Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence
Linguistic Intelligence is defined as having the following criteria:
a deep understanding of words and a sensitivity to the literal and
figurative meanings of words, (poetry is easy to understand)
highly developed oral and written communication skills,
knowledge of grammar rules and when it is appropriate to
disregard those rules,
sensitivity to the musical qualities and rhythms of words,
knowledge of the many different uses for language, such as
persuasion, information, or pleasure.
Poets, writers, and public speakers are examples of linguistically
intelligent people.
Maya Angelou, William Shakespeare, and Abraham Lincoln are
famous examples of linguistically intelligent people.
The Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence
The ability to use words effectively both orally and in writing. This intelligence includes
such skills as the abilities to remember information, to convince others to help you, and
to talk about language itself. You can help students develop linguistic intelligence by
creating a rich print environment; by providing things to look at, listen to, and write
about; and by creating many opportunities for interaction among students and between
the teacher and the students.
Listening and tape exercises, lectures, vocabulary activities, word games, word memory
devices, working with metaphors and similes, summarize in your own words, situations
and dialogs, grammar skills, oral presentations/reports, group discussions, debates, story
telling, reading—literature, newspapers and magazines, writing activities, journal writing,
word-processing programs and on-line communication.
Some games for vocabulary development are puzzles; Pictionary; Tic Tac Toe;
classroom board races; Concentration; Memory; I Spy; Charades; Password; Wheel of
Fortune; Bingo; Jeopardy; Scrabble. Examples of games that develop sentence structure
and verb development are Battleship; Classroom Board Races; Gossip; Debate; Board
Games—Monopoly; Guess Who?, etc.
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence
1. lectures, debates
9. talking books and cassettes
2. large- and small-group
discussions
10. journal keeping
3. books, worksheets, manuals
4. brainstorming
5. writing activities
6. word games
7. sharing time
8. storytelling, speeches, reading to
class
11. choral reading
12. individualized reading
13. memorizing linguistic facts
14. tape recording one's words
15. using word processors
16. publishing (e.g., creating class
newspapers)
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence is defined as having the following
criteria:
an ability to understand numbers and logical concepts well,
an ability to perceive numerical and logical patterns,
possession of highly developed reasoning skills,
an understanding of abstract analysis and functions.
Physicists, computer programmers, and business executives, such
as accountants, are examples of logical-mathematically intelligent
people.
Albert Einstein and Bill Gates are famous examples of people with
strengths in this intelligence.
The Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
The ability to use numbers effectively and reason well. This includes such skills as
understanding the basic properties of numbers and principles of cause and effect, as well
as the ability to predict, using simple machines. You can help students develop logicalmathematical intelligence by providing manipulatives for experimentation with numbers
and by using simple machines or computer programs to help children think about cause
and effect.
Word order activities; classifying and categorizing; sequencing information; prioritizing
and making lists; outlining; word puzzles; grammar relationships and drills; number
activities; logic games and activities; problem-solving activities; developing patterns and
pattern games; creating functional situations; hypothesizing; critical thinking activities;
gap activities; cause and effect activities; computer games; activities involving; develop
equations to describe phenomena; utilize statistics to develop arguments; examine
demographic data deductive/inductive reasoning and cultural comparisons and contrasts
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence.
1. mathematical problems on the
board
7. quantifications and calculations
2. scientific demonstrations
8. computer programming
languages
3. logical problem-solving exercises
9. science thinking
4. creating codes
10. logical-sequential presentation of
subject matter
5. logic puzzles and games
6. classifications and
categorizations
11.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence is defined as having the following criteria:
highly developed coordination, balance, dexterity, strength, speed,
and flexibility,
expertise in using the entire body to relate thoughts and feelings,
an ability to manipulate objects skillfully, using both fine and
gross motor movements.
Dancers, football players, and gymnasts are examples of bodilykinesthetic intelligence.
Classmate and dancer Camille Dieterle, football player Joe
Montana, and Olympic gymnast Kerrie Strug are examples of people
with this intelligence.
The Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
The ability to use the body to express ideas and feelings and to solve problems. This
includes such physical skills as coordination, flexibility, speed, and balance. You can
help your students develop their bodily-kinesthetic intelligence by providing
opportunities for physical challenges during the second/foreign language lesson.
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence.
1. creative movement, mime
2. hands-on thinking
3. field trips
4. competitive and cooperative
games
9. cooking, gardening, and other
"messy" activities
10. manipulatives
11. kinesthetic concepts
12. physical education activities
5. physical awareness and
relaxation exercises
13. communicating with body
language/ hand signals
6. all hands-on activities
14. tactile materials and experiences
7. crafts
15. body answers
8. body maps
Visual-Spatial Intelligence
Visual-Spatial Intelligence is defined as having the following criteria:
sensitivity to the relationship between line, color, shape, space,
and form,
an ability to manipulate and mentally rotate objects,
the capacity to create a graphic likeness of a real object,
the ability to understand the components of visual and spatial
displays within the graphic arts.
Graphic artists, architects, and map-makers are examples of
spatially intelligent jobs.
People who excel at reading maps, playing chess, drawing
diagrams and illustrations, reparing machinery, understanding
geometry, and completing jigsaw puzzles are spatially intelligent.
The Visual-Spatial Intelligence
The ability to sense form, space, color, line, and shape. It includes the ability to
graphically represent visual or spatial ideas. You can help students develop spatial/visual
intelligence by providing many opportunities for visual mapping activities and
encouraging students to vary the arrangements of materials in space, such as by creating
charts and bulletin boards.
Craft and art projects; draw/color or illustrate concepts/things/ideas; design a logo that
communicates a concept; webbing and mind mapping; graphic organizers; creative
visualization and response drawing; color clues; visual presentations (video, slide,
photography); creating video/slide projects (computer); creating models or 3D projects;
design, construct or build models; improve a product; graphs and diagrams;
reading/creating maps and interpreting directions
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence.
1. charts, graphs, diagrams, and
maps
2. visualization
3. photography
4. videos, slides, and movies
5. visual puzzles and mazes
6. 3-D construction kits
7. art appreciation
8. imaginative storytelling
9. picture metaphors
10. creative daydreaming
11. painting, collage, visual arts
12. idea sketching
13. visual thinking exercises
14. graphic symbols
15. computer graphics software
16. visual awareness activities
19. visual awareness activities
17. optical illusions
20. picture literacy experiences
18. color cues
Interpersonal Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence is defined as having the following criteria:
an ability to perceive and make distinctions in the moods,
characteristics, intentions, temperaments, motivations, and feelings
of other people,
a sensitivity to those distinctions, acknowledged by treating each
individual with their personal distinctions in mind
Those who have highly developed interpersonal intelligence are
successful leaders, bosses, public speakers, and military officers.
Martin Luther King Jr., Franklin Roosevelt, and Norman
Schwartzkopf are famous examples of successful people with
interpersonal intelligence.
The Interpersonal Intelligence
The ability to understand another person's moods, feelings, motivations, and intentions.
This includes such skills as responding effectively to other people in some pragmatic
way, such as getting students or colleagues to participate in a proj-ect. As an EFL teacher
you can help students develop interpersonal intelligence through activities that involve
them in solving problems and resolving conflict.
Paired activities; board games; interactive software programs; surveys and polls; letter
writing/pen pals; leadership development; collaborative activities such as team problem
solving; jigsaw expert teams; group mind mapping and webbing; group brainstorming;
peer teaching; group note taking exercises; developing an interview schedule with an
individual to learn a specific concept; tape an interview with a significant mentor;
simulations; peer teaching; and class or group writing projects
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence.
