Vietnam
Overall goals:
Wild tigers and their prey are developing through significant reduction of the
threats they face.
Specific objectives:
 Priority sites for tiger conservation are officially recognized and their
management and protection is strengthened.
 Captive tiger facilities are developing towards exstitute conservation to
support conservation of wild tigers.
 Prevention, detections and suppression of organized tiger and wildlife
crime are significantly strengthened.
 Demand for tiger and wildlife products is significantly reduced and support
towards wild tiger conservation is significantly increased.
 Institutional capacity, management and inter-ministerial cooperation
strengthened to support tiger and endangered wildlife conservation in
Vietnam.
 Strengthen trans-boundary and international cooperation on tiger and
wildlife conservation.
Vietnam has experienced widespread decline in natural forest cover over the
last 70 years. Strengthened government policies have increased overall forest
coverage through plantations to 39.5% by 2009. However, wildlife population has
been significantly declining due to loss of habitat and Illegal hunting and trade in
wildlife. A number of species now thought to be extinct or reduced to extremely
low densities in the wild in Vietnam.
Vietnam has increased its protected area coverage to 6.7% (2.2 million ha) in
over 160 protected areas representing most key habitats and landscapes. However,
management of these areas faces a number of challenges including inadequate
investment for wildlife conservation, low capacity of management authorities, poor
collaboration with local stakeholders, and low incentives to protect wildlife.
The Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) is the only subspecies
distributes in Vietnam. There has been no comprehensive national survey of wild
tiger in Vietnam, so accurate estimates on population size and distribution are not
available. Confirmed records of tiger are sparse although tracks and sightings were
reported up to 2005 suggesting that wild tigers may persist in the Central
Annamites and in other border forests between Vietnam, Cambodia and Lao. The
national management and development plan for protected areas is not focused on
any single species. Natural tiger habitat has been severely fragmented and
protected areas are not large enough alone to hold viable tiger populations.
However, there are a number of areas in Vietnam that connect to potential source
sites in Lao and Cambodia where small populations of tigers may remain. Under
suitable management and strengthened protection efforts, these areas hold the
potential to see expansion of tiger populations across the border and secure the
future for wild tigers persisting in Vietnam, Lao and Cambodia.
Populations of wild tiger in Vietnam have experienced a severe decline in the
last two decades due not only to habitat loss but also a high domestic demand and
international trade in tiger parts. The hunting, use and exploitation of wild tigers
has been prohibited, for almost 50 years in Vietnam, yet the illegal trade driven by
the large profits available has far exceeded the limited resources invested in
wildlife crime law enforcement and the low punishments applied if caught provide
no disincentive to this illegal trade.
In recent years, enforcement efforts have been significantly strengthened as
shown by the increase in the number of cases involving tiger crimes uncovered and
arrested by the authorities especially since the establishment of the Environmental
Police in 2006. According to report by Vietnam CITES Management Authority in
2009, in the period June 2008-July 2009, law enforcement operations seized 11
tigers all of which were reportedly imported illegally from neighboring countries.
However, due to the professional and organized nature of the criminal
network undertaking this illegal trade in wildlife, trans-boundary and enforcement
officers such as rangers, police, customs and border security are not sufficiently
trained to combat wildlife crime; it would appear that the efforts of law
enforcement agencies are restricted to low-level criminals. Investigations have
revealed that the criminal networks organizing the trafficking of tigers remain
largely untouched by law enforcement efforts to date and continue to illegally
supply tigers to consumers. This is also due to low punishments given and also
prosecutions have focused on transporters and lower-level middlemen, not the
wholesale traders and criminal bosses at the top of the network.
Captive tiger facilities are developing towards exstitute conservation to
support conservation of wild tigers.
A number of captive operations were permitted by the government to breed
tigers for conservation on a pilot basis. Since 2006 the known captive tiger
population in private operations has increased and at present is over 80 individuals
(with additional animals in state-run zoos and rescue centers). At present, captive
tiger facilities in Vietnam haven’t had a professional monitoring and management
system, and standardized process for conservation breeding. Most of these
facilities lack the scientific knowledge and facilities to breed for conservation
purposes and none of them maintain a strategic conservation breeding management
plan. Therefore, at present, these facilities have not provided any clear support
towards wild tiger conservation. In addition, there is no database and reliable
method of identifying individuals to ensure these facilities not breaking the laws.
Law enforcement agencies have found evidence of some facilities breaking the
laws involving the illegal trade in tigers. In addition, government policy is clear
and prohibits breeding tigers for commercial profit through sales of individuals,
parts or their derivatives. Management of captive tiger operations faces a number
of challenges due to weak technical ability and equipment to effectively monitor
and control breeding and to ensure no laundering of wild tigers or smuggled tigers
into conservation breeding operations.
Institutional capacity, management and inter-ministerial cooperation
strengthened to support tiger and endangered wildlife conservation in Vietnam.
The Government of Vietnam has taken a number of steps which call for increased
interagency cooperation. Recognizing that wildlife conservation needs to extend
well beyond Vietnam’s borders, the Government endorsed the GTI, the “ASEAN
Regional Action Plan on Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora 2005-2010”, and other
regional conservation partnerships.
With reference to the contextual backdrop of this policy framework, and by
drawing on its expertise in supporting enforcement and management efforts among
government agencies, it is necessary to better co-ordinate, improve communication
and share information as well as build stronger partnerships and increase
transparency of tiger and wildlife conservation.
Vietnam’s National Pledges:
General ones:
1. Vietnam recognises the importance of protecting tigers as a component of
our broader biodiversity conservation efforts. Vietnam is willing to cooperate at all levels to increase our nations and the regions effectiveness in
conserving tigers. We pledge to engage and strengthen support to regional
and global mechanisms such as ASEAN-WEN, CBD, CITES, Interpol,
WCO-RILO, GTF, and other bilateral and multilateral cooperation on tiger
conservation in particular and biodiversity conservation in general.
2. We support GTI and endorse the GTRP, summit declaration and commit to
the global goal of conserving wild tiger populations.
Specific country pledges:
1) Vietnam will make implementation of the NTRP a top priority. Vietnam has
established a Steering Committee for Biodiversity Conservation and Interagency
committee for wildlife trade control. The implementation of the NTRP will be a
top priority in the work plan of these steering committees.
2) Carry out strategic communication campaigns on changing attitudes and
behaviors towards tiger conservation and use of tigers and other wildlife
products.
3) Recognize three priority protected areas for tiger conservation and strengthen
their management by applying minimum standards for resourcing, protecting,
monitoring, management, and capacity as well as ensuring no new non-PA
infrastructure is built within them.
4) Strengthen law enforcement on anti-wildlife crimes.
5) Initiate dialogue with Cambodia and Lao on the establishment of transboundary tiger sanctuaries specifically Yok Don – Mondulkiri Protected Forest,
Bu Gia Map – Siema Biodiversity Conservation Area, forest area in Sop Cop
District, Son La province which border the Nam Et Phou Louey NCBA in Lao
PDR and the Indochinese T-junction area of Cambodia/Lao/Vietnam including
Dong Ampham-Virachay-Chu Mom Ray.