Minerals:
Five characteristics that define a mineral (pg 114-115)
1. _______________________: not man-made
2. __________: Not _______ (the prefix in- means not)
But what does organic mean?
Organic: a substance containing carbon that came from something once
alive
Therefore, inorganic means:
3. ______: has a definite shape and definite volume
4. ___________: has a crystal pattern to it
What is a crystal pattern?
Crystal pattern:
5. ____________________________: each mineral has a set of
elements that make it up and these elements are in a set proportion for that
particular mineral.
Mineral Identification: using a set of mainly physical tests to tell the
difference between minerals
Tests:
1. _______: The color can give clues to what compound the mineral
is composed of.
Problem: Many minerals can be the same color and a single mineral may
come in a variety of colors.
(see page 116)
2. _______: the color of the powdered mineral when rubbed on a
rough surface. The rough surface we use is an unglazed porcelain tile. It is
not necessarily the same as the color. (see example pg 117 in text)
Problem: a porcelain streak plate has a hardness of 7 (see hardness scale
later in discussion) Anything harder than 7 will scratch the plate instead of
leaving a streak.
3. _______: how light is reflected off of the surface of the mineral; in
other words what kind of shininess does it show.
Descriptive words are used to explain this.
________: shines like a metal
___________: does not shine like a metal
a. glassy – shines like a glass
b. silky
c. greasy
d. dull
e. etc.
4. _______: (review from measurement unit)
The amount of matter in a given amount of space
or the mass per unit volume
Calculation of Density:
_____________________
(reminder: specific gravity is the same number as the density number but it
doesn’t need units)
5. __________: how easily a mineral scratches, or is scratched by,
other minerals
Friedrich Mohs: developed a scale to compare minerals to each other based
on hardness, Mohs Hardness Scale: ranks a set of minerals from 1 – 10
with 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest (bottom of pages 118-119)
1. Talc – used in _____________________
2. Gypsum – used in __________________
3. Calcite – used in ___________________
4. Fluorite – used in ___________________
5. Apatite – used in ____________________
6. Feldspar – used in ___________________
7. Quartz – used in ______________________
8. Topaz – used in _______________________
9. Corundum – used in ____________________
10. Diamond – used in _____________________
Field Hardness Scale: common items used to determine hardness
Fingernail - ~
Copper penny - ~
Iron nail - ~
Glass - ~
Steel file - ~
Porcelain plate - ~
We will use these items in our lab activity to determine hardnesses.
6. _________________: Two general patterns
a. Cleavage:
b. Fracture:
7. ______________: there are six basic patterns that all minerals fall
into (see bottom of pages 120-121)
Two that I expect you to understand and know examples of:
1. Cubic-
2. Hexagonal-
(Do crystal shapes Enrichment exercise folding and taping a cubic and a
hexagonal crystal)
8. Other special properties: Individual minerals may have special
unique properties that can be observed.
Examples:
a. optical properties;
1. Iceland spar (a form of calcite) – creates a
double image as the light passes through it
2. ulexite – appears to bring image passing
through it to the upper surface
b. fluorescence:
some minerals “glow” when exposed to ultraviolet
light
c. magnetism
magnetite is a naturally magnetic mineral
d. chemical reaction
calcite and aragonite react “bubble/fizz” in weak
acids
Mineral worksheet homework handed out and due next Wednesday
Mineral Identification Lab (See handout)
Mineral Uses
Gemstones –
Gems –
Beauty characteristics
Value characteristics
Other uses of minerals
Metal alloys
Glass
Look around you!
Rocks
Define:
3 major classes of rocks
-based on how they are formed
1.
2.
3.
Rock cycle
- the continuous change of one type of rock into another through
natural processes
- start with Igneous; Why?
Rock Cycle Project: See handout
I
Igneous→(1)_______→(2)______→(3) _______→(4)________
↓
Sedimentary
↓
↑
_______________
____________
(
↑
______________
↑
__________________ ← Metamorphic ← ______ ______
)
↓
____________
↓
__________&
As we go through each type of rock, return to the rock cycle and fill in the steps in
between to show how they form.
Igneous
- forms from the solidification of molten materials
o _____________ - molten material found deep beneath the surface
o _____________ - molten material found at, or very near, the surface
Another type of rock melts into one of these molten materials. Once that molten
material cools and crystallizes (solidifies) an igneous rock is formed
Two types of Igneous Rock
1._________________________ - forms from the cooling of magma deep
beneath the surface. Magma cools off _____________ causing ________________
crystals to form.
2. ________________________ - forms from the cooling of lava at or near the
surface. Lava cools off ____________ causing _______________ or _________
crystals to form.
