennacook:
Penobscot:
Pensacola:
People of the lakes:
Peoria:
Pequot:
Piegan:
Pilthlako:
Pima:
Pojoaque:
Potawatomi:
Powhatan:
Pshwanwapam:
Puyallup:
Qawishwallanavetum:
Quahadi:
Quapaw:
Sac:
Salish:
Sans Arc:
Schaghticoke:
Sekani:
Seminole:
Seneca:
Shawnee:
Sihasapa Sioux:
Siksika:
Sioux:
Sisitonwan:
Skokomish:
Taino:
Takelma:
Tanima:
Tangipahoa:
Tantawats:
people living together as a mixture
freshwater fishing place
those who turn back
mountain men
along the coast
scatters their own
to roast till puckered up
blackwater
where water boils up
upstream people or people going against the current
a boulder standing up, people of the standing stone
people on top of the hills
hostile people (Pima word)
to trade
lechers
dusty nones
people of the gap
rising upland
men altogether red
desert people, bean people
bread people
plenty of pollock
where the narrows open out
horn people, men of men, look like wolves
honey eaters
down hill
it forks on the white rocks or the descending ledge
place, at the stone place
hair people
tribes near the great lakes
carrying a pack on his back
fox people or destroyers
scabby robes
big swamp
river people
drinking place
people of the place of the fire, keepers of the fire,
(fire nation, fire people)
falls in a current of water
stony ground
shadow
people that live among the rocks
antelope
downstream people
people of the yellow earth or people of the outlet
flatheads
without bows
at the river forks
dwellers on the rocks
separatist or breakaway,peninsula people
place of stone, people of the standing rock, great hill
people
south or southerners
blackfeet
blackfeet
snake (French version of other tribe's name)
dwellers of the fish ground
river people
we the good people
those living along the river
liver eaters
corn gatherers
southern men
Tatsanottine:
Tawakoni:
Teetl'it Gwich'in:
Tejas:
Tenawa:
Tennuth-ketchin:
Teton:
Tewa:
Thlingchadinne:
Titonwan:
Tonawanda:
Tonkawa:
Tsattine:
Tsetsaut:
Tubatulabal:
Tukudeka:
Tuscarora:
Two Kettle:
Unalachtgo:
Viniintaii Gwich'in:
Vuntut Gwitch’in:
Vvunta-ketchin:
Wahpekute:
Wahpetonwan:
Wailaki:
Wakokai:
Walapai:
Wallawalla:
Wampanoag:
Wappo:
Waptailmin:
Wasco:
Wichita:
Winnebago:
Wiwohka:
Wyandot:
Yakima:
Yamparika:
Yavapai:
Yoncalla:
Yuchi:
Yuhavitam:
Yuki:
Yurok:
people of the copper water
river bend among red hills
people who live at the head of the waters
friendly
down stream
middle people
dwellers of the prairie
moccasins
dog-flank people
dwellers of the plains
confluent stream
they all stay together or most human of people
lives among the beavers
people of the interior (Niska word)
pinenut eaters (Shoshone word)
sheep eater
hemp gatherers, the shirt wearing people
two boilings
tidewater people
people who live on or by the caribou trail
dwellers among the lakes
those who live among the lakes
shooters amoung the leaves
dwellers amoung the leaves
north language (Wintun word)
blue heron breeding place
pine tree people
little river
eastern people
brave
people of the narrow river
cup, those who have the cup
big arbor (Choctaw word)
filthy water people
roaring water
people of the peninsula, islanders
runaway
rooteaters or yapeaters
people of the sun, crooked mouth people
those living at ayankeld
situated yonder
people of the pines
stranger (Wintun word)
downstream (Karok word)
Alternative Tribal Names
Many tribes have more than one name. Some tribes have a name they give to the
world, and another name which was meant to be used only amongst themselves.
Some tribes became known by the names other tribes called them. For example,
Cherokee is name given to them by others. Eventually, so many
Europeans/Americans and other tribes called them this, they adopted the name.
Here is an example of the many names given to my tribe, the Cherokee. It comes
from "The Indian Tribes of North America" by John R. Swanton:
Alligewi or Alleghanys, a people appearing in Delaware tradition who were
Perhaps identical with this tribe.
