“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Report on
UNEP Training Workshop on
“Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy:
Waste Characterization and Quantification, and Assessment of
Agricultural Waste Management System”
December 3rd and 4th, 2012
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Contents
Chapter
No.
1
2
Sub
chapter
Title
Page
Picture-6
Introduction and Background
Conduct of the workshop
The main coverage of the workshop
The major topics covered during the workshop
Brief on field observations by BIMTECH team
Role Play: Stakeholders meet
Participants feedback
Next steps
Post workshop activities
Visit to M/s Ankur Scientific (Pvt) Ltd.
Visit to M/s Jay Khodiyar Machine Tools Pvt. Ltd.:
Visit to M/s Paswara Chemicals Ltd.
Cross section of a gasifier
Visit to M/s Ankur Scientific Energy facility
Briquetting Machine
Visit to M/s Jay Khodiyar Machine Tools
Briquetting M/c. under assembly
Present way of feeding biomass to boiler at Paswara Chemicals
Ltd.
Visit to Paswara Chemicals Ltd.
Annexure-1
Annexure-2
Annexure-3
Annexure-4
Schedule of the two days workshop
List of participants
Brief write up on coverage of workshop
Feedback by participants of first workshop
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
Figure-1
Picture-1
Picture-2
Picture-3
Picture-4
Picture-5
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
1:
Introduction and Background:
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), DTI-IETC, has assigned a project to
Birla Institue of Management Technology, (BIMTECH) under the project code MOD# 1229-11013, titled “Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG
Emission Reduction”
As a part of the SSFA terms, it was felt necessary that all the members working in the team of
the study should have a common understanding of the needs and expectations from the study.
Hence, with a view to provide a uniform platform and proper understanding, a training
workshop was designed by the UNEP and was conducted during the 1st and 2nd December
2012 in MDP Hall, Second Floor, BIMTECH-Delhi (NCR)
Mr. Surya Prakash Chandak, Senior Programme Officer, International Environmental
Technology Centre, United Nations Environment Programme, Osaka, Japan conducted the
workshop.
2:
Conduct of the workshop:
The workshop was organized for the Project Team and other professionals working in the
area of sustainable development.
The workshop was inaugurated by Prof. Jagdish Shettigar, Ex. Area Chairperson, Center for
Sustainable Development Practices, BIMTECH.
Dr. J. Shettigar inaugurating the workshop.
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
In his inaugural note, Dr. Shettigar highlighted the need for environmental safety and stressed
upon the urgent need and importance of deployment of renewable energy sources. He
emphasized upon the role of agricultural waste biomass in this direction and said the role
being played by the UNEP in this direction was of paramount importance.
The complete deliberations of workshop were mainly conducted by Mr. Surya Prakash
Chandak from UNEP, Osaka. Prof. Chari presented the initial findings of the field survey by
team members. (Agenda of the workshop is attached at Annexxure-1). A total of 22
participants attended the workshop. Annexure-2 provides the list of participants.
2.1
The main coverage of the workshop:
A write up on the training inputs is provided in Annexure-3.
The workshop deliberations were divided in to three main themes, viz:
(a) Assessment of Agricultural Waste Management System,
(b) Waste Agricultural Biomass Characterization and Quantification and
(c) Discussions on Preliminary Findings by the BIMTECH team
2.2
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The major topics covered during the workshop are;
The different perspectives of Waste Agricultural Biomass management system were
deliberated upon.
Perspective 1: Generation-based WAB Management System
Perspective 2: Stakeholder-based WAB Management System
The framework of assessment of waste management system
Principles of assessment of waste management system
The assessment of a waste management system
Assessment of policies
Assessment of institutions
Analysis of status of institutions, weaknesses and improvement measures
Assessment of financing mechanisms
Financial mechanisms for waste management chain
Gap analysis and suggested improvement measures in current financial mechanisms
for waste management chain
Assessment of technology
Analysis of limitations of prevailing technologies for waste management
Expected performance criteria of future technologies for waste management
Role of stakeholder
Characterization of Waste Agricultural Biomass for energy applications
Parameters of characterization
Visual characterization
Moisture content
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
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Energy Content
Determination of HHV:
Based on ultimate analysis, the three models, as below were detailed.
Model – X, Model – Y and Model – Z:
Similarly, based on proximate analysis the three models, as below were detailed.
Model A, Model B, Model C
HHV – Higher Heating Value in MJ/Kg

VM, FC,A are the % mass fractions of Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon and Ash respectively in
dry biomass.
The above were explained through chemical equations and calculations for typical WAB
fuels.