1. cooperative groups
9. community involvement
2. interpersonal interaction
10. apprenticeships
3. conflict mediation
11. simulations
4. peer teaching
12. academic clubs
5. board games
13. interactive software
6. cross-age tutoring
14. parties / social gatherings as
context for learning
7. group brainstorming sessions
8. peer sharing
15. people sculpting
Naturalist Intelligence
Naturalist Intelligence is defined as having the following criteria:
an intense interest in the plant and animal species of the world,
a highly developed ability to observe patterns in nature and
catalog natural material, such as animals, rocks, minerals, etc.,
a love of being outdoors coupled with a high interest in the wellbeing of the environment
Charles Darwin is the best example of a famous person with
naturalist intelligence.
The Naturalistic Intelligence
The ability to recognize and classify plants, minerals, and animals, including rocks and
grass, and all variety of flora and fauna. It is also the ability to recognize cultural artifacts
like cars or sneakers. You can help your students develop their naturalist intelligence by
focusing their attention on the world outside the classroom.
Descriptive in nature; identifying and categorizing one’s surroundings; hands-on
learning; and obviously taking nature walks or field trips
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence.
1. Field trips
2. Labs
3. Hands-on learning
4. Nature walks
5. Sorting activities
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Intrapersonal Intelligence is defined as having the following criteria:
highly developed self-knowledge, defined as having accurate
knowledge of one’s dreams, goals, strengths, limitations, moods,
anxieties, desires, and motivations,
the ability to act on the basis of self-knowledge, creating
environments, guiding behavior, and making decisions based on an
accurate picture of oneself.
People that have intrapersonal intelligence know themselves well.
They aren’t forced into molds, and they make descisions based on
what is right for themselves. They possess a strong sense of idenity
and purpose.
The Intrapersonal Intelligence
The ability to understand yourself: your strengths, weaknesses, moods, desires, and
intentions. This includes such skills as understanding how you are similar to or different
from others, reminding yourself to do something, knowing about yourself as a language
learner, and knowing how to handle your feelings, such as what to do and how to behave
when you are angry or sad. You can help EFL students develop intrapersonal intelligence
by letting them express their own preferences and help them understand their own styles
of learning.
Independent study and individual instruction (one on one activities); monitoring of own
skills; developing a complete set of personal goals; developing a family history; mapping
places in the environment where they feel comfortable, most creative and happiest;
personalized authentic assessment; exploring personal interests; researching and online
activities; as well as writing activities such as keeping a diary; journaling; learning logs;
essays; and personal reflection
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence.
1. independent study
9. choice time
2. feeling-toned moments
10. self-teaching programmed
instruction
3. self-paced instruction
4. individualized projects and
games
5. private spaces for study
6. interest centers
7. personal connections
8. options for homework
11. exposure to inspirational/
motivational curricula
12. self-esteem activities
13. journal keeping
14. goal setting sessions
Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence
Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence is defined as having the following criteria:
an ability to discern and express musical forms,
sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, meter, tone, or melody,
sensitivity to timbre, or a highly developed ability to distinguish
the sound of a violin from that of a flute, viola, human voice, or
cello.
Composers, musicians, and conductors are examples of careers
for musically intelligent people.
Beethoven, cellist Yo Yo Ma, and conductor Arturo Toscanini are
famous examples of musically intelligent people.
The Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence
The ability to sense rhythm, pitch, and melody. This includes such skills as the ability to
recognize simple songs and to vary speed, tempo, and rhythm in simple melodies. You
can help students develop musical intelligence by using tape recorders for listening,
singing along, and learning new songs.
Creating songs; creating rhythms to practice grammar; writing lyrics to illustrate a
concept; linking historical periods to music of the period; creating music for drama
related activities; singing; linking familiar tunes with concepts; creating songs or jingles
to summarize concepts or ideas; playing music in the classroom to stimulate appreciation;
developing a score for a video or audio presentation
The following list provides a survey of the techniques and materials that can be used in
teaching through this multiple intelligence.
1. musical concepts
9. rhythms, songs, raps, chants
2. singing, humming, whistling
10. linking old tunes with concepts
3. playing recorded music
11. discographies
4. playing live music on piano,
guitar, or other instruments
12. creating new melodies for
concepts
5. group singing
13. listening to inner musical
imagery
6. mood music
7. music appreciation
8. playing percussion instruments
14. music software