PCV = RBC’s/total (measured, vs.
Hematology 2002 (use purple EDTA tubes) remember- %’s mean little without absoulte #’s
HCT which is calculated
Many factors to neutropenia:
buffy coat (WBC’s, PLT)
 demand 
 sequestration
plasma pink  RBC’s
 high dose endotoxins
yellow  icterus
 destruction
wt lipemia
 production  (viral, Erlichia, cancer tx, bute, brackenfern…)
What happens?
myeloblast (purple nuke)
prolif pool
(2-5 days)
progranulocyte (pink granules)
RBC
Hb
qty erythr per uL blood
grams of Hg per dL
blood
MCV
MCHC
[Hb] inside RBC’s
MCH
RDW
retic
CRI
Hb per RBC
RBC size distr
immature RBC’s
corrected retic index
PP
fibr
ratio
WBC
(NCC)
corr WBC
refractory index
segs
bands
metam
lymphs
monos
eos
basos
PLT
PMN’s
immature PMN’s
very immature PMN’s
So what does it mean?
qty & size
maturity of RBC’s
RBC size
normo or hypochromic  maturity
of RBC’s
Hb production
anisocytosis
regen or nonregen anemia


patientPCV

retic %
 45% dogsor 37% cats 
~proteins
lg animal inflammation
inflammation < 13 < dehydration
PMN line: myelocyte
PMN line: metamyelocyte
(2-5 days)
PMN line: band
PMN line: seg (mature PMN)
excitement



stress (steroid)


nucl cell count
 obsWBC 


 100  nRBC 
infl or stress
left shift
left shift (a losing battle)
many in bovine, Ab response
phagic, Ag presenter
parasites
unknown
LEUKOCYTES
left shift = immature PMN’s released
regen = immature < mature
degen = mature < immature (can be from prolif pool) or neutropenia with 
bands
rt shift =
hyperseg (5+ lobes) Cushings or old sample
leukemoid =
severe left shift (inflamm)
leukemia =
neoplastic WBC’s released & total WBC’s 
leukoerythroblastosis =
nRBC’s = immature PMN’s
heterophils =
rodent, avian, reptilian PMN’s (have eosin granulation)
toxic PMN =
foamy vacuolated w/ Dohle bodies (purple bleb)
inflamm
Barr body =
drumstick on PMN (♀ only)
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maturation pool
Stress+inflamm.
genetic disorders
LAD


marginated PMN’s released
lymphocytes released
mature neutropenia, lymphocytosis, lasts 30
minutes, pronounced in young cats, horses
stored PMN’s released - both bands & segs
neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia,
eosinopenia
LC, eos sequestered
Neutrophilia with monocytosis
 Holsteins, Setters
 LC’s can’t leave vaculature
Pelger Huet
 segmentation does not occur but fxn OK
 homozyg rabbits = dead
Chediak Higashi
 cats, mice, orcas
 bad PMN’s
Gray Collie Syndr
 cyclic neutropenia (11 days)
storage dz
 usu granules or vacuoles
acquired
 DM
disorders
 vaccines
 Zn def in dogs
 Sel def in cattle
 drugs
Leukemia = neoplastic hematopoetic cells & total WBC 
aleukemic = neoplastic cells in bone marrow but not released
subleukemic = neoplastic hematopoetic cells
preleukemic = atypical cells in marrow and/or blood but not yet neoplastic
Suspect leukemia if WBC and cells are atypical, anemia
Bone marrow
 biopsy marrow architecture
 aspirate  cell morphology (
 dysmyelopoiesis< 30% blasts < myeloprolif dz (with disorderly maturation)
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Hematology 2002 (use purple EDTA tubes) remember- %’s mean little without absoulte #’s
lead and poryphrins inhibits heme synth
LYMPHOCYTES
Need iron, copper, pyroxidine (B6) for heme synthesis (or microcytosis)
Helper T’s corol immunity
Need B12 (cobalt), folic acid for maturation (or macrocytosis)
Cytotoxic T’s are hit men
Recycling:
B’s turn into plasma cells, which producce Ab
rodent --bird-Cat --dog --adult lg animal --turtle
Natural killer cells are hitmen on crack
20 days -50 - 70 ----120 -------150----------700 days
LSA - solid tumors involving lymphoid organs (usu not marrow)
recycled usu in spleen
Why do I see fewer lymphs?
Why do I see more?
internal bleeding  components can be recycled, marked reg. anemia
 Stress (usu if sick) - LC’s not released
 acute lymphocytic
leukemia - blasts
 virus
Anemia, a syndrome not a dz
 chronic - small LC’s
 lymph loss
Diagnosis= size + color + regen/non-regen