Ani'-Kitu'hwagi, own name, from one of their most important ancient settlements,
and extended by Algonquian tribes to the whole.
Ani'-Yun'-wiya', own name, meaning "real people."
Baniatho, Arapaho name (Gatschet, MS., B.A.E.).
Entari ronnon, Wyandot name, meaning "mountain people."
Manteran Catawba name, meaning "coming out of the ground."
Ochie'tari-ronnon, a Wyandot name.
Oyata' ge'ronon, Iroquois name, meaning "inhabitants of the cave country."
Shanaki, Gaddo name.
Shannakiak, Fox name (Gatschet, Fox MS., B. A. E.).
Talligewi, Delaware name (in Walam Olum), see Alligewi.
Tcaike, Tonkawa name.
Tcerokieco, Wichita name.
Uwatayo-rono, Wyandot name, meaning "cave people."
There are many variations on how Europeans spelled tribal names. As noted above,
Lewis and Clark refer to the Iowa (pronounced Eye-oh-way) Indians with spellings
which varied from page to page in their journal. I have not included every possible
phonetic spelling, just some of the major ones. One additional point, some tribes
have been referred to by a name which is not their real name, nor do they officially
acknowledge that name. However, because it has been misused so often, I have listed
the incorrect name.
Abenaki (western):
Adai:
Adamstown:
Alabama:
Aleut:
Anadarko:
Apache:
Apache Mohave:
Appomattoc:
Arapahoe:
Arikara:
Assiniboin:
Athapaskan:
Atsina:
Aztec:
Bannock:
Bear River Indians:
Bellabella:
Alnonba, Abnaki
Nateo
Upper Mattaponi
Alibamu
Alutiiq, Unangan
Nadaco
N de,Tinneh, Dine, Tinde, Unde, Shis inde,
Yavapai
Apamatuks
Inunaina, Atsina
Northern Pawnee, Ricara, Ree
Hohe
Dene
Haaninin
Nahua, Nahuatl
Panaiti
Niekeni
Heiltsuqu, Heiltsuk
Bellacoola:
Blackfeet:
Blood:
Brule Sioux:
Caddo:
Calusa:
Campo:
Carrier:
Catawba:
Cayuga:
Cayuse:
Chakchiuma:
Chemehuevi:
Chetco:
Cherokee:
Cheyenne:
Chitimacha:
Choctaw:
Chumash:
Clackamas:
Clallam:
Cocopah:
Coeur d'Alene:
Comanche:
Nuxalk
Nitsi-tapi, Piegan, Pikuni (northern); Siksika, Sisaka (southern), Sihasapa
Kainai
Si can gu
Adai, Eyeish, Hasinai, Hainai, Kadohodacho, Kadohadacho Confederacy, Natchitoches
Calos, Carlos, Muspa
Kumeyaay
Wet'suwet'en
Esaw, Ushery
Kweniogwen, Iroquois
Wailetpu, Te-taw-ken
Shaktci Homma
Tantawats
Tolowa
Tsa-la-gi, Ani-yun-wiya, Anikituhwagi, Keetowah
Dzi tsi stas, Sowonia (southern), O mi sis (northern)
Pantch-pinunkansh
Chakchiuma, Chatot
Santa Barbara Indians
Guithlakimas
S'klallam, Nusklaim,Tlalem
Xawitt Kunyavaei
Skitswish, Schee chu'umsch
Detsanayuka, Kotsoteka, Nermernuh, Noconi, Nokoni, Numunuu, Padouca (Sioux
word), Penateka, Pennande, Quahadi, Yamparika
Comox:
Catloltx
Copane:
Kopano, Quevenes
Cora:
Nayarit
Coree:
Coranine
Coushatta:
Koasati, Acoste
Cree:
Kenistenoag, Iyiniwok, Nehiawak or Nay-hee-uh-wuk (Plains Cree),
Sah-cow-ee-noo-wuk (bush Cree)
Creek:
Muskogee, Abihika, Abeika, Hitchiti
Crow:
Absaroke
Cuthead:
Pabaksa
Delaware:
Lenni Lenape, Lenape, Abnaki, Alnanbai, Wampanoag, Munsee, Unami,
Unalachitgo, Powhatan-Renápe
Dieguenos:
Comeya, Tipai, Ipai, Kumeyaay
Eskimo:
Inuit, Inupiat, Inuvialuit, Yupik
Fox:
Mesquaki
Gabrieleno:
Tongva
Ganawese:
Conoys, Piscataways
Goshute:
Kusiutta
Gros Ventre:
Atsina (prairie), Hidatsa (Missouri), Ah-ah-nee-nin, Minnetaree
Gwich'in:
Loucheux
Hainai:
Ioni
Havasupai:
Suppai
Hidatsa:
Gros Venture
Ho-Chunk:
Winnebago
Hopi:
Hopitu, Hopitu, Shinumu, Moqui, Hapeka
Hualapai:
Hwal'bay, Walapai
Hupa:
Natinnohhoi
Huron:
Wendat, Wyandot
Ingalik Athapaskans: Deg Het'an
Iowa:
Pahodja
Iroquois:
Haudenosaunee, Hodenosaunee, Ongwanosionni, Hotinonshonni
Jemez:
Tuwa
Jicarilla Apache:
Tinde
Kalispel:
Pend d'Oreilles
Kamia:
Tipai
Kansa:
Hutanga, Kansas, Kanza, Kaw,
Kato:
Tlokeang
Keres:
Kickapoo:
Kiowa:
Kiowa Apache:
Klamath:
Klickitat:
Kootenai:
Koso:
Kutchin:
Kutenai:
Lancandon:
Loucheux:
Lillooet:
Lipan:
Lower Sioux:
Lumbee:
Maicopa:
Makah:
Mandan:
Manhattan:
Manso:
Maricopa:
Miami:
Micmac:
Missouri:
Moapa:
Modoc:
Mohave:
Mohawk:
Molala:
Mono:
Moratoc:
Mosopelea:
Munsee:
Nanticoke:
Navajo:
Nez Perce:
Nootka:
Northern Ojibwa:
Ogallala:
Ojibwa:
Okanagon:
Oneida:
Onondaga:
Osage:
Ottawa:
Otto:
Oulaouaes:
Parianuc:
Paiute:
Papagos:
Passamaquoddy:
Patchogue:
Pawnee:
Pecos:
Pend d'Oreilles:
Penobscot:
Petun:
Piegan:
Pima:
Piro:
Pueblo, Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, Zia
Kiwigapawa
Kwuda, Tepda, Tepkinago, Gaigwu
Nadiisha Dena
Eukshikni Maklaks, Auksni
Qwulhhwaipum
Kuronoqa, Kutenai
Panamint
Gwich'in
Asanka
Maya
Gwich'in
Lil'wat, St'át'imc
Naizhan
Mdewakanton, Wahpekute
Cheraw
Pipatsji
Kwenetchechat
Metutahanke or Mawatani (after 1837), Numakaki (before 1837)
Rechgawawank
Maise, Mansa, Manse, Manxo, Gorreta, Gorrite, Tanpachoa
Xalchidom Pii-pash, Pipatsje, Pee-posh
Twightwis, Twa-h-twa-h, Oumameg
Mi'kmaq
Niutachi
Moapariats
Moatokni, Okkowish
Mojave, Tzinamaa, Ahamakav, Hamakhava
Kanienkahaka, Kaniengehage, Abenaki, Iroquois
Latiwe
Monache
Nottoway
Ofom
Minasinink
Unalachtgo
Diné, Dineh, Tenuai, Navaho
Nee-me-poo, Nimipu, Kamuinu, Tsutpeli, Sahaptin, Chopunnish
Nuu-chah-nulth
Saulteaux
Okandanda
Chippewa, Anishinabe, Missisauga, Saginaw
Isonkuaili
Iroquois
Iroquois
Wa-Shah-She, Wakon, Wazhazhe
Adawe
Chewaerae
Necariages
White River Utes
Numa, Nuwuvi, Kuyuiticutta
Tohono O'odham, Ak-chin, Yohono Au'autam
Peskedemakddi
Unkechaug
Pariki, Panyi, Chahiksichahiks, Ckirihki Kuruuriki, Awah.i
Pueblos from Jemez
Kalispel