2.3
Brief on field observations by BIMTECH team
A brief presentation of the preliminary findings of the field visits by the team comprising
Prof. K. R. Chari and his team comprising Ms. Neha Ranjan, Ms. Shiffia Mittal, Ms. Sakshi
Kukreja, Ms. Sunayana Sehgal and Mr. Amit Arora, was made.
It was reported that in most of the western UP, generally the agricultural residues in the field
are subcontracted and the user pays on a per acre basis. However, it was also reported that a
major portion of the waste is burnt in the field or left to rot, purely due to economic reasons
of high labour costs. It may be worth mentioning at this stage that due to high
industrialization and various government sponsored minimum employment schemes, most of
the traditional labour has hiked up their rates beyond the paying capacity of farmers.
2.4
Role Play: Stakeholders meet
The salient feature of the workshop was the stake holders deliberations, conducted through a
well designed group exercise. Teams of 11 members each were formed with each members
playing the role of an entrepreneur, an NGO, Banker, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of
Renewable Energy, Large farmer, small/marginal farmer, Vegetable market spokesman,
Governor of the state, People’s representative and a technology supplier. This was to be the
group of all involved stakeholders.
The exercise provided highly useful insights in to the project and all the participants
expressed their full satisfaction and gained knowledge on the topic. The role play provided a
real life experience to all the participants and helped in their negotiation abilities and
empathetic listening skills. The team also was benefited by understanding the view points of
various stakeholders in WAB2E projects.
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
A section of the participants with Dr. Surya Prakash Chandak
2.5
Participants feedback
At the end of the workshop, a feedback by the participants was taken. Pl. refere to Annexure4.
While expressing their full satisfaction about the inputs provided during the workshop, the
participants expressed their desire to know more about the following areas;
1. Use of simpler technical explanations with real life and common examples
2. Use more technical terminologies basically related to the technological aspect
3. Opportunity for practical implementation
4. Discuss real life cases of other countries
5. More coverage on Problem analysis
6. Video presentations on a real life situation. However, the participants were advised to
use the various web sites offering a wide range of such videos on the subject,
including Youtube.
7. Need more exposure on comparative study with other renewable resources as well
8. Group exercise to have a more detailed input on costing and pricing principles so that
one will not face any problem in negotiation.
9. Run the group exercise in two half days in order to maintain the interest as well as get
more time for discussion.
10. Session to discuss possible problems in the project.
11. Use of visuals in PowerPoint Presentation (Smart Art)
12. Methodology of SWOT Analysis
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
2.6
Next steps
Based upon the deliberations in the workshop, the group identified the following steps until the next
training workshop scheduled in February on “Technologies for Converting Waste Agricultural
Biomass into Energy”.
The working group identified the following action steps:
2.6.1
Continue further work on the components I and II of the project and gather more information.
2.6.2
Carry out literature survey about the technologies for converting agricultural biomass to
energy.
2.6.3
Draw up a list of all the possible stakeholders for such a project in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
2.6.4
Collect a list of videos demonstrating various processes and technologies and principles on
which the conversion is possible.
2.6.5
Collect more information on the parameters for characterization and quantification of WAB.
2.6.6
Meet at least one each of WBA generators/producers like the saw mills, agricultural product
processing units like fruit processors, dal mills, oil mills, vegetable markets and fruit markets.
2.6.7
Study the prevailing practices for handling the wastes generated in these entities.
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
3:
Post workshop activities:
To reinforce the deliberations during the workshop, it was felt necessary that the status of the
existing technologies providers of systems for conversion of biomass to energy, and some
potential and prospective users of such systems, be surveyed. Accordingly, a visit was
planned to two such technology provider centers in Vadodara (M/s Ankur Scientific Energy
