Honors Biology
Midterm Study Guide
This exam will include the following units: Lab Safety, Evolution, Cells, and Classification
Name: _____________________________ Block: ________________ Date: _______________
SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in the
living cells.
a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane
in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
Type of Cell
Prokaryotic Cells
Structures
Kingdoms
Eukaryotic Cells
Homeostasis is:
Organelle
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Function
What would happen to
the cell if the organelle
stop working
Controls the functions
of the cell
The cell would not be
able to carry out the
functions needed to
carry out life
The cell would not be
able to keep its shape –
it could burst when put
in a hypotonic solution
Materials and nutrients
would move into and
out of the cell at will –
there would be no
control
The cell would not be
able to produce
proteins. Proteins are
needed for many
functions in life so the
cell would not be able
to function
Provides support and
protection
Controls what goes into
and out of the cell.
Location of protein
synthesis
1
Located in
Plant
cell
Animal
Cell
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves proteins around
the cell. Acts as the
internal transport
system of the cell.
There are two types –
rough with ribosomes
and smooth without
ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus (Body)
Packages chemicals for
transport out of the cell
Lysosome
Bags (vacuoles) the
contain enzymes that
destroys the worn out
parts of the cell, large
food particles
Holds different
materials such as
water, waste, enzymes,
etc
Vacuole
Microtubules
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Proteins control the
characteristics of the
cell. If the endoplasmic
reticulum failed to
work, they proteins
would not be able to get
where they need to be
causing a malfunction
of the cell
Chemicals would build
up in the cell causing
the cell to malfunction
The cell would fill up
with waste or large
food particles and
would not be able to
function properly
The cell would have
these materials build up
in the cell – things like
waste and enzymes
could damage cell
parts.
the cell would not be
able to maintain its
shape
long, slender tubes that
hold the cells more
rigid. They support the
cell and maintain its
shape
It is a jelly like
substance which
supports the organelles
Location where glucose
is made which will be
release as energy
This is the location
where nutrients are
broken down and
energy is released.
(glucose)
The organelles would
not remain where they
are
The cell would not have
a way of providing
energy
The cell would not be
able to get energy and
would eventually die
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cell Membrane
What are the components of the cell membrane? The cell membrane is made of phospholipids (made of a
glycerol, fatty acids and phosphate), proteins,
cholesterol, and carbohydrates
2
SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e, osmosis and diffusion)
Cellular Transport
Type of Transport
Description
Movement of water from an area of high
concentration (more of the molecules) to an area of less
concentration
Movement of molecules (other than water) from an area of
high concentration to an area of less concentration
Osmosis -
Diffusion

A type of diffusion that moves molecules across a membrane
without the use of energy
One type of passive transport is facilitated diffusion that uses
channel proteins to move larger molecules across a
membrane but still does not use energy.
A type of diffusion that moves molecules across a membrane
with the use of energy. This is moving molecules from an
area of less concentration to an area of high concentration
A type of active transport that moves very large particles
across a membrane by a fold in the membrane which will
form a vacuole called a vesicles that pinches off on the inside
of the cell.
A type of active transport that moves large particles across a
membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside of the
cell.
Passive Transport
 Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport
 Endocytosis
 Exocytosis
Movement of Water across a Membrane
Type of Movement
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Isotonic solution
Description
There is more water outside the cell than inside the cell (freshwater) so the
water moves into the cell. This will cause the cell to swell.
There is more water inside the cell than outside the cell (saltwater) so the
water moves out of the cell. This will cause the cell to shrivel up.
There is an equal amount of water inside the cell and outside the cell.
NOTE: Water is constantly moving back and forth across the membrane.
SB1 b. Explain how enzymes function as enzymes.
Enzymes are
Proteins
The enzyme is not
Changed
that
Speed up
during the
or
reaction
3
Slows down
a
Reaction
Lock
Enzymes work as a
Key
model.
→
+
Substrate
and
Enzyme
→
Substrate/Enzyme Complex
+
Substrate
Enzyme
SB1 c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic
acids)
Organic Molecule
Carbohydrates
Function
maintain structure – cellulous
energy – glucose
Proteins
use as enzymes, channel proteins in
the cell membrane, and used to
build muscles
used to store energy,
used for insulation
store genetic material and transports
genetic material to ribosome to
make proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Basic Structure
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
made of monomers
(monosaccharide)
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur
made of a series of amino acids
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but
more complex than carbohydrates
made of nucleotides (sugar
phosphate and base (adinine,
cytosine, guanine, thymine or
urical)
SB3 a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
Cycling of Energy
Photosynthesis:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Sunlight
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O2 + 6O2
Process
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + H2O + Energy
Location
Major Steps
Chloroplast
Light Dependent
Light Independent
4
End Product
Glucose and Oxygen
Cellular Respiration
(Calvin Cycle)
Glycolysis , Krebs
Cycle, and Electron
Transport Chain
Cytoplasm and
Mitochondria
36 – 38 ATPs
SB3c – Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems
Six Kingdom Classification System Graphic Organizer
Archaebacteria
Cell Type
(prokaryote or
eukaryote)
Complexity
(unicellular or
multicellular)
Mode of
nutrition
(autotrophic or
heterotrophic)
Type of Habitat
Eubacteria
Prokaryot
ic
Prokaryotic
unicellula
r
unicellular
some
chemoautotroph heterotrohic
s,
heterotrop
hic
harsh
everywhere
environm
ents
Protists
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
most are
unicellular
some are
multicellular
most are
heterotophic,
some are
autotrophic
most are
multicellular
, some are
unicellular
most live in
aquatic
environment
s
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
multicellular
multicellular
heterotrophi
c
heterotrophic
heterotrophic
varied
natural
habitats
varied natural
habitats
varied natural
habitats
Vocab to Know:
1. Natural selection
2. Fitness
3. Adaptation
4. Biogeography
5. Embryology
6. Evolution
7. Artificial Selection
8. Cell
9. Mitochondria
10. Proteins
11. Enzymes
12. Cell wall
Virus
Bacteria
Archaea
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Diffusion
Osmosis
Darwin
Lyell
5
Animalia