excitement
 cancer tx
CBC documents anemia (severity, regen/non, identifies etiology)
 immune resp (vacc, chr
 Immunodeficiency
other tests: chem, urinalysis, fecal, Coombs, clotting…
inflamm)
 SCID foals
Blood loss ............... both cells & fluid lost (PCV, PP)
 infxn - Ehrlichiosis,
 genetic T deficiency Black-Pied cattle
blood destruction ... dead cells float in fluid (PCV , PP may be )
Bov Leuk,
 FIV, BIV
decrease production
PCV , PP may be 
Typanosomes
What if I see…with anemia?
OK size + OK color ..................... nonregen anemia
small size + hypochromic ........ iron deficiency, anemia of chronic dz
MONOCYTES
Why do I see more?
big size + hypochromic ............ regen anemia
 not stored
cleanup is needed (ie hemolysis)
big size + OK color ..................... FeLV, B12/folate deficiency, toy poodle
 normal to see none
steroids
 released from marrow and
imm med disorders
Retics
circulates for 12 hours
chronic dz
Tell us if the marrow is responding to anemia
 regulate Ab response
inflammation
equines- don’t release retics, but RBC’s will be slightly larger (can’t tell by
EOSINOPHILS
 with:
observation)
 little storage
Esoninophilic gasteroenterisits
bovines - release few retics, but thre will be basophilic stippling
 I and III hypersensitivity
puml eosin infiltrates
cats - aggregate retics (stringy, circulate 1/2 week) then become punctuate retics
 parasites
Eosin leukemia
(dots, circ 2 weeks)
 bovines - pink PMN’s
Eosin granuloma complezes
Retic Prod Index (RPI) = CRI / lifespan and nonregen<1<Iffy<2 is OK
 normal to see none
Mast Cell Neoplasia
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Regen anemias
BASOPHILS
 with:
blood loss anemia
hemolytic anemia
 little storage
imm med eosinophilia
PP

may be 
 inflammation
lipoprotein problems/lipemia
spleen

Hb -nemia/uria
 if IV hemolysis
MAST CELLS
 with:
RBC shape
OK
strange
acute inflammation (parvo, skin dz)
Coombs
either
neoplasia
ERYTHROCYTES
hyper BIL emia/uria
either
synthesize Hb and move O2
serum haptoglobin
OK
 IV hemolysis
As they mature, they get anucleated, smaller (division) and redder (Hb)
serum hemopexin
OK
 IV hemolysis
defects: PK deficiency - Westies, Beagles, Basenjis, severe, marked regen
Neutrophilic leukocytosis with anemia= blood loss/hemolysis
PFK deficiency - springers, anemia triggered by alkalosis
Hemolytic anemia
size: aniso-, micro (OK in Shiba, Akita), -macro
ghost cells, sometimes agglutination
color: polychromasia (blue; regen anemia), hypo- (cental pallor, Hb), hyperspherocytes= hallmark of IMHA
shape:
acanthocytes = abnormal vasculature
poikilocytosis = overall abnormal shape
schistocytes = fibrin = DIC
acantho = dog anemia, cat liver dz, IMHA
intravasc - etiologies: mach dmg, chemica toxins, oxidation, venom, compl
crenated = smashed, left dry too long
mediated, lepto, clostr, Babesia, PFK deficiency
dacro = teardrop, myelofibrosis/myeloprolif. dz
extravasc- gradual, common, hyperBIL
deprano = sickled, normal deer
idiopathic imm-med anemia - Cockersm sphep’s, sheepdogs, dachs, poodles,
eccentro = Hb shifted over, ox. damage
terrier, vizsla
echino = dog bitten by snake, DIC, etc
do Coombs test to confirm: (no good if already agglutinated)
ellipto= normal llama, fish, bird
washed RBC + Coombs serum (anti-Ig) = agglutination due to Ig’s on RBC’s
kerato = iron deficiency, rupture point (baskets and apple stems)
oxidative Hz body hemolytic anemia: Hz bodies, eccentrocytes, or pinched
lepto = multiple membranes
edges, no hemolysis but can’t hold O2
schizo/schisto = fragments, DIC
Non regenerative anemias
sphero = ballooned (destructive anemia), IMHA
hyperprolif bone marrow from leukemia, or
stomato = smiling contral pallor (malamutes, schnauzers)
hypoprolif from:
inclusions
 Iron def - myeloid/erythroid cells = 
nucleated
 ignore serum Fe levels, check Total Iron Binding Capacity (ferritin)
Howell Jolly body - nuclear remnants (blue blob throughout)
 usu with thrombocytosis
basoph stipple = bovine regen anemia, lead tox. in small animals
 chronic dz or inflam dz
Heinz bodies = denatured Hb (hemobart), caused by oxidants, G6PD
 MP’s hoard Fe
or gluthione deficiency, cats unstable Hb (ketoacidosis, hyper
 begins with normal RBC size & color, then microcytic + hypochromic
thyr), few normal in cats
 marrow Fe 
Production:

Hypoxia  kidney stimulated to make erythropoietin

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


Hematology 2002 (use purple EDTA tubes) remember- %’s mean little without absoulte #’s
Lead poisoning
 nRBC’s, basoph stippling
aplastic anemia
 all hematopoietic cells are low
 bute, chemo, estrogen
other
 neoplasia, chr renal failure, endocrine dz (hypo-metabolisms, estrogen),
FeLV, drugs/toxins
Polycythemia
Relative: PP, PCV in dehydration, only PCV in horse splenic contraction
Absolute: 1: Due to myeloproliferative disorder, not responsive to EPO
2:Due to  EPO from some source (renal, hypoxia, etc)
Bone Marrow
Look for strange cells, organisms, dysmaturation, overabundance/lack of cell
type, iron stores, etc.
Do it because don’t know cause/type of anemia, strange cells in circ., iron def.,
etc.
Check M:E ratio, should be 1:1 to 2:1, if less or more=problem (either hypoplasia
or hyperplasia of cell line- correlate with CBC data)
Exam:
glass slide stations NMB and WG stains
Q’s : cause? regen?
written - cases & data (see past exams, but more open-ended with SHORT ans)
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