Table 1 Characteristics of prospective cohort studies of meat consumption and esophageal cancer risk a
Author,
Journal
year, region
No. of cases
Cohort size,
(outcome)
cohort name and
Type of cancer
Type of meat
Consumption
Adjusted RR
categories
(95%CI)
Adjusted variables
Quality
score
duration of
(0-10)
follow-up
Kinjo Y,
J Epidemiol
1998, Japan
440
220272 men and
Esophageal
(mortality)
women, 15y
cancer
Meat
Fish
Tran GD,
Int J Cancer
2005, China
1958
29584 men and
Esophageal
(incidence)
women, Linxian
squamous cell
General
carcinoma
Meat
≤1-3 times/month
1.0 (Referent)
Age, sex, prefecture, and
≥4 times/week
1.11 (0.77-2.00)
occupation
≤1-3 times/month
1.0 (Referent)
≥4 times/week
1.11 (0.67-1.67)
≤4
1.0 (Referent)
>4-9
0.92 (0.81-1.04)
>9-12
0.94 (0.84-1.05)
>12
0.73 (0.62-0.86)
0-78, 0-53 b
9
Age, and sex
8
1.0 (Referent)
Sex, height, weight, education,
9
78-119, 53-86
0.96 (0.48-1.93)
alcohol use, smoking, physical
European
119-166, 86-121
1.79 (0.86-3.75)
activity, energy intake, fruits
Prospective
Per 50 g/d
1.84 (0.78-4.39)
and vegetable intake, and other
0-26, 0-17
1.0 (Referent)
meats intake.
26-52, 17-36
1.73 (0.86-3.48)
Nutrition
52-84, 36-61
1.67 (0.75-3.72)
(EPIC) cohort,
Per 50 g/d
0.75 (0.26-2.13)
0-16, 0-9
1.0 (Referent)
16-34, 9-20
2.08 (0.96-4.47)
34-59, 20-37
3.54 (1.57-7.99)
(times/year)
Population
Trial, 15y
González
J Natl Cancer
65
521457 men and
Esophageal
CA, 2006,
Inst
(incidence)
women,
adenocarcinoma
Europe
Investigation
Into Cancer and
6.5y
Total meat
(grams/day)
Red meat
(grams/day)
Processed meat
(grams/day)
Poultry
(grams/day)
Fan Y,
Nutr Cancer
2008, China
Meat
2011, USA
Am J
Gastroenterol
1.44 (0.64-3.22)
0-7, 0-9
1.0 (Referent)
7-16, 9-20
1.29 (0.67-2.49)
16-29, 20-37
1.93 (0.99-3.76)
Per 50 g/d
1.14 (1.00-1.30)
T1
1.0 (Referent)
Age, year of interview,
T2
1.04 (0.66-1. 46)
residence, education, BMI,
T3
0.81 (0.49-1.34)
smoking and alcohol drinking
101
18244 men,
Esophageal
(incidence)
Shanghai
cancer (68 ESCC,
Cohort Study,
8 EAC, 1 with
20y
other and 24 with
Fish and seafood
T1
1.0 (Referent)
unknown
products
T2
1.07 (0.67-1.70)
T3
0.59 (0.36-0.97)
Tertiles
histological types)
Cross AJ,
Per 50 g/d
845
(incidence)
494979 men and
Esophageal
Tertiles
Red meat
c
ESCC
Age, education, sex, BMI,
1.0 (Referent)
ethnicity, smoking, alcohol
women, The
cancer (215
Quintile median
10.0
NIH-AARP
ESCC, 630 EAC)
(grams/1000kcal)
21.9
1.18 (0.71-1.96)
drinking, physical activity
Diet and Health
32.2
1.34 (0.80-2.22)
daily intake of fruits ,
study, 10y
44.1
1.19 (0.70-2.01)
vegetables, saturated fat and
64.8
1.79 (1.07-3.01)
calories
Per 10g/1000kcal
1.06 (1.00-1.13)
EAC
Processed meat
10.0 d
1.0 (Referent)
21.9
1.18 (0.87-1.59)
32.2
1.00 (0.74-1.37)
44.1
1.17 (0.87-1.59)
64.8
1.15 (0.84-1.57)
Per 10g/1000kcal
1.01 (0.98-1.06)
ESCC
9
10
Quintile median
1.7
1.0 (Referent)
(grams/1000kcal)
4.5
1.03 (0.64-1.66)
7.8
0.86 (0.52-1.42)
12.6
1.15 (0.72-1.86)
23.2
1.32 (0.83-2.10)
Per 10g/1000kcal
1.08 (0.96-1.21)
EAC
1.7
1.0 (Referent)
4.5
0.92 (0.68-1.24)
7.8
0.98 (0.74-1.32)
12.6
0.91 (0.68-1.22)
