ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FOR:
The origin of ascophoran bryozoans was historically contingent but likely
Matthew H. Dick, Scott Lidgard, Dennis P. Gordon, Shunsuke F. Mawatari
This file contains:
Table 1. Taxa included in the phylogenetic analyses, taxonomic author(s) and dates,
collection localities, and GenBank accession numbers for COI sequences.
Figure 1. Optimal maximum-parsimony tree based on a 658-bp portion of the mitochondrial
COI gene, with a transversion:transition (Tv:Tr) weighting of 5:2.
Figure 2. Optimal maximum-parsimony tree based on a 658-bp portion of the mitochondrial
COI gene, with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd codon positions weighted 4:2:1.
Figure 3. Neighbour-joining tree based on derived 218-residue amino-acid sequences for a
portion of the mitochondrial COI gene, with mean character differences used for grouping.
Figure 4. Bayesian tree based on analysis of a 658-bp portion of the mitochondrial COI
gene.
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Table 1. Taxa included in the phylogenetic analyses, taxonomic authors and dates, collection
localities, and GenBank accession numbers for COI sequences.
Taxon
Code Taxonomic author(s) and date
Locality
(Latitude, Longitude)
GenBank
Number
ALA
Cauloramphus Aleutian sp. A
Western Aleutians, Alaska, USA
EU835947
Undescribed species
(51º51.6’N 178º27.9’E)
Tegella arctica
Kodiak vicinity, Alaska, USA
(d’Orbigny, 1851)
(57º53.2’N 152º24.0’W)
Tegella armifera
Kodiak vicinity, Alaska, USA
(Hincks, 1880)
(57º54.1’N 152º25.4’W)
Bugula neritina
Not indicated
(Linnaeus, 1758)
(GenBank)
Cauloramphus Aleutian sp. C
Western Aleutians, Alaska, USA
Undescribed species
(51º51.6’N 178º27.9’E)
Cauloramphus cryptoarmatus
Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan
Grischenko, Dick & Mawatari, 2007
(42º59.6’N 144º51.3’E)
Cauloramphus intermedius
Bering I., Russian Federation
Kluge, 1962
(55º5.0’N 166º16.4’E)
Cribrimorph-like Cauloramphus
Western Aleutians, Alaska, USA
Undescribed species
(52º54.7’E 170º49.0’E)
Cauloramphus niger
Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan
Grischenko, Dick & Mawatari, 2007
(43º0.4’N 144º50.1’E)
Cauloramphus Oshoro sp. A
Oshoro, Hokkaido, Japan
Undescribed species
(43º12.5’N 140º51.5’E)
Cauloramphus Oshoro sp. B
Oshoro, Hokkaido, Japan
Undescribed species
(43º12.5’N 140º51.5’E)
Cauloramphus disjunctus
Western Aleutians, Alaska, USA
Canu & Bassler, 1929
(52º3.3.7’N 178º17.8’E)
ARC
ARM
BUG
CAC
CAR
CIN
CLC
CNI
COA
COB
DIS
EU835948
EU835949
AY690838
EU835950
EU835951
EU835952
EU835953
EU835954
EU835956
EU835955
EU835957
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ESM, Table 1 (continued)
KOR
KVA
MAG
MSP
MUL
SPI
Cauloramphus korensis
Baengnyeong I., Korea
Seo, 2001
(38º0.0’N, 124º36.0’E)
Cauloramphus Korean sp. A
Baengnyeong I., Korea
Undescribed species
(38º0.0’N, 124º36.0’E)
Cauloramphus magnus
Ketchikan, Alaska, USA
Dick and Ross, 1988
(55º27.5’N 131º50.0’W)
Cauloramphus multispinosus
Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan
Grischenko, Dick & Mawatari, 2007
(43º2.3’N 144º51.5’W)
Cauloramphus multiavicularia
Ketchikan, Alaska, USA
Dick, Grischenko & Mawatari, 2005
(55º18.6’N 131º35.0’W)
Cauloramphus spinifer
Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan
(Johnston, 1832)
(43º0.4’N 144º46.6’E)
EU560977
EU835958
EU835959
EU835960
EU835961
EU835962
______________________________________________________________________________
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Figure 1. Optimal maximum-parsimony tree based on a 658-bp portion of the mitochondrial
COI gene, inferred from a heuristic search performed by branch swapping on each of 1,000
random-addition replicates with a transversion:transition (Tv:Tr) weighting of 5:2. Numbers
above branches are bootstrap values (in percent) > 50, estimated from 10 random-addition
replicates for each of 100 bootstrap pseudoreplicates, with replacement. Lettered clades
correspond to those with the same letters in figure 2, main text. The cribriform
Cauloramphus species are in red font; their putative sister taxon CAC, in blue.
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Figure 2. Optimal maximum-parsimony tree based on a 658-bp portion of the mitochondrial
COI gene, inferred from a heuristic search performed by branch swapping on each of 1,000
random-addition replicates with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd codon positions weighted 4:2:1. Numbers
above branches are bootstrap values (in percent) > 50, estimated from 10 random-addition
replicates for each of 100 bootstrap pseudoreplicates, with replacement. Lettered clades
correspond to those with the same letters in figure 2, main text. The cribriform
Cauloramphus species are in red font; their putative sister taxon CAC, in blue.
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Figure 3. Neighbour-joining tree based on derived 218-residue amino-acid sequences for a
portion of the mitochondrial COI gene. Mean character differences were used for grouping.
The topology is identical to that in figure 2, main text, except for the inversion of COB and
CNI. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values (in percent) > 50, estimated from 1,000
bootstrap pseudoreplicates, with replacement. Lettered clades correspond to those with the
same letters in figure 2, main text. The cribriform Cauloramphus species are in red font; their
putative sister taxon CAC, in blue.
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Figure 4. Bayesian tree based on analysis of a 658-bp portion of the mitochondrial COI
gene. We conducted the Bayesian analysis using GTR++I, the best-fit substitution model;
the analysis ran for six million generations, with trees sampled every 100 generations. From
the resulting 60,001 trees, we discarded the first 12,500 as burn-in. Values above branches
are posterior probabilities times 100, with only values > 50 shown. Lettered clades
correspond to those with the same letters in figure 2, main text. The cribrimorph
Cauloramphus species are in red font; their putative sister taxon CAC, in blue. The optimal
maximum-likelihood (ML) tree had exactly the same topology.