Genetics Semester 2
Name__________________________ Date_________ Per___
Evolution
Essential Questions
Name the key elements that make up all living things.
What did the Stanley Miller’s experiments contribute to the beginning of life hypothesis?
How has genetic drift and gene flow affected the gene pool?
Explain how genetic drift and gene flow has contributed to evolution.
Compare and contrast sister chromatids and homologous chromosome.
Does genetic variation occur by adaption or mutation?
How do mutations occur and what are the four major types?
How does a silent mutation differ from other point mutations and increase diversity in the gene pool?
Identify at least two different mutagens
What conditions lead to struggle for existence for an individual in a population?
How does natural selection affect changes in allele frequency in a natural population?
Explain the four main premises of evolution by natural selection.
Name the factors that lead to equilibrium.
List the assumptions made by the Hardy- Weinberg law and how is it different from microevolution.
Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate the frequency of alleles in a population.
KeyTerms
 Gene Pool
 Gene Expression
 Offspring
 Microevolution
 Dominant
 Genetic Drift
 Phenotype
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Reproductive Isolation
Barriers
Species
Homozygous
Evolution
Genotype
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Geographical Isolation
Barrier
Speciation
Heterozygous
Gene Flow
Adaptation
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Practice Questions
1. Name the key elements that are fundamental to life.
2. Distinguish between the phenotype and genotype of an organism. A red plant must possess R in order to
express this color, in the absence of R or rr the plant will be white. Please tell me the genotype and
phenotype of the following plants.
RR
Rr
Rr
3. Explain the effects genetic drift has on the variation within a population.
4. Distinguish between microevolution and Hardy-Weinberg principle.
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Genetics Semester 2
Name__________________________ Date_________ Per___
5. Name the factors that lead to equilibrium within a population.
6. Categorize the following isolation barriers as either prezygotic or postzygotic: Temporal, ecological,
behavioral incompatibility, mechanical isolation and gametic isolation.
Biotechnology
Essential questions:
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How can bacteria and viruses transfer genetic material between cells?
Why are bacterial and viral transfer of genetic information important to biotechnology? What are some
applications?
What steps would a biotechnologist use to create recombinant DNA?
How can recombinant DNA be used?
Why is gel electrophoresis important in biotechnology?
What are the uses of PCR?
How can biotechnology be used in forensics?
What are the benefits and risks of biotechnology?
Are the benefits of biotechnology worth the risks to individuals, society and the environment?
What recommendations or precautions should be employed in biotechnology to ensure the maximum benefits
with the smallest risk?
Key vocabulary:
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Endonuclease
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
Lysogenic Cycle
Lytic Cycle
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Ligase
Recombinant DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Genetic Engineering
Plasmid
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Bacteriophage
Sticky Ends
Transgenic Organism
Cloning
Practice:
Draw the processes of conjugation, transduction and transformation.
How does the lytic cycle differ from the lysogenic cycle?
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Genetics Semester 2
Name__________________________ Date_________ Per___
Name some uses for bacterial transformation.
Name some uses for viral transfer of genetic information.
Outline or draw the steps needed to make recombinant DNA. What form is most common for bacterial recombinant DNA?
Identify some uses for recombinant DNA.
What things does gel electrophoresis allow scientists to do?
Label:
Why is PCR such a useful technology?
How does PCR work?
What are some forensic uses of biotechnology? What aspect of DNA do the forensic uses rely on?
How can biotechnology be beneficial?
How can biotechnology be harmful? Name specific concerns or situations.
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Genetics Semester 2
Name__________________________ Date_________ Per___
Public Health
Essential Questions
What is the Human Genome Project?
How do bacteria, archaea, and eukarya contribute to the Human Genome?
What ethical considerations play a role in the Human Genome?
How do enzyme deficiencies develop and how are affected individuals impacted?
How does genetic counseling help decrease the risk of genetic diseases?
What are the tools of genetic counselors and how are they used?
Where does cancer fit into the cell cycle?
How is cancer and genetics related?
What substances exist in the biosphere that can and do lead to genetic changes that lead to cancer?
What role does genetics play in conservation biology?
What environmental changes have led to the increase in genetic recombination and what effects have occurred to organisms and
the ecosystem as a whole?
How has the human population been affected? How has the advent of various industrial occupations led to occupational illnesses
that have a genetic component and how can these be prevented?
What role do industrial hygienists, both in the government and private industry, play in the prevention of exposures to harmful
substances?
What role does pollution and other environmental changes have on genetic diseases?
What role does research play in the improvement of the environment, both personally and occupationally, so that genetically
caused diseases can be treated and/or eliminated?
How can science, engineering, and medicine work together to improve the living conditions of the human population with the goal
of eliminating disease?
Key Terms
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Phenylketonuria
Autosome
Albinism
Kartagener Syndrome
Tay-Sachs disease
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Trait
Hemoglobin mutants
Cystic Fibrosis
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Homozygous
Heterozygous
Pedigree Analysis
Carriers
Amnion
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villi
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Cancer
Metastasis
Oncogene
Retrovirus
Point Mutations
Carcinogen
Radiation
Paternity
Tumor
Practice Problems
Why is mapping the human genome beneficial to treating genetic disorders?
What is phenylketonuria? (pages 66-68)
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What is the defect that causes it?
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What are the consequences of this disease?
What is albinism? (page 68)
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What is the defect that causes it?
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Genetics Semester 2
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What are the consequences of this disease?
What is Kartagener Syndrome? (page 68)
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What is the defect that causes it?
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What are the consequences of this disease?
What is Tay-Sachs Disease? (pages 68-69)
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What is the defect that causes it?
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What are the consequences of this disease?
What is Sickle Cell Anemia? (pages 70-71)
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What is the defect that causes it?
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What are the consequences of this disease?
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What is Cystic Fibrosis? (pages 71-72)
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What is the defect that causes it?
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What are the consequences of this disease?
What is genetic counseling? (pages 72-73)
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What are pedigrees?
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How do genetic counselors use pedigrees?
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What are Punnett Squares and how are they used by counselors?
What is carrier detection? (page 73)
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How do we identify heterozygotes?
How are genetic defects determined in the fetus? (page 74)
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What are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling?
What is genetic testing? (page 273)
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How is DNA molecular testing performed?
What is the purpose of human genetic testing? (pages 273-274)
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Who is at risk for genetic disease?
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Genetics Semester 2
Name__________________________ Date_________ Per___
What are the types of DNA molecular testing? (pages 274-276)
What is the availability of DNA molecular testing? (pages 276-277)
Can the genome be altered, and thus disease as well, by gene therapy? (pages 280-281)
How has biotechnology altered diseases in the human population? (pages 281-281)
Can a normal cell transform into a cancer cell? (pages 581-582)
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Are cancers genetic diseases?
Are there differences between tumors and cancer and what are they? (page 578)
Where does cancer play a role in the cell cycle? ( pages 579-581)
Is there evidence that cancers are genetic diseases? (pages 581-595)
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What are oncogenes?
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What are tumor suppressing genes?
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What are microRNA genes?
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What are mutator genes?
Are there carcinogens in the environment and do they contribute to the development of cancer? (pages 596-598)
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What are chemical and industrial carcinogens?
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How does radiation lead to cancer?
How can an understanding of genetics benefit conservation biology? What programs have been enacted to facilitate this?
How has environmental change affected the genetics of different organisms?
What sorts of occupations have related genetic risks and what are those risks? How can these be prevented?
How is science affecting the treatment of genetic disorders through biotechnology, medicine and environmental management?
What treatments or breakthroughs have occurred?
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