23.2
1.08 (0.81-1.43)
Per 10g/1000kcal
1.03 (0.96-1.11)
White meat
ESCC
Quintile median
9.7
1.0 (Referent)
(grams/1000kcal)
18.9
0.84 (0.56-1.25)
28.0
0.92 (0.62-1.37)
40.3
0.73 (0.47-1.12)
65.8
0.69 (0.44-1.08)
Per 10g/1000kcal
0.96 (0.90-1.02)
EAC
9.7
1.0 (Referent)
18.9
0.92 (0.73-1.16)
28.0
0.82 (0.64-1.05)
40.3
0.88 (0.69-1.13)
65.8
0.84 (0.65-1.09)
Per 10g/1000kcal
Daniel CR,
Cancer Prev
718
492186 men and
Esophageal
2011, USA
Res (Phila)
(incidence)
women, The
cancer (185
NIH-AARP
ESCC, 533 EAC)
0.98 (0.95-1.02)
ESCC
Red meat intake, age, sex,
Q1
1.0 (Referent)
education, marital status, family
Q2
0.97 (0.66-1.42)
history of cancer, race, body
Diet and Health
Q3
0.67 (0.43-1.05)
mass index, smoking status,
study, 9y
Q4
0.44 (0.26-0.76)
frequency of vigorous physical
Q5
0.69 (0.42-1.13)
activity, menopausal hormone
EAC
therapy in women, and intake
Q1
1.0 (Referent)
of alcohol, fruit, vegetables,
Q2
0.92 (0.71-1.19)
and total energy; mutually
Q3
0.85 (0.65-1.11)
adjusted for intake of fish or
Q4
1.03 (0.79-1.35)
poultry
Q5
0.95 (0.72-1.26)
Poultry
Quartiles
Fish
Quartiles
10
ESCC
Q1
1.0 (Referent)
Q2
0.95 (0.62-1.47)
Q3
0.99 (0.63-1.55)
Q4
0.93 (0.58-1.48)
Q5
0.98 (0.61-1.59)
EAC
Keszei AP,
Ann Oncol
252 (114
120852 (58279
Esophageal
Red meat
Q1
1.0 (Referent)
Q2
0.94 (0.73-1.21)
Q3
0.88 (0.68-1.14)
Q4
0.83 (0.63-1.09)
Q5
0.78 (0.59-1.03)
Men, ESCC
Age, smoking, energy intake,
10
2012,
EAC and 59
men, 62573
cancer (107
Quintile/tertile
45.8
1.0 (Referent)
BMI, alcohol intake, vegetable
Netherlands
ESCC men;
women), The
ESCC, 145 EAC)
median
72.5
1.86 (0.65-5.33)
intake, fruit intake, education
31 EAC and
Netherlands
(grams/day)
89.3
1.83 (0.64-5.28)
and non-occupational physical
48 ESCC
women)
Cohort Study on
107.5
2.15 (0.76-6.11)
activity
Diet and
145.9
2.66 (0.94-7.48)
(incidence)
Cancer, 16.3y
Per 50 g/d
1.32 (0.95-1.84)
Men, EAC
45.8
1.0 (Referent)
72.5
1.06 (0.56-2.03)
89.3
0.98 (0.52-1.85)
107.5
1.37 (0.76-2.47)
145.9
0.57 (0.28-1.19)
Per 50 g/d
0.84 (0.67-1.07)
Women, ESCC
46.9
1.0 (Referent)
77.9
0.84 (0.39-1.84)
115.9
0.87 (0.42-1.79)
Per 50 g/d
0.97 (0.64-1.47)
Women, EAC
46.9
1.0 (Referent)
77.9
0.74 (0.29-1.94)
115.9
1.09 (0.44-2.75)
Per 50 g/d
0.96 (0.58-1.60)
Processed meat
Quintile/tertile
median
Men, ESCC
3.7
1.0 (Referent)
10.8
2.53 (0.94-6.77)
(grams/day)
17.2
2.05 (0.70-6.01)
26.1
1.73 (0.60-4.98)
45.5
3.47 1.21-9.94)
Per 50 g/d
2.15 (1.14-4.08)
Men, EAC
3.7
1.0 (Referent)
10.8
0.80 (0.42-1.53)
17.2
0.76 (0.40-1.45)
26.1
1.07 (0.58-1.97)
45.5
0.94 (0.46-1.89)
Per 50 g/d
0.88 (0.50-1.53)
Women, ESCC
3.5
1.0 (Referent)
11.9
0.71 (0.32-1.55)
26.0
0.63 (0.28-1.44)
Per 50 g/d
0.37 (0.09-1.52)
Women, EAC
3.5
1.0 (Referent)
11.9
1.11 (0.46-2.70)
26.0
0.58 (0.22-1.50)
Per 50 g/d
0.71 (0.14-3.45)
a RR = relative risk (rate ratio or hazard ratio); CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; ESCC= esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EAC= esophageal
adenocarcinoma.
b Range of consumption among men and women, respectively.
c Median consumption among quintiles or tertiles.