Technologies Pvt. Ltd.)1 and Rajkot (M/s Jay Khodiyar Machine Tools Pvt. Ltd.)2 in Gujrat
state , and a large scale user of Biomass (M/s Paswara Chemicals Ltd.)3 in Mohiuddinpur
near Merrut town in Uttar Pradesh.
3.1
Visit to M/s Ankur Scientific (Pvt) Ltd.
The visit was undertaken on the 3rd December 2012. M/s Ankur Scientific
M/s Amkur Scientific Pvt. Ltd. Are engaged in designing and producing agricultural waste
gasifiers and are one of the prominent leading players in the field with more than 25 years
standing. Apart from catering to the Indian market, the company has installed their custom
built design in many asian countries.
The gasifier is essentially a chemical reactor where various complex physical and chemical
processes take place. Biomass gets dried, heated, pyrolysed, partially oxidized and reduced in
this reactor as it flows through it.Four distinct processes take place in a gasifier:
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Drying of the fuel.
Pyrolysis.
Combustion.
Reduction.
Although there is a considerable overlap, each process can be considered to be occupying a
separate zone, in which fundamentally different chemical and thermal reactions take place.
The fuel must pass through all of these zones to be completely converted.
The essential characteristics of the down-draft design being used in Ankur Gasifiers is that it
is designed so that the tars given off in the pyrolysis zone are drawn through the combustion
zone, where they will be broken down or burned. When this happens, the energy they contain
is usefully recovered and the mixture of gases in the exit stream is relatively clean.
1
Ankur', Near Old Sama Jakat Naka, Sama Road, Baroda-390008, Gujarat, India. , Phone : 91-2652793098/2794021., Fax : 91-265-2794042. E-mail : ascent@ankurscientific.com, '
2
Samrat Industrial Area No. 2, Opposite Kaneriya Oil Industries, Gondal Road, Rajkot – 360 004,
Gujrat-India, Phone: +91-281-238815, e-mail: info@jaykhodiyargroup.com,
info@jkbriquettingplant.com
3
Paswara Papers Ltd., N.H. – 58, Village – Mohiuddinpur, Delhi Road, Meerut (U.P.) INDIA, Phone:
0091-121-2410502, 2410505, e-mail: paswara@ndf.vsnl.net.in
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
A schematic diagram of their system is provided here below in Figure-1. Understanding of
the system by Mr. S. P. Chandak was facilitated by Mr. Agarwal, General Manager of the
Plant. (Picture-1)
Figure-1: Cross section of a gasifier
3.2
Picture-1: Mr. S. P. Chandak visiting the unit
Visit to M/s Jay Khodiyar Machine Tools Pvt. Ltd.:
The visit was undertaken on 4th of December 2012.
Established in 1994 M/S JAY KHODIYAR MACHINE TOOLS Pvt. Ltd. are a machine
Tools manufacturing company, with specialization in designing and manufacturing
Agricultural, Forestry and industrial waste Briquetting Plants.
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Picture-2: Briquetting Machine
Picture-3: Visit to M/s Jay Khodiyar Machine
Tools Pvt. Ltd.
Picture-4: Briquetting M/c. under assembly
3.3
Visit to M/s Paswara Chemicals Ltd.
The visit was undertaken on 5th December 2013. M/s Paswara Chemicals Ltd. are engaged in
recycling waste oils and manufacturing of craft paper from recycled waste paper products.
The plant has a capacity to produce 100 Tonnes/day of craft paper. The raw material is waste
paper products, procured from Indian suppliers and also imported in bulk.
For the process steam requirement, the company uses various forms of agricultural wastes
viz: Bagasse from the nearby sgar and jiggery units, millet straw, paddy straw and wheat
straw etc., as per the availability in different seasons.
A very conventional way of feeding the fuel is in vogue, as may be seen in Picture 5.
Picture 5: Present way of feeding
biomass to boiler
Picture-6: Visit to Paswara Chemicals Ltd.
Through discussions with the promoters of the unit, it was strongly felt that an agro waste
briquetting plant may be an attractive proposition for implementation. Options for generation
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
of electricity were also discussed, by using one of the four 1,050 KVA rated units of Diesel
Generation sets available in the company, in a duel fuel mode.
However, considering the efficiencies of a gasifiers, which offer only about a maximum of
80% diesel replacement, it was found an uneconomic option.
The chances of using a briquetting plant were favourably considered. . However, the owners
opined that the techno economics of the option will have to be evaluated before taking a final
decision.
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Annexure-1
Schedule of the two days workshop
Training on
Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy
1-2 December 2012, at BIMTECH, NOIDA
TIME
ITEM
SPEAKERS/LECTURERS
Day 1: Saturday 01 December, 2012
08:30 – 09:00