Pannawanbskek, Penaubsket
Khionontateronon, Tionontati
Blood, Kainai, Pikuni, Pigunni
Onk Akimel Au-authm, Tohono O'odham, A-atam, Akimul Au'autam,
Akimel O'oodham
Tortuga
Pit River:
Poosepatuck:
Quapaw:
Quechan:
Quileute:
Quinault:
Sac and Fox:
Sahwnee:
Salish:
Sans Arc:
Santee:
Saponi:
Scioto:
Seminole:
Seneca:
Serrano:
Shawnee:
Shoshone:
Sioux:
Sissipahaw:
Skagit:
Skoskomish:
Squinamish:
Slotas:
Songish:
Southern Paiute:
St.Francis:
St.Regis Mohawk:
Stockbridge:
Susquehanna:
Taidnapam:
Taviwac:
Tejas:
Tenino:
Teton:
Tewa:
Thompson:
Tigua:
Tillamook:
Timucua:
Tiwa:
Tobacco:
Toltec:
Tonkawa:
Tubatulabal:
Tunica:
Tuscarora:
Tututni:
Twana:
Two Kettle:
Umpqua:
Uncompahgre Ute:
Upper Chehalis:
Upper Sioux:
Ute:
Wampanoag:
Warm Springs:
Wasco:
Watlala:
Achomawi, Atsugewi
Unkechaug
Quapah, Akansea, Ouaguapas
Yuma
Quil-leh-ute
Qui-nai-elts
Sauk, Asakiwaki, Meshkwakihug, Fox
Shawadasay
Okinagan, Slathead
Itazipco
Sisseton
Monasukapanough
(Five Nations of the Scioto Plains) Shawnee, Wyandot, Delaware, Munsee, Seneca
Ikaniuksalgi, Alachua, Mikasuki
Iroquois
Cowangachem, Mohineyam, Qawishwallanavetum, Yuhavitam
Savannah, Chillicothe, Hathawekela, Mequachake, Piqua
Shoshoni, Snake, Nimi, Tukudeka, Agaidika
Brule, Dakota, Hunkpapa, Isanyati, Itazipco, Lakota, Mnikowoju, Nakota, Ocheti
Shakowin, Oglala, Oohenunpa, Sicangu, Sihasapa, Teton, Titunwan
Haw
Humaluh
Twana
Swinomish
Red River Metis
Lkungen
Numa
Abenaki
Akwesasne, Kaniengehage
Mahican
Susquehannock, Conestoga, Minqua, Andaste.
Upper Cowlitz
Uncompahgre Ute
Hasinai, Cenis
Melilema
Brule, Hunkpapa, Itazipco, Mnikowoju, Oglala, Oohenunpa, Sicangu, Sihasapa,
Titunwan
Pueblo, Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Tesuque
Nlaka'pamux
Pueblo, Tiwa, Tortuga
Killamuck
Utina,Acuera
Pueblo, Tortuga
Khionontateronon, Tionontati
Chiaimeca Mochanecatoca
Titskan Watitch, Titskanwatitch, Tonkaweya
Bahkanapul, Kern River
Yoron
Skarure, Iroquois, Coree
Tolowa
Tuadhu
Oohenonpa
Etnemitane
Taviwac
Kwaiailk
Sisseton, Wahpeton
Noochi, Notch, Nuciu, Yamparka, Parianuc, Taviwac, Wiminuc, Kapota, Muwac,
Cumumba, Tumpanuwac, Uinta-ats, Pahvant, San Pitch, and Sheberetch
Pokanoket
Tilkuni
Galasquo
Katlagakya
Whilkut:
Winnebago:
Wichita:
Winik:
Wishram:
Wyandot:
Yakima:
Yazoo:
Yoncalla:
Yuchi:
Yuma:
Zuni:
Redwood Indians
Winipig, Ho-Chunk
Kitikiti'sh, Wia Chitch (Choctaw word)
Maya
Ilaxluit, Tlakluit
Huron, Talamatans
Waptailmin, Pakiutlema
Chakchiuma
Tchayankeld
Chisa
Quechan, Euqchan
Ashiwi, Taa Ashiwani
Most of the above material can be found in my book:
“This Day in North American Indian History”
Published by DaCapo Press 2002
ISBN 0306811707
…or on my website:
http://americanindian.net