The size of the crystals that make up the igneous rock is called the
___________________.
You can tell the difference between the 2 types just by looking at them.
Examples shown in class:
Classifying Igneous Rocks worksheet and activity
Sedimentary Rock
- formed from ___________________ compacted and cemented together.
- The compacting and cementing together of the ___________ to form a
sedimentary rock is called (4)_________________________.
Sediments
- sediments are broken down pieces of other materials
- natural breakdown process is called (1)____________
- two forms of weathering are
1. _________ weathering – the material is broken down without
affecting its composition (what it is made of)
Example: wind or water battering against a material and making it
into smaller pieces
2. __________ weathering – the material is changed by removing certain
materials or reacting to form new materials.
Example: acid rain reacting with calcite (limestone) in a
neutralization reaction removing that mineral from the surrounding rock.
In most cases after weathering the sediments are transported, moved, in a process
called (2)__________. Before the moving particles can be made into a rock they must
be set down or (3)_____________________.
So, there are 4 basic steps to the formation of a sedimentary rock. Add them to the
rock cycle diagram.
Three types of sedimentary rocks
- two are based on the types of weathering that occurs to create the sediments,
the third is based on the type of material that has been weathered to make
the sediments.
1. Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary rocks
- formed from
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. Chemical Sedimentary rocks
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3. Organic Sedimentary rocks
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Worksheet in class on “Classifying Sedimentary Rocks”
Review how far we have gotten on the Rock Cycle diagram
Metamorphic Rocks
The word _________________________ means changed form. You talked about this
in life science class in terms of certain animals like _______________ and
_____________.
In metamorphic rocks ___________ and _____________ cause
____________________ and _________________ changes to occur. It can’t be
enough ____________ and ___________ to cause the rock to ______________
because then it would become an Igneous rock.
To be able to have the changes occur while still being a solid was difficult to
understand. While studying the Earth’s mantle (the layer below the crust) we found it
had to be a solid yet it had some properties of liquids.
Scientists discovered that if they put rocks under the right amount of heat and
pressure, not enough to melt it, they could get the minerals to rearrange in the rock.
The particles in the rock could flow without becoming a liquid. They called this
new property _______________.
So, on the rock cycle diagram, ________ and_______, but not enough to melt it,
cause the mineral to show the property of ___________________________. This
allows the particles to flow and causes ________________ and
_____________________ changes. These changes in form cause the old rock to turn
into a Metamorphic Rock.
Two major types of Metamorphic Rocks
1. __________________________ - the minerals rearrange into stripes or bands that
become flattened by the pressure. The rock will often appear striped because of the
different minerals. Sometimes it will even break along these bands into flat sheets.
Examples:
The sedimentary rock shale → slate
The metamorphic rock granite → gneiss
2. _________________________(_________________) – the minerals reform into
new and larger crystals of the minerals present in the original rock.
Examples:
The sedimentary rock sandstone → quartzite
The sedimentary rock limestone → marble
Sometimes a combination of the two occurs. This happens often when a metamorphic
rock continues to undergo further changes. New minerals often form as the
rearranging and recrystallizing occurs. This can form the highly changed rock
___________________________.
The Rock Cycle
Now that one pathway is finished draw in the other possibilities. Each type of
rock can be turned into each type of rock.
Example: An igneous rock can become sedimentary like it shows. But, it could skip
that and undergo heat and pressure and turn into a metamorphic rock. It could also get
so much heat and pressure that it melts and turns into a new igneous rock.
Metamorphic Rock worksheet.
Limestone – Because limestone is such an important rock in this area we
need to spend a bit more time discussing it.
Uses:
1. road construction – used as the gravel base under roadways, mixed
in as the aggregate (stones) in the concrete, used in some cases for the
shoulders.
2. Other concrete construction – just like for roads it can be part of
the aggregate in the concrete
3. Cut into blocks for a building and landscape stone – often then
called lannon stone
4. Used to manufacture lime – lime is the number two most used
industrial chemical in the United States (2nd to sulfuric acid).
Limestone + intense heat → lime + burns off the carbon dioxide
CaCO3 + 2700ºF → CaO + CO2
This process is called ________________________ or
_________________________.
Western Lime corporation in Marblehead is a major producer of lime. Most
of their’s goes to the steel industry to be used as a ________ ________,
which means it purifies the steel. Another use is in _______ ________
which is used by brick layers in between the brick. It is also a key
component in concrete. The lime is used to make the cement which is the
hardening ingredient in the concrete. ____________ _______ is put on
fields to neutralize the acidity in the ground from many of our fertilizers.
There are so many uses for lime that I could never list them all.
In class assignment: “What is Lime” - reading with questions.