Registration
OPENING SESSION
09:00 – 09:05

Welcome Remark
09:05 – 09:20

Project Overview
09:20 – 09:30

Closing Remarks
Dr Jagdish Shettigar, (Ex)
Area Chairperson, Sustainable
Development PracticesBIMTECH
- Mr. Surya Prakash Chandak,
Senior Programme Officer,
IETC-UNEP
Prof. K. R. Chari, BIMTECH
09:30 – 10:00
TEA/COFFEE
10:00 – 11:30

Waste Characterization and
Quantification
11:30 – 12:00

Discussion Q & A
12:00 – 13:00
13:30 – 14:30
Mr. Surya Prakash Chandak,
Senior Programme Officer
,IETC-UNEP
Lunch

Assessment of Agricultural Waste
Management System
14:30 – 14:45
Mr. Surya Prakash Chandak,
Senior Programme Officer,
IETC-UNEP
TEA/COFFEE
14:45 – 15:30
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15:30 – 16:30

Presentation of Data Collection,
Analysis and Preliminary Findings for
Waste Agricultural Biomass
Discussion Q & A
Prof. K. R. Chari, BIMTECH
Project Team
Day 2: Sunday 02, December 2012
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
08:30 – 09:00

Formation of groups, background
explanation on the exercise
09:00 – 09:30
9:30 – 12:00
- Mr. Surya Prakash Chandak,
Senior Programme
Officer,IETC-UNEP
TEA/COFFEE

Working in Groups
- Group work
12:00 – 13:00
Lunch
13:00 – 13:30

Finalization of Presentation on Group
work
- Group Work
13:30 – 14:00

Presentation by groups
- Group Work
14:00 – 14:30

Discussion, Question & Answers
14:30 – 15:00
TEA/COFFEE
15:00 – 15:30

Presentation on Summary of
Discussion and next steps
15:30 – 16:00

Remarks from participants
16:00 – 16:30

End of Training
- Project Team
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Annexure-2
List of participants:
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Annexure-3
The different perspectives of Waste Agricultural Biomass management system were
deliberated upon.
Perspective 1: Generation-based WAB Management System
The three major sources of waste generation, viz: Farms, Industry and Commercial activities
were discussed and a schematic illustration for linking them and the flow of waste to energy
and treatment of residual waste were discussed.
Perspective 2: Stakeholder-based WAB Management System
The framework of assessment of waste management system
Management Aspects
Sources/types of WAB
Laws &
Regulatio
ns
Institution
s
Financial
Mechanism
s
Technology &
Infrastructure
Role of
Stakeholders
WAB from farms
WAB from processing
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
facilities
WAB from commercial
facilities
Others
Principles of assessment of waste management system
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analyzing the availability, enforcement and impact of regulations and economic tools;
Assessing the institutional framework, resources and jurisdictions for current institutions;
Analyzing the efficiency and effectiveness of collection, treatment, usage and disposal
technologies and associated infrastructure;
Analyzing the prevailing financial mechanisms including pricing, taxes, levies, funding
mechanisms etc.
Understanding the role of different stakeholders at different levels of solid waste
management chain; and
Identifying the gaps and opportunities.
The assessment of a waste management system
was explained through a detailed flow process chart, as shown below.
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Assessment of policies
Under the assessment of Laws and Policies, it was emphasized that all the relevant Laws and
acts, Regulations, Economic instruments and Enforcement features should be studied and
analysed for their effectiveness. The Provisions, present status should be studied and the
gaps, if any, should be identified., viz: Regulatory and supportive, and Service providing.
Assessment of institutions
Under this head, a detailed listing of all the institutions, be they the governmental, NGOs or
private, needs to be identified. The institutions need to be graded under two different areas.
The data thus collected and analysed, should necessarily incorporate Type of institution
• Type of service provided
• Detailed information of major institution; role, mandate, institutional
framework, human & financial resources
• Analyze gaps and weakness
• Suggest improvement measure
Under the support services, the types of agencies can be Academic Institutions, Consultancy
organisations or individuals, Government bodies at national and/or state level, financial
institutions or NGOs. The services provided by them need to be categorised as awareness
raising, Information provider, Technical expertise provider, financial services provider and
others.
Analysis of status of institutions, weaknesses and improvement measures
The above needs to be further strengthened by a detailed analysis of the types of services, viz:
Waste collection, Waste transportation, Pre treatment, recycling/recovery or disposal. It was
also emphasized that the strengths and weaknesses of these services, together with a gap
analysis and needed improvements in the system be highlighted.
Assessment of financing mechanisms
The need for choosing the most appropriate financial instrument from among various
instruments was stressed upon. The various instruments discussed were as under.
1. User charges
2. Penalty, fine and levy
3. Environmental bonds
4. Environmental fund
5. Direct loans
6. International cooperation
7. National subsidies
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
8. Annual budget
9. Private sector participation (PSP)
Financial mechanisms for waste management chain
Under this title, the three distinct models viz: (i) Direct Revenue, (ii) Local Government/
National Government/ International Cooperation and (iii) Private Sector Participation (PSP)
were discussed.
Gap analysis and suggested improvement measures in current financial mechanisms for
waste management chain
Area of Application
Financing Mode
1. Collection
Direct Revenue
Gaps &
Weaknesses
Suggested
Improvement
Measures
Govt and International
Cooperation
Private Sector
2. Transportation
Direct Revenue
Govt and International
Cooperation
Private Sector
3. Pre-Treatment
Direct Revenue
Govt and International
Cooperation
Private Sector
4.
Recycling/Recovery
Direct Revenue
Govt and International
Cooperation
Private Sector
5. Disposal
Direct Revenue
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Govt and International
Cooperation
Private Sector
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Assessment of technology
A. Data collection and analysis
Possible application areas of technology
1. Primary collection and transfer stations
2. Transportation
3. Pre-treatment
4. Recycling and recovery
5. Final disposal
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
List the technologies and their important features
List down and describe salient features of technologies currently being used.
Analyze performance of existing technologies
Technologies in above areas need to be analyzed for their limitations in:
Technical performance
Economic performance
Environmental performance
Social performance
Describe the expected performance of future technologies
Expected performance (preferably both – essential and desirable) of future technologies
Analysis of limitations of prevailing technologies for waste management
The limitations of choice were suggested to be mapped in a format. The parameters for such a
mapping are the areas of application viz: (i) Collection (ii) . Transportation, (iii) PreTreatment, (iv) Recycling /Recovery and (v) Disposal. Each of these need to be further
classified in to the respective Expected Performance Criteria like (a) Technical, (b)
Economic, (c) Environmental and (d) Social.
Expected performance criteria of future technologies for waste management
The basic parameters to be considered were provided in a format. The parameters considered
were the areas of application viz: (i) Collection (ii) . Transportation, (iii) Pre-Treatment, (iv)
Recycling /Recovery and (v) Disposal. Each of these need to be further classified in to the
respective Expected Performance Criteria like (a) Technical, (b) Economic, (c)
Environmental and (d) Social. Under these class, the mention of whether they are Essential or
Desirable are also to be specified.
Role of stakeholder
The importance of detailed information on all stakeholders involved at different levels of the
waste management chain was highlighted. The need for identifying major stake holders for
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
each area of application is a must. Describing the roles of each of the stakeholders has to be
defined. This is necessary to provide the basis for analyzing the gaps and weakness in the
roles required to be played by the stakeholder. Finally, measures should be suggested to
bridge the gaps and strengthen the stakeholder performance
The basic parameters to be considered were provided in a format. The parameters considered
were (i) Collection (ii) . Transportation, (iii) Pre-Treatment, (iv) Recycling /Recovery and
(v) Disposal. Each one of these were to be further classified in to (a) Major Stakeholders, (b)
Role of Stakeholder, (c) Gaps and Weaknesses and (d) Suggested improvement measures
Characterization of Waste Agricultural Biomass for energy applications
The importance of Characterisation of WAB.
This is important to collect all the essential information for:
• Selection of WAB2E technology
• System design
• Assessment of operational performance
• Provides data for tendering
Parameters of characterization
•
•
•
•
•
Visual characterization
Moisture content
Chemical Composition
Calorific value
Specific characterization parameters
Visual characterization
Source
Waste Stream
Visual Observations
Commercial Facilities
Fruit and
vegetable waste
High moisture (estimated to be 60-80%),
sometimes putrified, mixed with packing
hay
Corporate Farms
Rice husk
Clean, stacked in heaps, approximate
volume …m3
Jaggery Plants
Bagasse
Moist waste (estimated moisture 50%),
scattered around, some spread on ground
for sun-drying, mixed with barbojo
Private farms
--
--
--
--
-Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Moisture content
As moisture in WAB is a major determinant for it’s use, the details of assessing the moisture
content were discussed. Two ways of reporting moisture content were covered as
(i) Moisture content on wet basis (MCwb) and
(ii) Moisture content on dry basis (MCdb)
Relationship between MCwb and MCdb
The two ways of analysing the WAB for moisture were discussed as;
(i) Chemical composition – Ultimate Analysis
(ii) Chemical composition – Proximate Analysis
Energy Content
As the energy content in any WAB is the main criteria for it’s use as an energy resource, the
importance of the calorific values was discussed. In this session, the three features of thermal
value of WAB were covered as (i) Higher Heating Value (HHV) or Gross Calorific Value
(GCV), (ii) Lower Heating Value (LHV) or Net Calorific Value (NCV), and (iii) Usable Heat
Content
HHV – Total energy generated from combustion including the heat of condensation of water
vapor – represents maximum theoretical potential energy
LHV -- Total energy generated from combustion less the heat of condensation of water vapor
– represents maximum realizable energy
UHC – LHV less the sensible heat of the combustion products – represents actual usable
energy
Determination of HHV:
a. By practical measurement – Bomb Calorimeter
b. By calculations
i.
Based on ultimate analysis
Three models:
Model – X:
HHV=0.352xC + 1.162xH – 0.111xO + 0.063xN + 0.105xS
Model – Y:
HHV=0.349xC + 1.178xH – 0.103xO + 0.015xN + 0.101xS – 0.021A
Model – Z:
HHV=0.341xC + 1.323xH – 0.120xO + 0.120xN + 0.680xS – 0.015A
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
HHV – Higher Heating Value in MJ/Kg
ii
Based on proximate analysis
Three Models
Model A:
HHV = 0.1559xVM + 0.3536xFC – 0.0078xA
Model B:
HHV = 0.1708xVM + 0.3543xFC
Model C:
HHV = 0.3133x(VM+FC) – 10.8141
HHV – Higher Heating Value in MJ/Kg
VM, FC,A are the % mass fractions of Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon and Ash respectively in
dry biomass.
The above were explained through chemical equations and calculations for typical WAB
fuels.
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013:
“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy: Resource conservation and GHG Emission
Reduction”: First Workshop 1st and 2nd December - 2012
Annexure-4
Feedback by participants of first workshop
+ (Positive)
(Needs Improvement)
1.
2.
Group Exercise
Clarifying expectation
1.
2.
3.
Greater understanding of Waste
Agricultural Biomass to Energy
(WAB2E) application
3.
Use less technical jargons or terminologies
Use more technical terminologies basically
related to the technological aspect
Opportunity for practical implementation
4.
Good clarity of concepts
4.
Discuss a real life case
5.
5.
Objective and Problem analysis
6.
Better understanding of WAB2E
technologies
Better comfort level with faculty
6.
7.
Sharing of practical experiences
7.
8.
Negotiation tricks learnt
8.
9.
Opportunities to learn how to do
future work in the project
9.
Video presentations on a real life situation
(However, Prof. K. R. Chari suggested that one
can get a number of videos on Youtube and get
it downloaded)
Comparative study with other renewable
resources as well
Group exercise to have a clear costing
component so that one will not face any
problem in negotiation
Run the group exercise in two half days in
order to maintain the interest as well as get
more time for discussion
10. Punctuality
10.
Session to discuss possible problems in the
project
11. Clarity on how to do future
projections
11.
Use of visuals in PowerPoint Presentation
(Smart Art)
12. Group exercise will be more
facilitated
13. Greater clarity on WAB and GHG
(green house gases) relationship
by Prof. K. R. Chari
12.
SWOT Analysis
Project Code MOD# 12-29-11013: